Suchergebnisse

Varieties of modern nondemocratic electoral political regimes is determined by institutional, structural, actor-oriented (procedural) differences between «the new autocracies». The trajectories of political transformation and regime changes in these hybrids depend largely on the specifi c political decisions and actions of key political actors in the process of democratization. This article analyzes the actions of the opposition from the angle of mobilization and cooperation as «winning» tactics in the electoral competitive nondemocratic regimes. The empirical part of the article includes: 1) forming a public protests database in the electoral cycle of 2015 (January-September) in the Central Federal District of Russia, which includes the regional authority elections, members of regional and local legislatures; 2) statistical processing of data of opposition's participation / nonparticipation in public protests, number of protesters, opposition cooperative actions, issues of protests; 3) designing and measuring empirically observable features of protests make it possible to segment the public protest activity into 2 basic parts: civic activity and mobilization activity – and then to analyze the scope of cooperation of various opposition parties in mobilization actions. These results make it possible to answer the following questions: to what extent Russian opposition actors use public protest activity as mobilization resource and to what extent they are prepared for cooperation in a public protest fi eld? ; Многообразие современных недемократических электоральных политических режимов определяется институциональными, структурными, акторскими (процедурными) различиями внутри сообщества «новых автократий». Траектории политических трансформаций и режимных изменений в таких гибридах зависят во многом от конкретных политических решений и действий ключевых для демократизации акторов. В настоящей статье проанализированы действия оппозиции по мобилизации и внутриоппозиционной кооперации как «выигрышной» тактики в электоральных недемократических режимах соревновательного типа. Эмпирическая часть исследования включает: 1) формирование базы данных публичных протестных акций в электоральном цикле 2015 года (январь-сентябрь) в Центральном федеральном округе России, включающем выборы глав ряда регионов, членов региональных и местных легислатур; 2) статистическую обработку данных об участии/неучастии оппозиционных акторов в публичных протестных акциях, количестве участников акций, совместных акциях оппозиции, тематиках акций; 3) конструирование и измерение эмпирически наблюдаемых признаков, что позволило сегментировать публичную протестную активность на 2 базовые части: гражданская активность и мобилизационная активность – и затем определить: какова доля совместного участия различных оппозиционных партий и движений в мобилизационных акциях. Полученные результаты позволяют ответить на вопросы: в какой мере используют российские оппозиционные акторы в качестве мобилизационного ресурса публичную протестную активность и в какой мере они готовы к взаимодействию друг с другом в публичном протестном поле?

The territorial issue is one of the key aspects of EU structural policy, which emphasizes the need for a strategic planning process to take advantage of the location, physical, human and social capital and natural resources. It is also increasingly recognized the need to promote cooperation of different levels of government, organizations and people, as well as dialogue and partnership between local actors, directly linked to the enlargement process. European Commission Communication - The Green Paper on territorial cohesion - addressed a question to the territorial diversity converting into strength. Territorial cohesion is seen as the promotion of sustainable development of all areas of the EU and as the objective for the inhabitants to make the best use of the local characteristics. In essence, this is a means of converting diversity into an advantage, which is useful for sustainable development across the EU. Especially, given the fact that local competitiveness increasingly depends on its actors' ability to make better use of their local advantages. Territorial rather than sectoral position on local development is the core principal of the LEADER method, which is defined as an endogenous approach to rural development, allowing the domination of territorial dimension in the rural development policy. The changing role of the rural areas as well as diminishing differences between cultural contexts induce the development and fostering of local identity, which is gaining a special significance as an identifying element, finding and highlighting the local uniqueness and benefits, acting positively on the competitiveness, attractiveness, and quality of life. In Lithuania 51 local action groups (LAGs) have introduced local development strategies in each rural area.

The territorial issue is one of the key aspects of EU structural policy, which emphasizes the need for a strategic planning process to take advantage of the location, physical, human and social capital and natural resources. It is also increasingly recognized the need to promote cooperation of different levels of government, organizations and people, as well as dialogue and partnership between local actors, directly linked to the enlargement process. European Commission Communication - The Green Paper on territorial cohesion - addressed a question to the territorial diversity converting into strength. Territorial cohesion is seen as the promotion of sustainable development of all areas of the EU and as the objective for the inhabitants to make the best use of the local characteristics. In essence, this is a means of converting diversity into an advantage, which is useful for sustainable development across the EU. Especially, given the fact that local competitiveness increasingly depends on its actors' ability to make better use of their local advantages. Territorial rather than sectoral position on local development is the core principal of the LEADER method, which is defined as an endogenous approach to rural development, allowing the domination of territorial dimension in the rural development policy. The changing role of the rural areas as well as diminishing differences between cultural contexts induce the development and fostering of local identity, which is gaining a special significance as an identifying element, finding and highlighting the local uniqueness and benefits, acting positively on the competitiveness, attractiveness, and quality of life. In Lithuania 51 local action groups (LAGs) have introduced local development strategies in each rural area.

The territorial issue is one of the key aspects of EU structural policy, which emphasizes the need for a strategic planning process to take advantage of the location, physical, human and social capital and natural resources. It is also increasingly recognized the need to promote cooperation of different levels of government, organizations and people, as well as dialogue and partnership between local actors, directly linked to the enlargement process. European Commission Communication - The Green Paper on territorial cohesion - addressed a question to the territorial diversity converting into strength. Territorial cohesion is seen as the promotion of sustainable development of all areas of the EU and as the objective for the inhabitants to make the best use of the local characteristics. In essence, this is a means of converting diversity into an advantage, which is useful for sustainable development across the EU. Especially, given the fact that local competitiveness increasingly depends on its actors' ability to make better use of their local advantages. Territorial rather than sectoral position on local development is the core principal of the LEADER method, which is defined as an endogenous approach to rural development, allowing the domination of territorial dimension in the rural development policy. The changing role of the rural areas as well as diminishing differences between cultural contexts induce the development and fostering of local identity, which is gaining a special significance as an identifying element, finding and highlighting the local uniqueness and benefits, acting positively on the competitiveness, attractiveness, and quality of life. In Lithuania 51 local action groups (LAGs) have introduced local development strategies in each rural area.

The territorial issue is one of the key aspects of EU structural policy, which emphasizes the need for a strategic planning process to take advantage of the location, physical, human and social capital and natural resources. It is also increasingly recognized the need to promote cooperation of different levels of government, organizations and people, as well as dialogue and partnership between local actors, directly linked to the enlargement process. European Commission Communication - The Green Paper on territorial cohesion - addressed a question to the territorial diversity converting into strength. Territorial cohesion is seen as the promotion of sustainable development of all areas of the EU and as the objective for the inhabitants to make the best use of the local characteristics. In essence, this is a means of converting diversity into an advantage, which is useful for sustainable development across the EU. Especially, given the fact that local competitiveness increasingly depends on its actors' ability to make better use of their local advantages. Territorial rather than sectoral position on local development is the core principal of the LEADER method, which is defined as an endogenous approach to rural development, allowing the domination of territorial dimension in the rural development policy. The changing role of the rural areas as well as diminishing differences between cultural contexts induce the development and fostering of local identity, which is gaining a special significance as an identifying element, finding and highlighting the local uniqueness and benefits, acting positively on the competitiveness, attractiveness, and quality of life. In Lithuania 51 local action groups (LAGs) have introduced local development strategies in each rural area.

One of the main European programmes is LEADER – EU 'Community initiative' for funding pilot projects for rural development schemes. It is designed to help rural actors to consider the long-term potential of their local area and to encourage the implementation of integrated, high-quality and original strategies for sustainable development. Since 1991 the EU LEADER programme has encouraged the adaptation of participatory bottomup approaches to development, in particular to harness innovation, creativity and solidarity in rural communities, create subsidiarity in decision-making, decentralize policy implementation, introduce integrated sustainable rural development programmes and illustrate new directions that rural development can take. This particular programme has promoted exchange of experiences, strategies and knowhow and has facilitated cross border co-operation between rural areas. It has also enabled thousands of communities, families and individuals across the EU to engage in selfhelp projects that enable them to acquire new skills and confidence. An original approach of LEADER method is convergence between those responsible for interventions and potential beneficiaries while establishing links between areas, sectors and activities. Local action (partnership) group as a social infrastructure object creates conditions for high level of investments by creating environment that supports activity and stimulates formation of local capital, skill development, community labour efficiency increase and introduction of new social technologies. Integrated local development strategies content component elements and their content, depending on how properly they are formulated, how they are expressed in the principles of the LEADER approach, motivate or demotivate local development actors to get involved and participate in preparing and implementing a local development strategy. [.]

One of the main European programmes is LEADER – EU 'Community initiative' for funding pilot projects for rural development schemes. It is designed to help rural actors to consider the long-term potential of their local area and to encourage the implementation of integrated, high-quality and original strategies for sustainable development. Since 1991 the EU LEADER programme has encouraged the adaptation of participatory bottomup approaches to development, in particular to harness innovation, creativity and solidarity in rural communities, create subsidiarity in decision-making, decentralize policy implementation, introduce integrated sustainable rural development programmes and illustrate new directions that rural development can take. This particular programme has promoted exchange of experiences, strategies and knowhow and has facilitated cross border co-operation between rural areas. It has also enabled thousands of communities, families and individuals across the EU to engage in selfhelp projects that enable them to acquire new skills and confidence. An original approach of LEADER method is convergence between those responsible for interventions and potential beneficiaries while establishing links between areas, sectors and activities. Local action (partnership) group as a social infrastructure object creates conditions for high level of investments by creating environment that supports activity and stimulates formation of local capital, skill development, community labour efficiency increase and introduction of new social technologies. Integrated local development strategies content component elements and their content, depending on how properly they are formulated, how they are expressed in the principles of the LEADER approach, motivate or demotivate local development actors to get involved and participate in preparing and implementing a local development strategy. [.]

In order to evaluate involvement of the actors of national and non-governmental level of Lithuania into European decision-making on common agricultural and rural development policies, specifics of European decisions on agriculture, interest group role and typical features of involving Lithuania's actors have been overviewed. Research methods, such as interview with national level agricultural experts and officials, poll of local government politicians and administrative persons, focus group interviews, as well as analysis of legal acts and statistical data, have been used. The research has been conducted in relation with different theoretical approaches (inter-governmental, rational choice, multi-level governance, and new institutionalism).

In order to evaluate involvement of the actors of national and non-governmental level of Lithuania into European decision-making on common agricultural and rural development policies, specifics of European decisions on agriculture, interest group role and typical features of involving Lithuania's actors have been overviewed. Research methods, such as interview with national level agricultural experts and officials, poll of local government politicians and administrative persons, focus group interviews, as well as analysis of legal acts and statistical data, have been used. The research has been conducted in relation with different theoretical approaches (inter-governmental, rational choice, multi-level governance, and new institutionalism).

In order to evaluate involvement of the actors of national and non-governmental level of Lithuania into European decision-making on common agricultural and rural development policies, specifics of European decisions on agriculture, interest group role and typical features of involving Lithuania's actors have been overviewed. Research methods, such as interview with national level agricultural experts and officials, poll of local government politicians and administrative persons, focus group interviews, as well as analysis of legal acts and statistical data, have been used. The research has been conducted in relation with different theoretical approaches (inter-governmental, rational choice, multi-level governance, and new institutionalism).

Having defined the problem, that in public discussion attention is mainly paid to the model of local self-government, concerning municipality's competences, functions and financial aspects, but there are little analysis about decentralization, which makes better possibilities for new actors to participate in public decision-making and implementation, the author of the work notes than more attention should be paid to decentralization and public participation in the local level. It is maintained that in Lithuania traditional "top-down" decision-making and implementation mechanisms should be changed by a great alternative – partnership group, based on "bottom-up" approach. Problems could be resolved in the collaboration with local community, private organizations and state government institutions. So, the major subject of this work is a partnership group – the Local action group (LAG), uniting the public sector, private organizations and non-governmental organizations. The main aim of this work is to disclose local action groups possibilities to promote decentralization process and community participation in local self-government. To reach this aim, there are formulated four tasks: to disclose the conception of decentralization, concerning its importance in local self-government; to introduce European Union's Initiative Leader+; to analyze the aspects of Local action group's formation, administration and preparation of the development strategy; to define local action groups possibilities to promote decentralization process and community participation in local self-government. Three following hypotheses have been formulated and on the basis of the accumulated knowledge and acquired experience proven: I. Implementation of Leader+ measure in Lithuania encourages the formation of new and innovative social structures. Precisely of this program, Lithuania is establishing a new local self-government partnership model, when local government institutions, private organizations and local community are combined to implement integrated and successful local development policy. II. Local action groups contribute the development of decentralization and local self government principle. First of all, it is stated that decentralization is a multi-faceted phenomenon that encompasses assignment of public decision-making and implementation powers to the representatives of territorial municipalities, private sector and non-governmental organizations. It is defined, that LAG implements principle of self-government, according to which responsibility and decision making are transferred to local level. Endowed with a team of practitioners, decision-making powers and a fairly large budget, the LAG represents a new model of organization that can considerably influence the institutional and political balance of the area concerned. III. Wherewith various community participation in government are used and wherewith "bottom-up" public decision-making and implementation is realized, the more local self-government is real. In work it is maintained, that real local self-government might be characterized by community participation in government. Local action group is recognized as local development "agency", which complement public administration model, as it develop integrated planning methodology in local level, implement rural development policy and stimulate local community participation in local self-government. According to analysis, the author of the work acknowledge, that effective all sectors' collaboration, local government's goodwill and successful management of the development strategy, are factors in the success of the local partnership. Only because of this partnership more possibilities have rose for reorganization of different partners' roles, engagement, consultation and partnership working.

Having defined the problem, that in public discussion attention is mainly paid to the model of local self-government, concerning municipality's competences, functions and financial aspects, but there are little analysis about decentralization, which makes better possibilities for new actors to participate in public decision-making and implementation, the author of the work notes than more attention should be paid to decentralization and public participation in the local level. It is maintained that in Lithuania traditional "top-down" decision-making and implementation mechanisms should be changed by a great alternative – partnership group, based on "bottom-up" approach. Problems could be resolved in the collaboration with local community, private organizations and state government institutions. So, the major subject of this work is a partnership group – the Local action group (LAG), uniting the public sector, private organizations and non-governmental organizations. The main aim of this work is to disclose local action groups possibilities to promote decentralization process and community participation in local self-government. To reach this aim, there are formulated four tasks: to disclose the conception of decentralization, concerning its importance in local self-government; to introduce European Union's Initiative Leader+; to analyze the aspects of Local action group's formation, administration and preparation of the development strategy; to define local action groups possibilities to promote decentralization process and community participation in local self-government. Three following hypotheses have been formulated and on the basis of the accumulated knowledge and acquired experience proven: I. Implementation of Leader+ measure in Lithuania encourages the formation of new and innovative social structures. Precisely of this program, Lithuania is establishing a new local self-government partnership model, when local government institutions, private organizations and local community are combined to implement integrated and successful local development policy. II. Local action groups contribute the development of decentralization and local self government principle. First of all, it is stated that decentralization is a multi-faceted phenomenon that encompasses assignment of public decision-making and implementation powers to the representatives of territorial municipalities, private sector and non-governmental organizations. It is defined, that LAG implements principle of self-government, according to which responsibility and decision making are transferred to local level. Endowed with a team of practitioners, decision-making powers and a fairly large budget, the LAG represents a new model of organization that can considerably influence the institutional and political balance of the area concerned. III. Wherewith various community participation in government are used and wherewith "bottom-up" public decision-making and implementation is realized, the more local self-government is real. In work it is maintained, that real local self-government might be characterized by community participation in government. Local action group is recognized as local development "agency", which complement public administration model, as it develop integrated planning methodology in local level, implement rural development policy and stimulate local community participation in local self-government. According to analysis, the author of the work acknowledge, that effective all sectors' collaboration, local government's goodwill and successful management of the development strategy, are factors in the success of the local partnership. Only because of this partnership more possibilities have rose for reorganization of different partners' roles, engagement, consultation and partnership working.

The main problems of the modern institution of civil participation in the implementation of local government in Russia have been analyzed in the article. Modern effective tools and processes, in the context of "civil participation" have been described. A number of issues and problems of formation of the institute of local government has been considered The democratic nature of the local government implies, the principle of transparency of the decisionmaking system at the local level and high level of trust of the population to local governments. Based on the study of processes, taking place in the country, as well as the analysis of scientific literature on civil pariticpation issue, the author highlights the factors, influencing the level of public confidence in the activities of local governments and the decision-making process by actors in the process of interaction between the authorities and society, in terms of ensuring the democratic nature of the local power.The aim of the analysis of the process of building the system of local government, under which social activity and civil participation in the implementation of the local government requires an interdisciplinary approach - to develop effective solutions and technologies of work with citizens, local authorities, that will lead to increased transparency in decision-making and enhance public confidence in the local authorities. In consideration, that developed institute of civil participation is a complex institution, which is an indicator of the democratic principle of organization of power, at the same time requiring a more thorough analysis of the type of relationship the actor process of interaction of authorities and society and their objectives, the author puts forward several theories, whereby you can ensure the effectiveness of the process of "participation", in the context of mainstreaming, as described by the author.In the same way modern and effective tools and techniques have been described in the article, the application of which, according to the author, will lead to greater transparency in the work of local government authorities. ; В статье проанализированы основные проблемы современного института гражданского участия в осуществлении местного самоуправления в России. Описаны современные эффективные инструменты и процессы в контексте проблематики гражданского участия. Рассмотрен ряд вопросов и проблем становления института местного самоуправления. Демократический характер исполнения местной власти предполагает принцип прозрачности системы принятия решений на местном уровне и высокий уровень доверия населения органам местного самоуправления. На основании исследования процессов, происходящих в стране, анализа научной литературы по проблематике гражданского участия выделены факторы, влияющие на: уровень доверия населения деятельности органов местного самоуправления; процесс принятия решений акторами процесса взаимодействия власти и общества с точки зрения обеспечения демократического характера осуществления местной власти.Цель анализа процесса построения системы местного самоуправления, в рамках которой социальная активность и гражданское участие требует междисциплинарного подхода, – выработать эффективные решения и технологии работы местной власти с гражданами, что приведет к повышению прозрачности принятия решений и доверия населения к органам местного самоуправления. С учетом того, что развитый институт гражданского участия – сложнейший институт, являющийся показателем демократического принципа организации власти, одновременно требующий тщательного анализа типа отношений акторов процесса взаимодействия власти и общества и их целей, выдвинут ряд теорий, в соответствии с которыми можно обеспечить эффективность самого процесса участия в контексте указанной проблематики.Также в статье описаны современные эффективные инструменты и технологии, применение которых приведет к повышению прозрачности работы органов местного самоуправления.

The article analyzes the political crowdsourcing as a factor of development of municipalities and political culture of participation of the Russian Federation in the framework of the information society. The authors propose to look at the system of local self-government from the point of view of social interests of the local communities. Political crowdsourcing becomes relevant in the system of local government. The basis of the study is a systematic approach that allows viewit modern types and principles of organization of political crowdsourcing at the local level. The primary implementers of political crowdsourcing is the youth as the most active and creative social group. Is offered on the basis of youth organization under the representative body of local samoraneniya the creation of the analytical center for the implementation of political crowdsourcing projects. A variant allows you to develop and maintain a democratic regime in Russia to increase the percentage of civil and political activity, to increase the speed and quality of communication between government and civil society, is most effective to include young people in the political sphere in an attractive form, to establish a school for professional growth of young scientists and politicians.Purpose: identify current types and principles of organization for political crowdsourcing at the local level and developing options for its promotion.Methodology: the authors use a systematic approach, the analysis of modern scientific literature and Internet web sites for political crowdsourcing.Results: defined the modern types and principles of organization of political crowdsourcing at the local level and developed a variant of the analytical center on the basis of youth organization under the representative body of local self-government.Practical implications: the obtained results should apply to political actors at the Federal, regional and municipal levels. ; В статье анализируется политический краудсорсинг как фактор развития муниципальных образований и политической культуры участия в РФ в рамках развития информационного общества. Автор предлагает взглянуть на систему местного самоуправления с точки зрения социальных интересов местных сообществ. Политический краудсорсинг становится актуальным в системе местного самоуправления. Основой исследования выбран системный подход, позволяющий выявить современные виды и принципы организации политического краудсорсинга на местном уровне. Основным актором политического краудсорсинга является молодежь как наиболее активная и креативная социальная группа. Предлагается на базе молодежной организации при представительном органе местного самоуправления создание аналитического центра для реализации политических краудсорсинговых проектов. Разработанный вариант позволяет развивать и поддерживать демократический режим в России, увеличить процент гражданской и политической активности, увеличить скорость и качество коммуникации между государством и гражданским обществом, наиболее эффективно включить молодежь в политическую сферу в притягательной форме, создать школу профессионального роста молодых политологов и политиков.Цель: определение современных видов и принципов организации политического краудсорсинга на местном уровне и разработка варианта её продвижения.Метод или методология проведения работы: в статье использовались системный подход, анализ современной научной литературы и интернет сайтов по политическому краудсорсингу.Результаты: определены современные виды и принципы организации политического краудсорсинга на местном уровне и разработан вариант создания аналитического центра на базе молодежной организации при представительном органе местного самоуправления.Область применения результатов: полученные результаты целесообразно применять политическим субъектами на федеральном, региональном и муниципальном уровнях.

The object of this thesis is bottom-up strategy for culture-led urban development process and policy. The goal of this thesis is to examine the notion and practice of creative placemaking as a method bottom-up strategy for culture-led urban development and to discuss the possibility of incorporation of creative placemaking principles into urban development policy implementation. The methodology of the research includes review of interdisciplinary literature, development of a conceptual framework that defines the practice and concept of placemaking. This framework is applied into an empirical research: a content analysis of official statements, articles and documents of biggest placemaking organizations; a case study of selected placemaking initiatives, and suggestions for incorporation of placemaking principles into implementation of urban development policy. The research concludes on complexity of concepts and notions of culture and development in regard to urban policy as unvisitable condition in the context of volatile and fluid relationships that characterize the field. In this regard, the main principles that creative placemaking follows, make it a valuable method for bottom-up culture-led urban development. These principles include participation, communication, activation of local community, reinvention of tools and mechanism. The controversy of the notion of placemaking is presented as a characteristic of intersectoral field that is function within. Theoretical and empirical discussions, done in this thesis, open a possibility to talk about creative placemaking, as a process and movement with its own political agenda, presenting new modes of production, communication and cooperation