Suchergebnisse

The strategic position of the South Caucasus prompted the regional players, Russia, Iran and Turkey, to seek more significant influence on this territory. Israel is not a direct actor in the South Caucasus. Still, the region is of great strategic importance for the foreign policy doctrine of the Israeli state, whose interests only intensified as Iran's influence had expanded after the lifting of sanctions in 2016. This article focuses on the region's importance to Israel in its regional and national security. Based on this, the paper identifies and analyzes Israel's geopolitical priorities and interests in the South Caucasus. The primary attention is paid to the main directions of Israel's foreign policy, focused on protecting its vital interests. Since the creation of the Israeli state, the central foreign policy doctrines have been researched. The main aspects of Israel's relations and interests with the region's states (particularly the role of Iran) have been analyzed. Israel's foreign policy is primarily tied to its deeply rooted historical traditions and is based on the principles of realism. Israel's interests and policy in the Caucasus have three main aspects: strategic - a means of encircling Iran, medium-term - the energy supply zone, short-term - a market for the sale of high-tech weapons and ammunition. At the same time, these dimensions pose a challenge for the three traditional regional players - Russia, Turkey and Iran - who are very reluctant to admit extra-regional actors. The novelty of the article lies in consideration of Israel as a new geopolitical actor in the South Caucasus in the triangle of relations between regional and local states, as well as a zone for ensuring Israel's geo-security. The main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific and pedagogical activities in assessing the issues of regional and national security, foreign policy and geopolitics of the South Caucasus.

The article examines the role of experts and digital technologies in organizing non-hierarchical public communication related to the discussion of common problems. Digital technologies provide openness, which can contribute to the formation of an active position of all participants in the interaction, and vice versa, support the passivity of following a certain expectation, opinion of the authorities or the majority. The diversity of digital platforms and expert opinions presented on them creates conditions for the representation of various positions, which can both preserve and strengthen political and value polarization, and serve as a condition for mediation of experts working for local political consensus. The potential impact of digital technologies becomes relevant both in hierarchical communication, where they are used as a vehicle for management, control and regulation by the authorities, and in non-hierarchical communication. In the latter case, technologies allow to specify the problem, identify unexpected third-party effects, and thus establish a flexible design of governance as a coordination of various actors. ; В статье рассматривается роль экспертов и цифровых технологий в организации неиерархической публичной коммуникации, связанной с обсуждением общезначимых проблем. Цифровые технологии обеспечивают открытость, которая может способствовать как формированию активной позиции всех участников взаимодействия, так и, наоборот, поддерживать пассивность следования определенному ожиданию, мнению власти или большинства. Многообразие цифровых платформ и представленных на них экспертных суждений создает условия для репрезентации различных позиций, что может, как сохранять и усиливать политическую и ценностную поляризацию, так и служить условием посреднической деятельности экспертов, работающих на локальный политический консенсус. Потенциал воздействия цифровых технологий становится актуальным как в иерархической коммуникации, где они используются в качестве проводника управления как контроля и регулирования со стороны власти, так и в неиерархической коммуникации. В последнем случае технологии позволяют специфицировать проблему, выявить неожиданные сторонние эффекты и, тем самым, наладить гибкий дизайн управления как координации различных субъектов.

Central Asian territories are too large and diverse to be ignored by the world's leading actors. Geopolitical and geo-economic interests intersect in this middle space of the Asian part of the world in various ways. The space under consideration has a very large potential for ethnic, resource, political and cultural conflict. Some of them are already underway, but many are still latent and are being held back by external stronger powers. Recently received the independence of the Central Asian countries are faced with a choice of ways of development of their countries. The option proposed by China for the development of TRANS-continental transit routes is very tempting, but carries with it many risks at the same time. Geopolitical and geo-economic problems are analyzed and interests of the main players on the world political map in the considered region are shown. The article substantiates the perspective way of creation of interstate Association on the given ultra-continental space for effective preservation of national sovereignty and culture, integration into the world economy, maintenance of order and security. The importance of the formation of a common socio-economic strategy, taking into account the local characteristics of such a heterogeneous territory, is emphasized. It is impossible to allow excessive competition between the countries of the Central Asian space, otherwise the maximum dividends from the existing advantages of the territories will not be realized and so small opportunities will be scattered. A new innovative way to reconcile the multilateral interests of Central Asia is needed. ; Центральноазиатские территории слишком велики и разнообразны, чтобы остались без внимания ведущих мировых акторов. Геополитические и геоэкономические интересы самым разнообразным способом пересекаются в данном срединном пространстве части света Азии. Рассматриваемое пространство обладает весьма крупным потенциалом возможностей возникновения конфликтов этнического, ресурсно-сырьевого, политического и культурного характера. Часть из них уже сейчас идет, но многие пока носят латентных характер и сдерживаются внешними более сильными державами. Получив недавно независимость страны Центральной Азии стоят перед выбором путей развития своих государств. Предложенный Китаем вариант развития транзитных трансконтинентальных магистралей очень заманчив, но несет с собой одновременно много рисков. Проанализированы геополитические и геоэкономические проблемы и показаны интересы главных игроков на мировой политической карте в рассматриваемом регионе. В статье обосновывается перспективный путь создания на данном ультраконтинентальном пространстве межгосударственного объединения для эффективного сохранения национального суверенитета и культуры, вписывания в мировую экономику, поддержания порядка и безопасности. Подчеркивается важность формирования общей социально-экономической стратегии с учетом местных особенностей столь неоднородной территории. Нельзя допустить излишней конкуренции между странами центраноазиатского пространства, иначе не будут реализованы максимальные дивиденды от существующих преимуществ территорий и распылены итак небольшие возможности. Необходим новый инновационный способ согласования многосторонних интересов Центральной Азии.

The object of this master thesis is a process of forming new ecological policy and waste management system of collecting, recycling and utilization of municipal waste in Ukraine. The main purpose of the theses is to determine features and problems of the functioning of the waste management system in Ukraine in light of the country's obligations resulted from signing of the Association Agreement between European Union (EU) and Ukraine in 2014. The main objectives of the theses are to research world's best practices in waste management, to analyze recycling processes of the system and waste recycling hierarchy options, to research laws and regulations of the EU and Ukraine in waste management to focus on main principles; to make an analyses of the empirical data received from expert interviews to summarize specifics and problems of the whole waste management system. The following methods were used such as analyses of the scientific literature and statistical data as well as laws and regulations and qualitative methods of analyses of expert interviews with state employee of the ecological body and employees of non-government organizations. The following conclusion was made that current ecological policy of Ukraine in regards with waste management system needs a correction in areas of implementation of European ecological standards. Ukraine is in a state of deep structural reforms under a heavy burden of different ecological problems. Current status of the waste management system and its functioning mechanisms do not allow handling constantly increasing volume of waste to make it economically beneficial and to be effective in ecological sense. Utility tariffs for waste management do not cover a fraction of the cost to collect, transport and recycle waste. Collection of waste products is not well coordinated, the lack of a clear division of areas of responsibility between collectors, carriers and those responsible for recycling leads to their demotivation in the qualitative results of each stage of waste treatment, which as a result leads to a small percentage of secondary material resources extracted from waste. In the regions, the problem of collection leads to unauthorized landfills. There is a communications problem between central government, local authorities and general public, when legislation norms and requirements are adopted and then an understanding comes in that neither conditions nor infrastructure readiness can handle these legislation initiatives. General public is not well informed on basics of the ecological policy which is only done by non-government organizations, which is definitely not enough. Low utility rates for waste disposal do not meet the basic principle of the environmental policy on minimizing landfills disposal volumes. The lack of a unified system of accounting for transported and disposed wastes and criteria may be a reason for obtaining the distorted data necessary for further quality planning. The prevention and minimization of waste generation is not considered at the legislative level as apriority principle of environmental policy in the field of waste management. Lack of funding and worn out infrastructure does not allow implementing new recycling technologies in full. Copy and paste approach of the EU ecological legislation does not help to resolve problems in Ukraine. Cohesion policy and integration practices of the EU and Ukraine require thorough planning and precise implementation with performance indicators. Ecological integration must be executed in a framework of current legislation considering current local conditions and practices, the infrastructure status, recommendations of non-government organizations and donors as well as EU experience in implementing such a policy. During five years since Ukraine signed Association Agreement with the EU and its member-states a significant progress was made in coherence policy of the waste management system; however dynamics of positive changes are quit low. The Government in cooperation with NGOs, donors and general public is in a good position to develop ecological norms and requirements and successfully implement it to create mechanisms of stimulus and rationale for all actors of the waste management system in line with EU policy guidelines. The author believes that the results of the study could give useful guidelines to students, researchers, people involved in governance, legislation, management and public policy and whose, whom personal and professional interests lie in the area of ecology, environmental protection and waste management.

The object of this master thesis is a process of forming new ecological policy and waste management system of collecting, recycling and utilization of municipal waste in Ukraine. The main purpose of the theses is to determine features and problems of the functioning of the waste management system in Ukraine in light of the country's obligations resulted from signing of the Association Agreement between European Union (EU) and Ukraine in 2014. The main objectives of the theses are to research world's best practices in waste management, to analyze recycling processes of the system and waste recycling hierarchy options, to research laws and regulations of the EU and Ukraine in waste management to focus on main principles; to make an analyses of the empirical data received from expert interviews to summarize specifics and problems of the whole waste management system. The following methods were used such as analyses of the scientific literature and statistical data as well as laws and regulations and qualitative methods of analyses of expert interviews with state employee of the ecological body and employees of non-government organizations. The following conclusion was made that current ecological policy of Ukraine in regards with waste management system needs a correction in areas of implementation of European ecological standards. Ukraine is in a state of deep structural reforms under a heavy burden of different ecological problems. Current status of the waste management system and its functioning mechanisms do not allow handling constantly increasing volume of waste to make it economically beneficial and to be effective in ecological sense. Utility tariffs for waste management do not cover a fraction of the cost to collect, transport and recycle waste. Collection of waste products is not well coordinated, the lack of a clear division of areas of responsibility between collectors, carriers and those responsible for recycling leads to their demotivation in the qualitative results of each stage of waste treatment, which as a result leads to a small percentage of secondary material resources extracted from waste. In the regions, the problem of collection leads to unauthorized landfills. There is a communications problem between central government, local authorities and general public, when legislation norms and requirements are adopted and then an understanding comes in that neither conditions nor infrastructure readiness can handle these legislation initiatives. General public is not well informed on basics of the ecological policy which is only done by non-government organizations, which is definitely not enough. Low utility rates for waste disposal do not meet the basic principle of the environmental policy on minimizing landfills disposal volumes. The lack of a unified system of accounting for transported and disposed wastes and criteria may be a reason for obtaining the distorted data necessary for further quality planning. The prevention and minimization of waste generation is not considered at the legislative level as apriority principle of environmental policy in the field of waste management. Lack of funding and worn out infrastructure does not allow implementing new recycling technologies in full. Copy and paste approach of the EU ecological legislation does not help to resolve problems in Ukraine. Cohesion policy and integration practices of the EU and Ukraine require thorough planning and precise implementation with performance indicators. Ecological integration must be executed in a framework of current legislation considering current local conditions and practices, the infrastructure status, recommendations of non-government organizations and donors as well as EU experience in implementing such a policy. During five years since Ukraine signed Association Agreement with the EU and its member-states a significant progress was made in coherence policy of the waste management system; however dynamics of positive changes are quit low. The Government in cooperation with NGOs, donors and general public is in a good position to develop ecological norms and requirements and successfully implement it to create mechanisms of stimulus and rationale for all actors of the waste management system in line with EU policy guidelines. The author believes that the results of the study could give useful guidelines to students, researchers, people involved in governance, legislation, management and public policy and whose, whom personal and professional interests lie in the area of ecology, environmental protection and waste management.

Referring to the materials of the uyezd political newspapers Narodny Vestnik, Yeniseysky Vestnik, documents first found in the State Archives of the Russian Federation, and the State Archives of Krasnoyarsk Krai, this article considers a little-studied issue of social history, i.e. the ways in which the principles and mechanisms of implementation of social assistance to the underprivileged groups of the population were formed in the emergency conditions of the Civil War. The analysis is limited to the territory of the Yenisei Province. Referring to it, it is possible to form an idea of how the processes in question took place in the life of such large regions as the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East. The chronological framework of the article includes the period of the Provisional Siberian Government (June-November 1918) and the Russian government of the Supreme Governor Admiral Kolchak (November 18, 1918 — December 1919), which considered the Siberian outskirts a "rescue territory" for the future democratic non-Soviet state. In order to achieve a holistic perception of social assistance practices and provide a basis for further in-depth study in this field, it is essential to determine the main trends of the state policy and the experience of local authorities in the field of social assistance in terms of continuity, interaction of its actors, and the conformity of the results with social expectations. For the purposes of the study, the authors use general research methods and methods of general historical and concrete historical research, the synthesis of the formational, historical-anthropological and activity approaches, and the theory of modernisation. The authors conclude that successful cooperation during the period under review proved impossible for a number of reasons: the lack of financial resources of the anti-Bolshevik governments, the instability of the political and military situation in the region, the absence of specialists in the government who had experience in managing social policy. Neither the Provisional Siberian Government nor the Russian government of the Supreme Governor Admiral Kolchak managed to review the number of socially underprivileged categories of the population, the state did not provide financial support to private and public charitable organisations, the decisions taken were not executed because of an ill-conceived implementation mechanism. The compromise solutions offered by the anti-Bolshevist governments could not satisfy the participants of social relations, which led to the collapse of the government's social cooperation programme. ; В статье на основании материалов уездных общественно-политических газет «Народный вестник», «Енисейский вестник», документов, впервые обнаруженных в Государственном архиве Российской Федерации, Государственном архиве Красноярского края, рассматривается одна из малоизученных проблем социальной истории — как в чрезвычайных условиях гражданской войны формировались принципы и механизмы реализации социальной помощи нуждающимся группам населения. Анализ ограничивается территорией Енисейской губернии, на примере которой можно составить представление о том, как происходили обозначенные процессы в жизни таких крупных региональных единиц как Урал, Сибирь и Дальний Восток. Хронологические рамки статьи включают период действия Временного Сибирского правительства (июнь-ноябрь 1918 г.) и Российского правительства Верховного правителя адмирала Колчака (18 ноября 1918 г. — декабрь 1919 г.), считавших сибирские окраины «территорией спасения» для будущего демократического несоветского государства. С целью достижения целостного восприятия практик социальной помощи и создания основы для дальнейшего углубленного изучения в этой области ставится задача: определить основные тенденции государственной политики и опыт местных властей в сфере социальной помощи с точки зрения преемственности, взаимодействия акторов, соответствия результатов социальным ожиданиям. Решению заявленной задачи способствует применение методов общенаучного, общеисторического и конкретно-исторического исследования, синтез формационного, историко-антропологического и деятельностного подходов, теории модернизации. Делается вывод о том, что успешное сотрудничество в исследуемый период оказалось невозможным в силу ряда причин: дефицита финансовых средств у антибольшевистских правительств, нестабильности политической и военной ситуации в регионе, отсутствия в составе правительств специалистов, обладавших опытом руководства социальной политикой. Ни Временному Сибирскому правительству, ни Российскому правительству Верховного правителя адмирала Колчака не удалось провести учет социально нуждающихся категорий населения, государство не оказывало финансовой поддержки частным и общественным благотворительным организациям, принятые решения не исполнялись из-за непродуманного механизма реализации. Предлагаемые антибольшевистскими правительствами компромиссные решения не могли удовлетворить участников социальных отношений, что привело к краху правительственной программы социального сотрудничества.

В данной концептуальной статье университет рассматривается как институт, существующий в двух модусах: в модусе организации (системы функциональных единиц) и в модусе интеллектуального полиса (самоуправляемого сообщества активных и автономных субъектов). Именно в качестве интеллектуального полиса университет способен действовать на фронтире науки и технологий, создавать инновации, выступать институтом развития общества и человека. Гипотеза проведенного авторами исследования такова: политика развития, понимаемая как выстраивание полиса (конфигурирование интересов и целей различных субъектов, формирование университетского сообщества, нормирование его жизни), имманентна университету. Именно такая политика соответствует сложности университета как системы со множеством центров активности и потенциальных точек роста. Рассмотрение университета с точки зрения концепта политики (метод концептуального анализа) позволяет выделить значимые линии исследования (проблемы): 1) определение субъектов политики в университетском сообществе и условий их появления; 2) анализ устройства политической действительности, включающей экспликацию интересов, проявление и разрешение противоречий и конфликтов, поиск балансов, принятие политических решений, создание «общественного договора»; 3) выстраивание политики, включающее: особую аналитику, создание пространства коммуникаций, оформление университетской общности, работу с идеологемами, дискурсами, традициями и нормами; 4) реализацию локальных политик. Особо значимы для университета политика участия, позволяющая мобилизовать активность и инициативу сотрудников и студентов, и политика причастности, направленная на вовлечение партнеров, стейкхолдеров, выпускников в процессы развития университета. В целом политика развития нацелена на изменение всего уклада жизни и деятельности, типа отношений и коммуникаций в университете, то есть на создание благоприятной среды для появления точек роста, для реализации научных, образовательных, культурных, предпринимательских и иных инициатив и проектов. Новизна работы связана с применением концепта политики университета в контексте проблематики его развития. Она может быть использована и в управленческом консалтинге, и как элемент образовательных программ для ректоров и управленческих команд университетов. ; The author considers the university existing in two modes: as an organization (a system of functional units) and as an intellectual polis (a self-governing community of active and autonomous subjects). Being an intellectual polis, the university is able to act on the frontier of science and technology, to create innovations, and to act as an institution for the development of society and human. A hypothesis is proposed: the development policy, understood as building a polis (configuring the interests and goals of various actors, forming the university community, regulating its life), is immanent for the university. It is this policy that corresponds to the complexity of the university as a system with many centers of activity and potential points of growth. The method of conceptual analysis as applied to studying the university policy reveals the following significant problems and, correspondingly, the following lines of analysis: 1) defining the subjects of university community and the conditions of their appearance; 2) structuring the political reality – explicating interests, distinguishing and solving contradictions, searching for balances, adopting political decisions, creating a «social contract»; 3) building the policy, which includes special analytics, creating a space for communication, shaping the university community, working with ideologemes, discourses, traditions, and norms; 4) implementing local policies. Of particular importance for the university is the participatory policy, which makes it possible to mobilize the activity and initiative of employees and students, and the policy of partaking, which involves partners, stakeholders, alumni in development processes. The development policy is generally aimed at changing the entire way of life and activity, the type of relations and communications within the university, i. e. at creating a favorable environment for the growth points uprise and for scientific, educational, cultural, entrepreneurial etc. initiatives and projects implementation. The paper is originally associated with applying the concept of university policy in the context of the university development problems. This work can be used in management consulting and as an element of educational programs for rectors and university management teams. ; Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований и КГАУ «Красноярский краевой фонд поддержки научной и научно-технической деятельности» – проект № 18-410-242007 «Региональная "интеллектуальная экосистема" (R&D, образование, инновации) Красноярского края: научно-методологический анализ новых возможностей исследовательской, образовательной, инновационной деятельности в условиях цифрового мира; разработка системной модели "интеллектуальной экосистемы" региона; создание действующей цифровой платформы как основы данной экосистемы». ; The study was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and KSAU «Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund for the Support of Scientific and Technical Activities» – project No 18-410-242007 «Regional "intellectual ecosystem" (R&D, education, innovation) for the Krasnoyarsk Krai: a scientific and methodological analysis of new opportunities for education, research and innovation in the digital world frame; development of a system model for the "intellectual ecosystem" of the region; development of a digital platform as the basis for this ecosystem».