Suchergebnisse

Stimson, et al. (2009) developed one of the most relevant and well known model for Regional Economic Development. This model covers the most important factors related to economic development question. However, this model excludes the social components of development. Local community should be included in terms of the development of a region. This paper introduced to the Stimson model "Skills" and "Knowledge" at the individual level for local actors indicating the capabilities at the individual level and introduced "Human Coordination" for the capabilities at the collective level. In our empirical research we looked at the Indonesian seaweed market with a specific focus on the region of Baubau. This region was chosen because there are hardly any economic developments. Furthermore this study focuses on the poorer community who are trying to improve their situation by the cultivation of Seaweed. Eighteen local informants was interviewed besides additional interviews of informants from educational and governmental institutions in the cities of Jakarta, Bandung and Yogyakarta. The informants selected had a direct or indirect relationship with the region of Baubau. With the support of the empirical data from this region we can confirm that it is worthwhile to include the local community in the model for regional economic development. The newly added variables: at the individual level; Skills and Knowledge and at the level of the collective: Human Coordination was supported by the empirical material. It is an indication that including the new variables can give regional economic an extra dimension. In this way we think that it becomes more explicit that "endogenous" means that the people, or variables closely related to them, should be more explicitly included in models trying to capture Regional Economic Development or rephrased as Local Economic Development

Transparency is often seen as a means of improving governance and accountability of investment, but its potential to do so is hindered by vague definitions and failures to focus on the needs of key local actors. In this new report focusing on agribusiness, forestry, and renewable energy projects ("land investments"), CCSI grounds transparency in the needs of project-affected communities and other local actors. Transparency efforts that seek to inform and empower communities can also help governments, companies, and other actors to more effectively manage operational risk linked to social conflict. Troublingly, the report finds that: Disclosures around land investments continue to fall short Communities struggle to access disclosed information More action is needed to enable communities to understand available information; and Communities face barriers to using information and to participating in open decision-making processes. Taking a politically informed approach that considers the incentives of powerful actors, the report proposes seven strategies to advance land investment transparency: Driving agendas with community-led processes, such as protocols, bylaws, and development plans Increasing technical support for communities Empowering good faith regulators Implementing multi-stakeholder and participatory processes, when appropriate Factoring community-generated information into investment-related decisions Initiating domestic mechanisms to increase public access to information Extending community participation beyond individual projects to the policy level.

Transparency is often seen as a means of improving governance and accountability of investment, but its potential to do so is hindered by vague definitions and failures to focus on the needs of key local actors. In a new report focusing on agribusiness, forestry, and renewable energy projects ("land investments"), CCSI grounds transparency in the needs of project-affected communities and other local actors. Transparency efforts that seek to inform and empower communities can also help governments, companies, and other actors to more effectively manage operational risk linked to social conflict. Troublingly, the report finds that: - Disclosures around land investments continue to fall short - Communities struggle to access disclosed information - More action is needed to enable communities to understand available information; and - Communities face barriers to using information and to participating in open decision-making processes. Taking a politically informed approach that considers the incentives of powerful actors, the report proposes seven strategies to advance land investment transparency: 1. Driving agendas with community-led processes, such as protocols, bylaws, and development plans 2. Increasing technical support for communities 3. Empowering good faith regulators 4. Implementing multi-stakeholder and participatory processes, when appropriate 5. Factoring community-generated information into investment-related decisions 6. Initiating domestic mechanisms to increase public access to information 7. Extending community participation beyond individual projects to the policy level.

Since the 1990 Jomtien Conference on Education for All, basic education in developing countries has attracted growing attention, both globally and do-mestically. Many policies have been initiated to improve educational access, quality and equity. While the accrued interest in education has followed a certain rationality, context-specific realities have nonetheless imposed dif-ferent turns on the planned interventions. An actor-oriented approach to policy study offers the opportunity to uncover how grassroots actors from the periphery unpack, transform and domesticate globally promoted educa-tion policies. Using an actor-oriented approach, the current study sets out to examine policy in practice. It focuses on grassroots actors in the implementation of a competency-based curricular reform in Benin's primary education system. In Benin, the development promise attributed to the new curricular para-digm was quickly contradicted by considerable resistance from grassroots actors. Although opinions converged on the failure of the school system to yield satisfactory learning outcomes for students despite the unprecedented nature of the reform policy, actors in the system diverged on the probable causes of this shortcoming. The bone of contention in the debate was the new curricula, which had been initiated to improve Benin's school system but instead came to exemplify problems of ownership and appropriation at the grassroots level. Bottom-up implementation scholars and normative discourse state une-quivocally that front-line actors' ownership and appropriation of planned measures are prerequisites for the effective implementation of public policy. In this light, the current study examines the policy debate on the curricular reform in Benin to explore how the controversy affected implementation of the education policy. Set in the tradition of actor-oriented policy studies, the research follows a qualitative design, combining the techniques of extensive fieldwork, interviews, focus-group discussions, direct observations, docu-mentary investigation and analytic induction.

From the 1990s, Uganda embarked on a process of subdividing administrative units (districts) as part of the decentralization programme supposedly to bring services closer to the people. Literature has, however, shown that in most of the cases the process is used as a strategy by the incumbent president- Museveni for his political survival. As such, new district creation is seen as a process driven by central political elites. The role of local policy entrepreneurs (actors) has thus been given limited attention. Basing on thirty five elite interviews and document review, we established that local policy entrepreneurs do matter in policy change processes and can at times challenge the position of central political elites. Focusing on the new district of Sheema in western Uganda (split from 'mother' district of Bushenyi in 2010), we found out that president Museveni who initially 'opposed' the idea of a new district had to finally give in to peoples' demands. This was because local policy entrepreneurs in Sheema were determined, eager, highly motivated and smart in strategizing and forming alliances in the pursuit of their goals. But also because the president feared vote loss as demands gained momentum towards the 2011 general elections.

Chapter 1 Studying Entrepreneurship Policies in European Cities -- Chapter 2 "This is like a big transatlantic liner". Contingent Converging Trends -- Chapter 3 Inclusive Entrepreneurship Policies. Reproducing Heterogeneity, Negotiating Ambivalence -- Chapter 4 "The mindset has changed a lot". Situated Agency of Youth Entrepreneurs -- Chapter 5 Differentiated Inclusion.

Günümüzde, bölgesel kalkınmanın tanımının, stratejilerinin, müdahale yöntemlerinin, yerel aktörlerinin, örgütsel ve kurumsal yapılarının değiştiği görülmektedir. Bu kapsamda bölgesel kalkınmayı dengeli bir şekilde gerçekleştirebilmek için, yeni kurumsal yapılanmalara ve sivil toplum kuruluşları (STK) ile bölgesel kalkınma ajansları (BKA) başta olmak üzere tüm yerel örgütlenmelerin katılımına dayalı, taşradan-merkeze doğru işleyen bir yönetim yaklaşımına ihtiyaç olduğu göze çarpmaktadır. Türkiye, AB'ye üyelik müzakere süreciyle birlikte uygulamakta olduğu, teşvik sistemine dayalı kalkınma politikası araçlarını terk ederek yeni bir uygulama dönemine girmiştir. Bu yeni uygulamanın temel aracı, her bölgenin kaynakları, avantajları-dezavantajları, kalkınma potansiyelleri ve ihtiyaçları diğer bölgelerden farklıdır gerçeğinden hareketle kurulan BKA'lardır. BKA'ların, bölgesel kalkınmadaki rolü ve önemini ortaya koymak amacıyla hazırlanan bu çalışmada, BKA'ların kuruluşları, işlevleri ve dünyadaki örnekleri, Türkiye uygulamaları kapsamında ele alınmaktadır. ; Nowadays, it is seen that, definition, strategies, intervention methods, local actors, organizational and institutional structures of regional development concept have changed. In this context to be able to realize balanced regional development, institutional restructurings and a new management approach from provinces to center based on the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGO), regional development agencies (RDA) and all of local organizations, are needed. Turkey, with the EU membership negotiation process, has entered into a new implementation period giving up the development policy instruments based on substantiates which Turkey used to implement during many years. The basic instrument of this new implementing is RDAs that founded by the thought of every region's resources, advantages-disadvantages, development potentials and requirements are different from others'. In this study the role and importance of RDAs on regional development process will be introduced with their foundations, effects, and cases in the world within the context of Turkey implementations.

Like other countries of the world, Costa Rica faced the challenge of dealing with a variety of trade-offs when implementing sustainability goals in agriculture. Very often, economic promotion is in conflict with goals regarding human and environmental health protection. Organic farming practices could provide strategies to overcome some of these trade-offs. However, in Costa Rica, the majority of farmers still relies on conventional farm practices. In this paper, I investigate the potential for a sustainable transformation in Costa Rica's agriculture by focusing on organic farming policies. I shed light on the role local actors and organizations play in this process compared to other actor types. I argue that local actors are "the agents of change" in these processes, as these are the target groups of organic farming policies and are the ones who are asked to change their farm practices. Based on survey data and network analysis, I was able to illustrate how differently integrated local actors are compared to other actor types in Costa Rica's implementation of organic farming policies. Local actors show interest and willingness to further participate in land-use implementation processes when institutional barriers are alleviated, and further promotion instruments are available.

Examines regional cooperation among Japan, Russia, and China led by local actors concerned with economic development, beginning in the 1980s. As an example of non-state actors cooperating in international affairs.