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In September 2014, New York enacted the Community Risk and Resiliency Act (CRRA), which requires in part that the New York Department of State (DOS) and the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) create model local laws relating to climate change adaptation for use by local governments. In an effort to assist the State with drafting model local laws for adaptation; to encourage the State to incorporate a broad range of adaptation strategies, including retreat from areas of high flood risk; and to assist local governments with implementation of these programs. The Sabin Center for Climate Change Law has assembled existing and suggested local law provisions that reflect diverse approaches to adaptation to climate-enhanced flood risk. While many of the approaches reflected in this paper deal with coastal local laws, local governments could adopt similar strategies and language in riverine floodplains. This document is not a single, comprehensive "model local law" that a local government might adopt in full. Rather, it is a collection of useful statutory options – one that takes note of local law provisions enacted by local governments in New York State, as well as relevant state laws enacted in New York and other jurisdictions. Where different local governments have used similar statutory language, this paper only includes one version. Throughout, citations to particular laws and regulations are hyperlinked for ease of access. The paper is organized into three sections: Permitting Review, Targeted Development Restrictions and Prudent Development, and Protection/Armoring. Those sections follow a brief description of model legislative language that relates to sea level rise.

Description based on: Jan. 1980; title from cover. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Issued by: Illinois State Police, in cooperation with Illinois Local Governmental Law Enforcement Officers Training Board, ; Illinois Local Governmental Law Enforcement Officers Training Board,

Harmony between religious communities in Indonesia is now experiencing many problems, many conflicts occur which are actually triggered by religious issues by carrying religious flags and shouting sacred words they carry out actions that are very far from the behavior of a religious person. In handling cases of violence in the name of religion are almost all opinions say that law enforcers are seen as very weak and indecisive. If law enforcement officials remain weak and slow. It is very possible that cases of violence in the name of religion will spread to other areas. Local Law Wisdom has the potential and can contribute to anticipating religious violence in the midst of the current dynamics of socio-cultural change, policy steps in the development of national law need to be designed by Interpreting the Functions and Wisdom of Local Law in anticipating radicalism in the name of religion. Transforming Wisdom Local Law into Legislations related to Religious Issues, integrating, and adapting Local Law Wisdom in resolving Inter-religious Conflicts, and revitalizing Local Law Wisdom in maintaining security, order, and Inter-religious Harmony.

Getting the public to participate in the government's policy reflects a sense of control in democracy. However, constructing a mechanism of participation in legal provisions could be dilemma. It is important to realize that involving citizen in local government decision making particularly in law-making process has a fundamental difficulties; the essence of participation itself (openness and transparency) and the need to be efficient. This essay formulated an effective mechanism of public participation by juxtaposing steps in the local legislative process with the criteria of efficiency. This discussion is trying to encompass citizen participation from the initiation of a policy until it is enacted as a local legislation. Then in the next step, it will assess the elements that constitute an efficient drafting process. This article will consider such factors that are; financial cost; human resources or effort; wasted time; risk of failure; progress. The hypothesis is that not all of the means of public participation are efficient. The ideal notion of public participation put weighs on Local Authorities. What is needed to be underlined in this discussion is, to maximize the advantage of citizen involvement, it is important to look at the sequence where it should be held and what is the content. Moreover, the process of public participation should reflects principles namely: discovery, education, measurement, persuasion and legitimization.

This report provides information about The Role of State and Local Law Enforcement on Enforcing Immigration Law.

AbstractStudies of local law enforcement actions toward immigrants show that while some cities engage in enforcement, many others do not. The extent and determinants of enforcement have been assessed, but these studies have not evaluated the full range of practices, including welcoming practices, toward immigrants. This article introduces the concept of "welcomeness," develops a framework for measuring it, and, using a nationwide survey of local police departments, examines how widely departments are welcoming (or unwelcoming) to immigrants. The data show that many police departments have consciously and deliberately developed practices intended to foster positive relationships between the police and immigrants and to encourage immigrants to call the police for assistance.Practitioner Points
Welcomeness encompasses a range of practices toward immigrants that are often intentionally created, thoughtfully implemented, and found in a variety of communities.
The dimensions of welcomeness provide a framework for police departments to assess their practices and provide a model for police departments that want to engage positively with immigrants.
Welcoming practices may improve interactions between police officers and immigrants and may improve immigrants' perceptions of local law enforcement.
Welcoming police departments often have a deeper commitment to community policing.

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. Introducing the Conflicted Politics of Localized Immigration Control -- Chapter 2. The Evolution of Devolution -- Chapter 3. The Problematic Patchwork of Immigration Federalism -- Chapter 4. Going Their Own Way: Community Context and Its Influences on the Patchwork -- Chapter 5. Discretion on the Front Lines: Immigrant Policing in Action -- Chapter 6. Negotiated Understandings between Law Enforcement and Local Communities -- Chapter 7. Conclusions and Recommendations: Finding the Way Forward -- Appendix: Multivariate Analyses of Policing Practices and Local Government Policies -- Notes -- Index.