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For historians dealing with text, the changeover from paper to digital sources represents a major change. By expanding text archives - turned into hypertexts, un-linear and denaturalised -, the digital increases the navigation capabilities within corpora, reveals new linguistics aspects that can be observed, and transforms our reading practices. Logometry, the method using computer-assisted reading, has been contributing to these evolutions over the last four decades by proposing tools that combine qualitative reading and quantitative approaches to digital corpora, with the goal of formalising the hermeneutic interpretive process. This article will present its principle functions through its application to a corpus of electoral manifestos written under the Fifth Republic (1958-2007). info:eu-repo/semantics/published ; SCOPUS: re.j

For historians dealing with text, the changeover from paper to digital sources represents a major change. By expanding text archives - turned into hypertexts, un-linear and denaturalised -, the digital increases the navigation capabilities within corpora, reveals new linguistics aspects that can be observed, and transforms our reading practices. Logometry, the method using computer-assisted reading, has been contributing to these evolutions over the last four decades by proposing tools that combine qualitative reading and quantitative approaches to digital corpora, with the goal of formalising the hermeneutic interpretive process. This article will present its principle functions through its application to a corpus of electoral manifestos written under the Fifth Republic (1958-2007). ; SCOPUS: re.j ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

International audience ; In France, quantitative linguistics has found fertile terrain in political History: unexpectedly at first, then privileged to the point of developing into a tradition or even an autonomous sub-discipline.

International audience ; In France, quantitative linguistics has found fertile terrain in political History: unexpectedly at first, then privileged to the point of developing into a tradition or even an autonomous sub-discipline.

International audience ; Election campaigns represent a particular moment of political practice in democracies where political strategy and political discourse become one activity. Campaigns take effect through the speeches of candidates communicated to the electorate. This article analyses speeches of Nicolas Sarkozy's presidential campaigns in 2007 and 2012. Based on text statistical methods developed in French discourse analysis it examines his political position and his rhetorical techniques. In comparison to other presidents of the Fifth Republic, Sarkozy's discourse seems to be freed from typical party political positions. Whilst favouring direct encounters with the audience and pretending to speak to the whole nation he is embodying a form of populism which bestows his image of a charismatic leader

International audience ; Election campaigns represent a particular moment of political practice in democracies where political strategy and political discourse become one activity. Campaigns take effect through the speeches of candidates communicated to the electorate. This article analyses speeches of Nicolas Sarkozy's presidential campaigns in 2007 and 2012. Based on text statistical methods developed in French discourse analysis it examines his political position and his rhetorical techniques. In comparison to other presidents of the Fifth Republic, Sarkozy's discourse seems to be freed from typical party political positions. Whilst favouring direct encounters with the audience and pretending to speak to the whole nation he is embodying a form of populism which bestows his image of a charismatic leader

International audience ; This paper recalls the double constraint of text mining: tokenizing and co(n)textualizing. It also treats co-occurrences as (complex) text units. For this reason-as they are textual molecules and moreover also semantic molecules-text mining tools can be applied to them: such as for example the historic calculation of Specifics, especially in a contrastive approach to corpora. Because a co-occurring pair, unlike a single word, is rarely semantically ambiguous, constituting as it does the minimal form of co(n)text, it allows a better characterization of texts and their contents. ; Cette contribution rappelle la double contrainte de l'ADT : segmenter et co(n)textualiser. Elle pose par ailleurs les cooccurrences comme des unités (complexes) du texte. A ce titre – comme molécules textuelles et plus loin comme molécules sémantiques – les outils de l'ADT peuvent leur être appliqués comme par exemple l'historique calcul des spécificités, notamment dans une approche contrastive des corpus. Parce que la paire cooccurrentielle est sémantiquement rarement ambiguë et qu'elle constitue la forme minimale du co(n)texte, elle permet une meilleure caractérisation des textes et de leurs contenus.

International audience ; This paper recalls the double constraint of text mining: tokenizing and co(n)textualizing. It also treats co-occurrences as (complex) text units. For this reason-as they are textual molecules and moreover also semantic molecules-text mining tools can be applied to them: such as for example the historic calculation of Specifics, especially in a contrastive approach to corpora. Because a co-occurring pair, unlike a single word, is rarely semantically ambiguous, constituting as it does the minimal form of co(n)text, it allows a better characterization of texts and their contents. ; Cette contribution rappelle la double contrainte de l'ADT : segmenter et co(n)textualiser. Elle pose par ailleurs les cooccurrences comme des unités (complexes) du texte. A ce titre – comme molécules textuelles et plus loin comme molécules sémantiques – les outils de l'ADT peuvent leur être appliqués comme par exemple l'historique calcul des spécificités, notamment dans une approche contrastive des corpus. Parce que la paire cooccurrentielle est sémantiquement rarement ambiguë et qu'elle constitue la forme minimale du co(n)texte, elle permet une meilleure caractérisation des textes et de leurs contenus.

Messina 1908, The Aquila 2009, one hundred years have passed between these two earthquakes, an Italy has taken shape. This -so called - geographical expression, has become a Nation. The contours of internal borders have been blurred and the peninsula now seems unified. The History of Italy cannot, however, be divorced from a revengeful Geography, and from its expression, which is, to say the least, upsetting. Earthquakes are being added to a list of risks present on the transalpine territory: landslides, floods and forest fires are among the most important natural hazards. The young republic is not exempt from anthropic or man-made hazards (health, technological, energy, terrorist, related to transport or even land use planning) which sometimes amplify the consequences of natural events when they do not directly and primarily affect the environment. An earthquake, since this is what we will mainly be talking about, could be seen as nothing more than a calamitous geophysical phenomenon. Beyond the impact on people, property and the environment, these phenomena are what we call disasters. Thus, it is important to discern from the outset this key notion: the disaster has a real cathartic and revealing function. It may seem provocative to set under this gnoseological objective events where death and human suffering predominate. However, this is here our aim to study Italian society. The state of crisis into which a society is plunged when it is affected by a catastrophe will be for us more than a prism through which we want to observe it. It will also, and above all, be the revealing element of a reality that is too hidden by the superficial and promotional functioning of modern information channels. ; Messine 1908, L'Aquila 2009, cent années ont passé entre ces deux séismes, une Italie s'est dessinée. Cette -ainsi nommée- expression géographique, est devenue une Nation. Les contours de frontières intérieures ont été effacés et la péninsule semble désormais unifiée. L'Histoire de l'Italie ne saurait pour autant se ...

Messina 1908, The Aquila 2009, one hundred years have passed between these two earthquakes, an Italy has taken shape. This -so called - geographical expression, has become a Nation. The contours of internal borders have been blurred and the peninsula now seems unified. The History of Italy cannot, however, be divorced from a revengeful Geography, and from its expression, which is, to say the least, upsetting. Earthquakes are being added to a list of risks present on the transalpine territory: landslides, floods and forest fires are among the most important natural hazards. The young republic is not exempt from anthropic or man-made hazards (health, technological, energy, terrorist, related to transport or even land use planning) which sometimes amplify the consequences of natural events when they do not directly and primarily affect the environment. An earthquake, since this is what we will mainly be talking about, could be seen as nothing more than a calamitous geophysical phenomenon. Beyond the impact on people, property and the environment, these phenomena are what we call disasters. Thus, it is important to discern from the outset this key notion: the disaster has a real cathartic and revealing function. It may seem provocative to set under this gnoseological objective events where death and human suffering predominate. However, this is here our aim to study Italian society. The state of crisis into which a society is plunged when it is affected by a catastrophe will be for us more than a prism through which we want to observe it. It will also, and above all, be the revealing element of a reality that is too hidden by the superficial and promotional functioning of modern information channels. ; Messine 1908, L'Aquila 2009, cent années ont passé entre ces deux séismes, une Italie s'est dessinée. Cette -ainsi nommée- expression géographique, est devenue une Nation. Les contours de frontières intérieures ont été effacés et la péninsule semble désormais unifiée. L'Histoire de l'Italie ne saurait pour autant se départir d'une Géographie revancharde, et de son expression pour le moins contrariante. Les tremblements de terre s'ajoutent à une liste de risques présents sur le territoire transalpin : glissements de terrain, inondations ou encore feux de forêt, sont parmi les risques naturels les plus importants. La jeune république n'est pas exemptée de risques anthropiques (sanitaires, technologiques, énergétiques, terroristes ou liés aux transports, ou encore à l'aménagement du territoire) lesquels amplifient parfois les conséquences des événements naturels quand ils n'influent pas directement et premièrement sur l'environnement. Un tremblement de terre, puisque nous parlerons principalement de cela, pourrait ne passer que pour un phénomène géophysique calamiteux. Au-delà de l'impact sur les personnes, les biens, et l'environnement, ces phénomènes relèvent de ce que l'on nomme catastrophe. Ainsi est-il important de discerner d'emblée cette notion clef : la catastrophe a une réelle fonction cathartique et révélatrice. Il peut sembler provocateur de fixer sous cet objectif gnoséologique des événements où la mort et la souffrance humaine prédominent. C'est pourtant notre propos afin d'étudier la société italienne. L'état de crise dans lequel est plongée une société lorsqu'elle est frappée par une catastrophe sera pour nous plus qu'un prisme par lequel nous voulons l'observer. Cela sera également, et surtout, l'agent révélateur d'une image trop cachée par les bruits des canaux modernes d'information.

International audience ; This paper describes the myriads of rhetorical anaphora – there are several thousands of them – in the campaign speech of Nicolas Sarkozy, and seeks to determine their pragmatic functions. This paper proposes a typology of anaphora with special emphasis on three types of complex anaphora (extended anaphora, epiphora, anaphora of anaphora). It provides the following pragmatic interpretation for the recurrence of the device: through voluntary repetition, Sarkozy builds the ethos of a charismatic leader who is sure and proud of his convictions. ; Cette contribution décrit les innombrables – plusieurs milliers – anaphores rhétoriques du discours électoral de Nicolas Sarkozy, et essaye d'en déterminer les fonctions pragmatiques. Une typologie des anaphores est proposée avec une attention particulière apportée aux anaphores complexes (anaphores filées, épiphores, anaphores d'anaphores) et une interprétation pragmatique est donnée de la récurrence de la figure : par la répétition volontaire, Sarkozy construit l'ethos d'un chef charismatique fier et sûr de ses convictions.

International audience ; This paper describes the myriads of rhetorical anaphora – there are several thousands of them – in the campaign speech of Nicolas Sarkozy, and seeks to determine their pragmatic functions. This paper proposes a typology of anaphora with special emphasis on three types of complex anaphora (extended anaphora, epiphora, anaphora of anaphora). It provides the following pragmatic interpretation for the recurrence of the device: through voluntary repetition, Sarkozy builds the ethos of a charismatic leader who is sure and proud of his convictions. ; Cette contribution décrit les innombrables – plusieurs milliers – anaphores rhétoriques du discours électoral de Nicolas Sarkozy, et essaye d'en déterminer les fonctions pragmatiques. Une typologie des anaphores est proposée avec une attention particulière apportée aux anaphores complexes (anaphores filées, épiphores, anaphores d'anaphores) et une interprétation pragmatique est donnée de la récurrence de la figure : par la répétition volontaire, Sarkozy construit l'ethos d'un chef charismatique fier et sûr de ses convictions.

International audience ; The present chapter proposes to build bridges between political discourse analysis and corpus linguistics. We intend to bring to light methodological benefits arising from the synergy of (political) discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, pointing to fruitful contribution from French text statistics. Taking the discourses of Nicolas Sarkozy as an example, we show how political discourse analysis can benefit from a reflection on corpora (their constitution, their role in the research process); on linguistic analysis and processing methods (particularly the computer-assisted methods of text statistics); and finally on the interpretative paths at a time of establishment of a numerical hermeneutics.

International audience ; The present chapter proposes to build bridges between political discourse analysis and corpus linguistics. We intend to bring to light methodological benefits arising from the synergy of (political) discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, pointing to fruitful contribution from French text statistics. Taking the discourses of Nicolas Sarkozy as an example, we show how political discourse analysis can benefit from a reflection on corpora (their constitution, their role in the research process); on linguistic analysis and processing methods (particularly the computer-assisted methods of text statistics); and finally on the interpretative paths at a time of establishment of a numerical hermeneutics.

International audience ; This paper characterizes Hollande's campaign speech versus his presidential address. Also, it compares the talk of the last president of the Fifth Republic to that of his predecessors in the Elysee Palace. The results of the logometric approach show, historically, the new pregnancy of the economic vocabulary in Hollande or Sarkozy's speeches, whatever the conditions of enunciation. ; Ce papier caractérise le discours de campagne de François Hollande versus son discours de président. Il compare le parler du dernier président de la Vème République à celui de ses prédécesseurs à l'Elysée, dans des conditions électorales ou d'exercice du pouvoir identiques. Les résultats de l'approche logométrique du corpus montrent notamment la prégnance nouvelle du vocabulaire économique chez Hollande ou chez Sarkozy quelles que soient les conditions d'énonciation.