Suchergebnisse

The article presents modern approaches to the social adaptation of elderly people in inpatient social institutions as part of the creation of a long-term care system.

Social support of older people is given a very great attention. In many countries, older people receive long-term care at home. The long-term care (LTC) is actively developed worldwide over the past 20 years. LTC improves the life quality of older people and people with disabilities. Such system includes medical and social services. Currently, in many OECD countries, from a half to three quarters of older people receive long-term care at home. France is one of those countries in which the social support of older people is given a very great attention. In Russia, long-term care is a task of family. Our country is taking first steps in creation of a long-term care system. It is important to take into account the experience of countries that already have specialized social services for older people with loss of autonomy. A new and important element of the LTC system will be a special scale for determining the level of need for long-term care. Such scale helps to differentiate the needs of each elderly person or person with a disability. This paper analyses the methods of determining the level of need for long-term care, used in France and in Russia and describes the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.

The results of model simulation of the phosphorus regime and balance in the Ivankovo, Mozhaisk and Istra reservoirs, which carries out seasonal regulation of the Upper Volga runoff and long-term regulation of the Moskva and Istra rivers, are presented. The components of phosphorus balance were calculated using 2-D box model of heat and mass transfer which provides for day-by-day calculation of spatio-temporal distribution of water quality parameters. Phosphorus balance equation accounts for phosphorus input along the rivers and from the side watershed area, phosphorus regeneration from the bottom sediments, water release to the lower pool, and phosphorus removal through water discharge from the Ivankovo reservoir to the Moscow Canal, as well as the annual increase or decrease of phosphorus mass. Calculations refer to an average water year. A comparative analysis of phosphorus balance components in the Ivankovo reservoir and in the reservoirs near Moscow shows that the processes of sedimentation and regeneration of phosphorus from sediments are more intensive in the Ivankovo reservoir. The main discharge of phosphorus to the lower pool is during the spring flood period in the reservoir of seasonal regulation and during the low-water period in the reservoirs of long-term regulation. Scenario calculations provided graphs of the values of phosphorus retention in a reservoir depending on the increasing external phosphorus load.

It is almost clear that digital content per sé it is not good or bad in relation of "minoritized" languages as it happens for knives, you can cut bred or kill someone. Let us analyse the process in a long-term perspective. Documents and different formats, media and alphabets survived for centuries and millennia reaching us as a legacy from past generations. They are still accessible, readable and mostly understandable. In Pompei (Naples) we can still read graffiti on plasters promoting a Roman politician or supporting a local sport team. Furthermore ancient minority languages such as Etruscan are still readable as well. What will happen in 50, 100 or more years to our documents and, much more concerning, to documents written in "minoritized" languages? As we already discussed on the occasion of the digital preservation meetings and related outcomes and recommendations, the future of digital assets it is not safe at all, digital media are disintegrating, logical formats disappear, and hardware has a short expectation of life. Apart from similar concerns, let's consider, as an assumption, that digital preservation problems will be cleared, which kind of documents, content, knowledge, "culture" will be transferred to future generations? How can we foresee the future not only of "minoritized" languages but also even of main languages that are not the dominant ones? What will happen to "minoritized" languages? Even if today translator, virtual keyboards, extended alphabets, and more really facilitate the creation and translation of documents written in a "minoritized" language into a different language, the concept itself of networking rely on a "common/shared" language. One possible scenario is "minoritized" languages will not "fully" enjoy the opportunities offered by the network while "main" languages and much more "dominant" languages will take full advantages from networking. Information, knowledge will be transmitted, shared mainly through main and dominant languages. Main information channels, research documents, cutting edge technologies will be coded in dominant language. Competitive advantage will be relevant for those who will master that language. This means that at the end the gap between the two realities will increase. If you want to be part of the "leading team", share knowledge and know how, you must write, read, and think in the dominant language.

This text is written in memoriam of Professor A.V. Karelsky. Alongside
the grateful memoirs of the author of the text, the latter provides opinions of some
other philologists about Karelsky as a Teacher, Lecturer, Translator, as well as a Man
and a Poet.

This article considers the autonomy at work trends in Russia for more than 15 years on the basis of monitoring data "Social differences in modern Russian society". A degree and characteristics of autonomy in work depend on external conditions and are manifested differently in different periods. The 1990s are a watershed of these periods. The established trends in the degree of manifestation of different types of autonomy in work are shown. There is a marked contradiction between the assessment of their autonomy and limiting framework of its manifestation: in comparison with 2015, in 1999, employees evaluated it significantly higher. This can be explained by adaptation to changing conditions of work and employment. At the same time, the organization of the workplace, according to the estimates of workers, does not give great opportunities to show their autonomy. This trend has been observed throughout the years of the survey. Meanwhile, workers are noticeably more likely to feel the insignificance of their level of autonomy. The study confirmed the relationship of autonomy in labour relations with professional status: a high level of power, education, well-being. There is a decrease in autonomy of the heads of organizations and managers of the lower level. Working conditions are also important: forms of employment, contract, remuneration. Personal characteristics associated with attitudes to change in their lives, play a role. The influence of age and sex is not so significant. Trends in the situation of self-employment are noted: the growth of the scale, professional and qualification compliance. This confirms the assumption that compulsion characterizes self-employment to a lesser extent than in the 1990. It is concluded that autonomy in work is a characteristic of a more privileged social position of workers, as well as emerging social groups of self-employed.

Based on the latest data, paper investigates the dynamics of global climate change and its impact on economic growth in the long-term. The notion of climate risk is considered. The main directions of climate risk management policies are analyzed aimed, first, at reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions through technological innovation and structural economic shifts; secondly, at adaptation of population, territories and economic complexes to the irreparable effects of climate change. The problem of taking into account the phenomenon of climate change in the state economic policy is put in the context of the most urgent tasks of intensification of long-term socio-economic development and parrying strategic challenges to the development of Russia.

The decisions made in 2018 related to raising the retirement age in Russia, in conjunction with previously adopted measures, created opportunities for pensions to rise above inflation and stabilize the ratio of pensions to wages until 2028.

The state of national innovation systems of Russia and EU countries in the context of these systems elements interaction with industrial enterprises is analyzed in the article. It is determined that it is necessary to significantly increase the role of enterprises in the national innovation system and the enterprises should keep to the proactive innovation policy for the long-term stable development of the Russian economics. ; В статье проанализировано состояние национальных инновационных систем России и стран Евросоюза в контексте взаимодействия элементов этих систем с промышленными предприятиями. Установлено, что для обеспечения долгосрочного устойчивого развития российской экономики необходимо существенно увеличить роль предприятий в национальной инновационной системе, а самим предприятиям перейти к проактивной инновационной политике.

The state of national innovation systems of Russia and EU countries in the context of these systems elements interaction with industrial enterprises is analyzed in the article. It is determined that it is necessary to significantly increase the role of enterprises in the national innovation system and the enterprises should keep to the proactive innovation policy for the long-term stable development of the Russian economics. ; В статье проанализировано состояние национальных инновационных систем России и стран Евросоюза в контексте взаимодействия элементов этих систем с промышленными предприятиями. Установлено, что для обеспечения долгосрочного устойчивого развития российской экономики необходимо существенно увеличить роль предприятий в национальной инновационной системе, а самим предприятиям перейти к проактивной инновационной политике.

The author examines long-term changes in economic inequality in the global economy. The aim of the article is to update, analyze and systematize the long-term causes of changes in economic inequality in the global economy and identify its country specifics. The author used the methods of analysis and synthesis, systematization, classification and categorization of information from various scientific and statistical sources and databases. To illustrate the trends in economic inequality, the author applied the indicator of the share of national income among different groups of the population. The study revealed the cyclical nature of economic inequality in accordance with Kondratieff innovation waves lasting 50-60 years. Based on the data analysis of economic inequality for the period 1900-2018, the author concluded that technological progress is the priority factor in changing economic inequality. Together with the country specifics of the financial mechanism for redistributing income and wealth and various regimes of international cooperation and trade, it affects the changes in cross-country and domestic economic inequality. Understanding the nature of changes in inequality will allow for effective long-term strategies for economic development and the corresponding state regulation policy in the context of faster digitalization and robotization of the global economy. ; Автор исследует долгосрочные изменения экономического неравенства в мировой экономике. Цель работы — актуализация, анализ и систематизация долгосрочных причин изменения экономического неравенства в мировой экономике и выявление страновых особенностей его развития. Использованы методы: анализа и синтеза, систематизации, классификации и категоризации информации из различных научных и статистических источников и баз данных. Для иллюстрации трендов изменения экономического неравенства автор использует показатель доли национального дохода у различных групп населения. В результате исследования выявлена циклическая природа развития экономического неравенства в соответствии с инновационными волнами Кондратьева продолжительностью 50-60 лет. На основании анализа данных об экономическом неравенстве за период 1900-2018 г. сделан вывод, что приоритетным фактором изменения экономического неравенства является технологический прогресс, который в комплексе со страновыми особенностями финансового механизма перераспределения доходов и богатства и различными режимами международной кооперации и торговли оказывает влияние на изменение межстранового и внутристранового экономического неравенства. Понимание природы изменения неравенства позволит разрабатывать эффективные долгосрочные стратегии экономического развития и проводить соответствующую им государственную политику регулирования в условиях ускорения цифровизации и роботизации мировой экономики.

The paper presents results of a comprehensive analysis of the cardiovascular diseases (CVD) situation, both in the global and Russian contexts. It introduces original data illustrating the declining mortality rate from CVD, and the diminishing contribution of these diseases to overall mortality rate — globally and, to a larger extent, in developed countries. The paper also analyses the reasons for continuing CVD epidemic in Russia. Based on factual evidence, it argues that those include insufficient expenditures on treating CVD patients, and critically inadequate funding of prevention programmes. Unsatisfactory use of these funds to subsidise Russian regions (without taking into account their actual needs determined by the CVD mortality rate) only makes the problem worse. Through modelling, «average» efficiency of the Russian health care system in reducing CVD mortality was revealed. The paper describes various scenarios for future development of the Russian CVD situation. In the context of innovation-based scenario, the advantages of technological foresight are analysed; specifically, the authors summarise major ST development trends in the health sector (using data of the Russian ST Foresight 2030), which could significantly contribute to stopping the CVD epidemic in Russia. ; Приведены результаты широкого анализа ситуации с распространением сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (ССЗ) как в глобальном контексте, так и в российских реалиях. Представлены оригинальные данные, свидетельствующие о снижение смертности от ССЗ и вклада болезней этой группы в общий показатель смертности в мире и, в большей мере, в развитых странах. Проанализированы системные причины продолжающейся в России эпидемии ССЗ. На основании объективных данных показано, что таковыми являются недостаточные затраты на лечение больных ССЗ и критически малое финансирование профилактических программ. Нерациональное субсидирование регионов с использованием этих средств (без учета потребности, определяемой уровнем смертности от ССЗ) лишь усугубляет проблему. Путем моделирования отмечена «средняя» эффективность российской системы здравоохранения по снижению смертности от ССЗ. Рассмотрены сценарии развития ситуации с ССЗ в России. В контексте инновационного сценария проанализированы преимущества технологического прогнозирования и, в частности, обобщены основные направления развития науки и технологий в сфере здравоохранения (по данным Прогноза научно-технологического развития Российской Федерации на период до 2030 г.), способные решить ряд задач, связанных с прекращением эпидемии ССЗ в России.