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The article is devoted to the theoretical problem of the influence of international criminal courts on collective memory. An attempt was made to understand the legacy of the Nuremberg Tribunal in terms of its impact on collective memory. The main components of the indicated problem are considered: authoritativeness, personality of judges and prosecutors, symbols in culture, levels of influence of the practice of the courts on the societies etc. The reflections on collective memory are based on Maurice Halbwachs teachings on collective memory and Erving Hoffmann theory of frames. ; Статья посвящена постановке теоретической проблемы влияния международных уголовных судов на коллективную память. Осуществлена попытка осмысления наследия Нюрнбергского трибунала с точки зрения его влияния на коллективную память. Рассмотрены основные компоненты обозначенной проблемы: авторитетность, личность судей и прокуроров, символы в культуре, уровни донесения информации о практике и деятельности судов и т.д. В основу размышлений о коллективной памяти положены учения Мауриса Хальбвакса о коллективной памяти и Эрвинга Гофмана о фреймах. ; Стаття присвячена постановці теоретичної проблеми впливу міжнародних кримінальних судів на колективну пам'ять. Здійснено спробу осмислення спадщини Нюрнберзького трибуналу з точки зору його впливу на колективну пам'ять. Розглянуто основні компоненти означеної проблеми: авторитетність, особистість суддів і прокурорів, символи в культурі, рівні донесення інформації про практику і діяльності судів тощо. В основу роздумів про колективну пам'ять покладено вчення Мауріса Хальбвакса про колективну пам'ять та Ервінга Гофмана про фрейми.

The article is devoted to the theoretical problem of the influence of international criminal courts on collective memory. An attempt was made to understand the legacy of the Nuremberg Tribunal in terms of its impact on collective memory. The main components of the indicated problem are considered: authoritativeness, personality of judges and prosecutors, symbols in culture, levels of influence of the practice of the courts on the societies etc. The reflections on collective memory are based on Maurice Halbwachs teachings on collective memory and Erving Hoffmann theory of frames. ; Статья посвящена постановке теоретической проблемы влияния международных уголовных судов на коллективную память. Осуществлена попытка осмысления наследия Нюрнбергского трибунала с точки зрения его влияния на коллективную память. Рассмотрены основные компоненты обозначенной проблемы: авторитетность, личность судей и прокуроров, символы в культуре, уровни донесения информации о практике и деятельности судов и т.д. В основу размышлений о коллективной памяти положены учения Мауриса Хальбвакса о коллективной памяти и Эрвинга Гофмана о фреймах. ; Стаття присвячена постановці теоретичної проблеми впливу міжнародних кримінальних судів на колективну пам'ять. Здійснено спробу осмислення спадщини Нюрнберзького трибуналу з точки зору його впливу на колективну пам'ять. Розглянуто основні компоненти означеної проблеми: авторитетність, особистість суддів і прокурорів, символи в культурі, рівні донесення інформації про практику і діяльності судів тощо. В основу роздумів про колективну пам'ять покладено вчення Мауріса Хальбвакса про колективну пам'ять та Ервінга Гофмана про фрейми.

Aim. Identifying the laws for natural resources deposits that can and should be the basis for a long-term program of activities for the inevitable and painless transition to renewable fuel energy resources within environmentally acceptable limits.Methods.Methods of measuring and evaluating the sustainability of geosystems are used illustrated in the paper.Results. Basing on a comparative analysis of generalized indexes of population density on the energy supply and food we found patterns that are the theoretical basis for controlling the structure of the economy and settlement in the context of ecological regulation of social and economic policy of the Republic of Dagestan.Conclusions.Latest global evaluation of anthropogenic burden resulting from the geosphere concept allows making significant corrections in previously completed evaluation under the biosphere concept. ; В работе приведены закономерности, являющиеся теоретической основой для управления структурой экономики и расселения на условиях экологической регламентации социально-экономической политики Республики Дагестан. Рассмотрены аргументацию концептуальных основ эволюции структуры современной энергетики на средосберегающие технологии.

The resilience of a political, economic or trade alliances of countries or regions depends significantly on to what extent parties of a union consider their membership as beneficial. Dependent on predominant assessments, there may occur a complete disintegration of multi-regional systems, an expansion or contraction in the composition of participants, and maintenance of the status quo. The intensity of interregional exchange is used as an indicator to measure the degree of the regional integration of economic system. The paper represents the capabilities of the coalition analysis method for estimating the degree of interdependence in the multi-regional economy of the Russian Federation. The authors present an analytical review of the structural and statistical models used for estimating the effects of interregional integration as well as substantiate the choice of the approach. The basis of the coalition analysis is the input-output method and the theory of cooperative games. Moreover, the spatial input-output model of the Russian economy is developed on the methodology of national accounts statistics in terms of federal districts. We use a semi-dynamic version of the optimization multi-regional input-output model (OMIOM) on the statistical database of 2013 for developing the forecast up to 2030. On this basis, a coalition analysis of interregional interaction effects is carried out. The calculations revealed a high degree of regional integration as well as of involvement of the national economy into the world one. Depending on the structure of production and consumption of the federal districts' economies, there are varying capacities to adapt to hypothetical changes in the volume of interregional links. The North-Western, Urals, Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts better adapt to the break of interregional links in comparison to the rest of the regions. The Central, North-Caucasian, Southern and Volga districts benefit more of their integration into the multiregional system and of the access to international markets. Prospects for using coalition analysis are associated with the introduction of an equilibrium condition, which will allow us to assess the degree of equivalence of interregional exchange. © 2018 Institute of Economics Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. ; Представлен аналитический обзор структурных и статистических моделей, применяемых для оценки эффектов межрегиональной интеграции. Предложен коалиционный анализ эффектов межрегиональных взаимодействий.

Simultaneous interpreting is one of the most difficult cognitive tasks where the comprehension, processing and production of speech occur almost at the same time. In addition to linguistic competencies, simultaneous interpreting involves many cognitive mechanisms, including working memory (WM). One of the main issues in studying the correlation of simultaneous interpreting and WM is confirming the hypothesis about the interpreters' advantage in working memory (controversial data are presented), as well as identifying its cause — if it is a natural phenomenon or acquired by virtue of learning certain skills and professional experience. The purpose of this article is to analyze a number of works that reflect longitudinal studies of working memory in students studying simultaneous interpreting. This approach to the study of WM among simultaneous interpreters is relatively new and still relevant. Usually, such studies compare students at the beginning and at the end of their training, while control groups may or may not be included.
As for the results of longitudinal studies, the following fact can be noted: the advantage of interpreting students is not observed at the very beginning of training. The rest of the results are very inconsistent. Thus, some works demonstrate indicators in favor of WM improvement, while others cast doubt on this. Also, short-term memory can be measured in parallel with WM at the beginning and end of training, but not all research is able to confirm its improvement in simultaneous interpreters after training. The main reasons for the conflicting results lie in the different samples of participants and control groups, as well as varying methods of conducting memory tests. It seems promising for future longitudinal studies to take into account the experience and errors of previous experiments, in order to be able to present subsequent meta-analyses and identify the statistical significance of the results.

The paper investigates the mid-term results of the tariff regulation influence on the amount of capital expenditures in Russian electricity distribution sector. We estimate panel data with the dynamic investment model using system GMM method. We showed that horizon of tariff regulation period is statistically significant and transition from the short-term regulation to the long-term tariff system had positive effect on the amount of regulated companies' investments. At the same time we found that the design of long-term regulation applied in Russia in 2009–2013 (type of RAB-regulation and long-term indexation) was not statistically significant to the amount of investments. All over all, the amount of investments in electricity distribution networks has similar to European peers explanatory factors. The obtained results are important to the further improvement of regulation in power energy and can be applied in district heating as well.

The establishment of a modern state strategic planning system conformant to current realities is a matter of vital importance for Russia. During the transition to market economy in the 1990s the centralized planning system was abandoned, the methodology and technologies of development and implementation of long-and mid-term plans were lost as well. Meanwhile, quite a number of foreign countries based on the Soviet planning experience are widely using government regulation of the economy, particularly centralized forecasting, planning and programming of socio-economic processes, along with market control tools. In the recent decades, usage of indicative planning methods has transformed into application of programming methods in steering the economy. The article analyzes the draft law «Strategic planning in the Russian Federation» ready for the 2nd hearing in the State Duma,which creates a legal frameworkfor emergence of an appropriate planning system in Russia.The analysis reviews objectives targeted by the draft law as well as new planning documents including state programs and the long-term budget strategy introduced to ensure the financial realization of the strategic development goals set by the state. The article focuses on the program management and program budget issues identified during the hearing of the draft federal budget for the 2014-2016. The author considers such an important aspect, spotted during the draft law preparation, as ensuring the draft law consistency with the Budget Code of Russia (including practical ways to maintain this). Issues to be solved by amendments after the draft law is adopted have been formulated. ; Формирование в России системы государственного стратегического планирования, отвечающей современным реалиям, выступает для нашей страны жизненной необходимостью. В ходе рыночных преобразований 1990-х гг. перестала использоваться система централизованного планирования, были утрачены методология и технологии составления и реализации долго-и среднесрочных планов. Многие зарубежные страны, опираясь на советский опыт, наряду с рыночными регуляторами широко применяют систему государственного регулирования экономики, включающую централизованное прогнозирование, планирование и программирование социально-экономических процессов. В последние десятилетия применение методов индикативного планирования трансформировалось в использование программных методов управления экономикой. В статье проведен анализ содержания законопроекта «О стратегическом планировании в Российской Федерации», подготовленного ко второму чтению в Государственной Думе. Он закладывает законодательные основы формирования такой системы в стране. Рассмотрены задачи, решаемые законопроектом, вводимые им новые документы планирования - государственные программы и долгосрочная бюджетная стратегия, которые обеспечивают финансовую реализацию поставленных государством стратегических целей развития, а также проблемы программного управления и программного бюджета, выявившиеся в ходе рассмотрения проекта федерального бюджета на 2014-2016 гг. Уделено внимание такому важному аспекту, выявившемуся в ходе подготовки законопроекта, как согласование его позиций с Бюджетным кодексом РФ. Показаны средства достижения непротиворечивости законодательства. Сформулированы проблемы, которые необходимо решить в перспективе на основе принятия поправок после принятия законопроекта.

The report analyzes the importance of the memory of anti-fascism, in a country like Italy where fascism originated. The concept of long Resistance is examined, focusing on the early twenties of the twentieth century, when Mussolini rose to power, considering in particular the notable figure of Piero Gobetti and his activities as a publisher. In the short space of three years, he published 114 volumes. Among the authors there were all the major figures of the anti-fascist culture of the time, from Einaudi to Salvemini, from Amendola to Salvatorelli, from Ruffini to Monti, from Sturzo to Nitti, literary critics such as Fubini and Sapegno, novelists, poets, including Eugenio Montale, future Nobel laureate. A Committee chaired by me took the initiative to republish the entire corpus of Gobettian books, to make available to the new generations the best democratic literature of the time, as a contribution - in an era of right-wing populism and crisis of democracy in various parts of the world - to the struggle against fascism which is always taking on new forms, against the "eternal fascism" Umberto Eco spoke about. Eighty volumes have been released so far (October 2020) which - hopefully - will help to preserve the memory and to maintain an intergenerational message, foreseeing a future without oblivion. ; The report analyzes the importance of the memory of anti-fascism, in a country like Italy where fascism originated. The concept of long Resistance is examined, focusing on the early twenties of the twentieth century, when Mussolini rose to power, considering in particular the notable figure of Piero Gobetti and his activities as a publisher. In the short space of three years, he published 114 volumes. Among the authors there were all the major figures of the anti-fascist culture of the time, from Einaudi to Salvemini, from Amendola to Salvatorelli, from Ruffini to Monti, from Sturzo to Nitti, literary critics such as Fubini and Sapegno, novelists, poets, including Eugenio Montale, future Nobel laureate. A Committee chaired by me took the initiative to republish the entire corpus of Gobettian books, to make available to the new generations the best democratic literature of the time, as a contribution - in an era of right-wing populism and crisis of democracy in various parts of the world - to the struggle against fascism which is always taking on new forms, against the "eternal fascism" Umberto Eco spoke about. Eighty volumes have been released so far (October 2020) which - hopefully - will help to preserve the memory and to maintain an intergenerational message, foreseeing a future without oblivion.

W artykule omówiono główne mechanizmy manipulacji kulturą pamięci obserwowane w donieckich środkach masowego przekazu od marca do sierpnia 2014 roku. Problem kultury pamięci rozpatrywany jest przez autorkę w powiązaniu z pojęciami i zjawiskami pozostającymi aktualnie w kręgu zainteresowania europejskiej i amerykańskiej humanistyki, takimi jak przemysł pamięci, dług pamięci, nadużycia pamięci, pułapki niepamięci, kult bohaterów i ofiar, pamięć jako narkotyk społeczny. Praca uwzględnia także związek między kulturą pamięci a – relatywnie nowym w teorii masowej komunikacji – terminem mediapolis. Przegląd materiału prasowego zamieszczonego w pismach "Donetskije novosti" ("Донецкие новости") oraz "Munitsipalnaja gazeta" ("Муниципальная газета") – wydawnictwach, tworzących od niemal 20 lat mediapolis Doniecka – wskazuje na celowe stosowanie rozmaitych mechanizmów, technik i modeli przemysłu pamięci dla formowania nastrojów, poglądów i zachowania odbiorców. Przez odwołania do wydarzeń II wojny światowej, faszystowskiej okupacji Donbasu, a także sowieckiego epizodu w historii regionu tytuły te nie pokazują grozy, tragizmu, złożoności tego okresu, ale budują kult "chwalebnej przeszłości", jej bohaterów i triumfatorów. Odbywa się to kosztem marginalizacji pamięci o ofiarach, kombatantach wojennych, tragediach i stratach społecznych oraz osobistych czy katastrofie geopolitycznej, prowadząc do rozniecania przejaskrawionych uczuć patriotycznych wśród czytelników. To z kolei przyczyniło się do nasilenia społecznego chaosu i potrzeby militarnej konfrontacji, a w rezultacie – porzucenia myśli o pokojowym rozwiązaniu konfliktu w Donbasie. ; The article discusses the main mechanisms of memory culture manipulation, observed in the Donetsk mass media from March to August 2014. The problem of the culture of remembrance is considered by the author in connection with the concepts and phenomena that are currently of interest to the European and American humanities, such as the memory industry, memory debt, memory abuse, oblivion traps, the cult of heroes and victims, memory as a drug social. The work also takes into account the relationship between the culture of memory and the term mediapolis, which is relatively new in the theory of mass communication. The review of the press material in the magazines "Donetskije novosti" ("Донецкие новости") and "Munitsipalnaja gazeta" ("Муниципальная газета") – publications, which have been creating various media, technical and various mechanisms for almost 20 years, indicate models of the memory industry for the formation of moods, views and behavior of recipients. By referring to the events of World War II, the fascist occupation of Donbas, as well as the Soviet episode in the history of the region, these titles do not show the horror, tragedy, and complexity of this period, but build the cult of the "glorious past", its heroes and triumphs. This takes place at the cost of marginalizing the memory of the victims, war veterans, tragedies and social and personal losses, or a geopolitical catastrophe, leading to an increase in over-glaring patriotic feelings among readers. This, in turn, contributed to the intensification of social chaos and the need for military confrontation, and, as a result, abandoning the idea of a peaceful solution to the conflict in Donbas.

The article considers the relationship between memory and post-memory through the lens of translating the experience of generations. The author takes Z. Baumann's term "retrotopia" as the basis of the research. As a new mode of referring to the past retrotopia he treats it as the phenomenon of reaction in socio-psychological and political meanings. The escape of the obsessive retrotopic past is visible in the ability to have a dialogue (Z. Baumann), and things that link to the experience of previous generations play here a vital role. The paper analyzes variants of things' behavior in their inter-generation interaction: the mode of tactility in collecting things serves the setting "total recall" (M. Stepanova "To the memory of memory); interaction with other people's things (the movie "Khrustalyov, the car") when a live dialogue of generations is impossible. The refusal of things to converse is a symptom of guilt in losing the past. Retrotopia coordinates with another important concept — post-memory with the cult of accumulating and preserving heritage interpreted as the result of ideology and upbringing. The cult of legacy testifies to real anxiety of survival. Post-memory as a cult of heritage strives to reproduce historical experience in the effects of representation, and discourses of collective memory and traumas effectively suppress and replace real memory of the historical experience. Thus, it substantiates the transition from retrotopia to utopia, from heritage to oblivion. Retrotopia is a form of oblivion that forces one to delve into the past. It is not for the sake of the past, but to forget the impending terrible future. Present-day digital media create a new arrangement of memory based on the value of the concrete and the individual. History starts to converge with memory coinciding in the limit with infinitely changing fragments and connections that memory organizes not by the principle of cause-and-effect but by associations and similarities. This program has features of principally different ways of managing the heritage: retrotopia (the goal is to save and preserve), and utopia (to put the past to rest). ; В статье рассматриваются отношения памяти и пост-памяти сквозь призму трансляции опыта поколений. Автор берет за основу исследования термин «ретротопия», введенный в научный оборот З. Бауманом. В качестве нового модуса обращения к прошлому ретротопия трактуется как явление реакции в социально-психологическом и политическом смыслах. Избавление от навязчивого ретротопического прошлого видится в способности к диалогу (З. Бауман), важную роль в котором играют вещи, связывающие с опытом прошлых поколений. Анализируются варианты «поведения» вещей в их межпоколенческом взаимодействии: модус тактильности в коллекционировании служит установке «вспомнить всё» (М. Степанова «Памяти памяти»); взаимодействие с чужими вещами (кинофильм «Хрусталев, машину!»), когда живой диалог поколений становится невозможным. Отказ вещей от диалога — симптом наличия вины в утрате прошлого. Ретротопия соотносится с другим важным концептом — пост-памятью, с характерным для нее культом собирания и хранения наследия, который трактован как результат работы идеологии, воспитания. Культ наследия свидетельствует о реальной тревоге выживания. Пост-память как культ наследия стремится к воспроизведению исторического опыта в аффектах репрезентации, при этом дискурсы коллективной памяти и травмы эффективно подавляют и подменяют реальную память исторического опыта. Таким образом обосновывается переход от ретротопии к утопии, от наследия к забвению. Ретротопия — форма забвения, которая вынуждает углубляться в прошлое не ради прошлого, но для того, чтобы забыть надвигающееся ужасное будущее. Современные цифровые медиа создают новый порядок памяти, основанный на ценности конкретного и единичного. История начинает сближаться с памятью, в пределе совпадая с бесконечно изменяющимися фрагментами и связями, которые память организует не по принципу причины и следствия, а по ассоциациям и подобиям. Эта программа несет в себе черты двух принципиально различных способов распоряжения наследием: ретротопии (цель — спасти и сохранить) и утопии (отпустить прошлое на свободу).

The institutional context of labour market development synthesizes both direct impact factors (government regulation and relevant laws) and specific institutions — traditions, behavior stereotypes, and cultural features. The article compares several institutional aspects of the labour markets in Russia and Germany. The main feature of the Russian labour market is distinguished out: low unemployment rate and simultaneously very low wages. In fact, the most important incentive for Russians is the fear of losing their jobs and becoming unemployed. A significant factor of direct impact, determining the differences of these markets, is the amount of unemployment benefits. This factor is the reason for the presence or absence of parasitic attitudes in the society, in particular, among migrants staying in the country. The various models of market relations that have developed by this time in the two countries have determined the degree of market freedom from state influence. In general, in Germany, the market and employee-employer relations are more controlled by the state. At the same time in Russia the most important priority of the government agencies has become financial efficiency. It often comes into conflict with social efficiency, and sometimes with common sense. The institutional context of the labour market is formed not only by the market itself and the bodies regulating it. It is influenced by socio-economic and cultural phenomena associated with different spheres of life. In this regard, the authors focused on the pre-school institutions' availability and operation mode, as well as on the degree of state support for small businesses. ; Институциональный контекст развития рынка труда синтезирует в себе как факторы прямого воздействия (меры государственного регулирования и соответствующие законы), так и специфические институции — традиции, стереотипы поведения, особенности культуры. В статье проведен сравнительный анализ ряда институциональных аспектов развития рынков труда в России и Германии. Выделена главная особенность российского рынка труда: низкий уровень безработицы при очень низких заработных платах. Фактически, важнейшим мотивом для россиян служит страх потерять работу и оказаться в статусе безработного. Значимым фактором прямого воздействия, определяющим различия рассматриваемых рынков, является размер пособий по безработице. Данный фактор служит причиной наличия или отсутствия иждивенческих настроений в обществе, в частности, среди прибывающих в страну мигрантов. Различные модели рыночных отношений, сложившиеся к этому времени в двух странах, обусловили степень свободы рынка от государственного воздействия. В целом, в Германии рынок и отношения работник-работодатель в большей степени подвержены государственному контролю. В то же время в России важнейшим приоритетом работы государственных органов стала финансовая эффективность. Она часто вступает в противоречие с социальной эффективностью, а иногда и со здравым смыслом. Институциональный контекст развития рынка труда формируется не только самим этим рынком и органами, его регулирующими. На него оказывают влияние социально-экономические и культурные феномены, связанные с самыми разными сферами жизни. В этой связи авторы акцентировали внимание на наличии и режиме работы дошкольных учреждений, а также на степени государственной поддержки малого бизнеса.

The article analyzes the results of a sociological study of the historical memory of students about the World War II in general (and the Great Patriotic War in particular), conducted by the Russian Society of Sociologists in 2020, as well as materials from surveys of other research teams. The author comes to the conclusion that historical memory is formed, first of all, by the information field, set by state institutions or encouraged by them (school, mass media, network resources). Contradictory assessment of the events of the twentieth century led to the rupture of the historical memory of generations and the formation of a large group of people ready to accept the revision of the geopolitical results of the war from the standpoint of history falsifiers. The attitude of young people to the past, without taking into account the cause-and-effect liaison of the events of that time, is explained not only by the extinction of communicative memory for the departure of war generations, the desacralization of their life, deed, death. The range of factors is much wider. Since there is no integral picture of the history of the USSR, there is no value core for assessing events of the Great Patriotic War either. In the absence of historical hygiene in the Russian Federation, the entire Soviet period turns into historical antiques for new generations. They treat this in different ways: with reverence, condescension, aggressiveness, indifference, but it is excessive for the daily life of the majority. The slogan "If required, we repeat / can repeat", replicated on May 9, is nothing more than a short-term emotional reaction, including to PR management, but not the readiness / mindset / promise of action in a real war. The opposition of the state to the country, that is reflected in the popular among young people song of the group Lumen, actually testifies to alienation from both the state and the country, since there is no one without the other. Questions are inevitable: how adequate are the methodologies and techniques based on which social scientists choose the range of factors that form the portrait of modern youth and predict the direction of further socialization of its individual groups? How many meaningful collaborators should there be to lose / win a civilizational battle in which historical memory is only one of the components? According to the author, the conditions and opportunities for the realization of the desired worldview values ​​in modern Russia adjust the attitude to the present and the life strategies of young people to a greater extent than historical memory.

The timing has never been better. But without long-term funding, the strategy will fail.

The article deals with analyzing practical experience of Department for Youth Innovative Programs Development and Career Guidance of the Diplomatic Academy of Russian Foreign Ministry in terms of breeding patriotic feelings among the youth as an axiological task in training future specialists in international relations. The author elaborates on key patterns of breeding patriotism. Special attention was paid to preserving historical memory and popularizing of Russian diplomatic service heritage and to interaction between different governmental institutions in the patriotic sphere. The author underlines the importance of developing new patriotic projects in the framework of modern digital environment in order to prevent falsification of history.

The article touches upon characteristic features of a so-called Volto del Cavallo, a Renaissance portal on the rulers' d'Este palace facade in the 15th century Ferrara. It's analyzed in the process of its gradual formation and in the context of such problems as time (in terms of a private biography as well as historically), space (palatial space, that of Ferrara as a city, space of the Quattrocento Ecumene), glory and last but not least memory of Ferrara leaders. This range of Volto del Cavallo parallel interpretations tends to be new and brings one to a conclusion that each aspect in question, when looked at in connection with the discussed portal was engaged in glorification of the d'Este power.