Il rapido invecchiamento demografico e i conseguenti bisogni di assistenza di lungo periodo (LTC) della popolazione anziana sono tra le sfide più spesso evocate per giustificare la necessità di stimolare processi di innovazione sociale. L'articolo propone una riflessione sui nessi analitico-concettuali e di policy fra innovazione sociale e misure di LTC ricostruendo il policy framework sviluppato negli ultimi anni dall'UE. Si prendono in considerazione le linee guida promosse dall'Unione attraverso i suoi documenti ufficiali. Un quadro che permette di sollevare alcune brevi riflessioni sul caso italiano, letto in controluce rispetto al policy framework europeo.
The evolution of the "Italian development model" since the 1950s displays changing territorial bases; an issue that has fueled, at least among econo-mists, intense debates. A key feature of such evolution is the persisting dualism that, over time, has accompanied or conditioned economic develop-ment in the country. Other distinctive features of the model have gained centrality for limited periods (industrial districts, third Italy, etc.); they propose original analyses and solutions but not such as to avoid the country's descent into a more than twenty-year-long stagnation. And so, alongside the North-South gap, an external gap between the whole country (North and South together) and the rest of the European Union is rapidly widening; as a reaction, separate solutions are proposed, such as that of the Enhanced Fiscal Autonomy, which was blocked in 2018, but is now re-emerging in view of the post-pandemic period; or that of the «Recovery Fund», in clear conflict with the strict conditionality required by the European Union from the «great sick man of Europe». ; L'évolution du «modèle de développement italien» depuis les années 1950 a des racines territoriales changeantes; une question qui a alimenté, du moins chez les économistes, d'intenses débats. L'élément caractéristique de ce modèle est le dualisme persistant qui, au fil des ans, accompagne ou condi-tionne le développement de l'économie italienne. D'autres particularités de ce modèle ont occupé le devant de la scène pendant des périodes limitées (districts industriels, troisième Italie, etc.); celles-ci représentent des analyses et des solutions originales mais qui n'ont pas été de nature à éviter la descente du pays dans une stagnation qui dure depuis plus de vingt ans. Ainsi, à côté du fossé Nord-Sud, un fossé externe entre toute l'Italie (au Nord comme au Sud) et le reste de l'Union Européenne progresse rapide-ment; en réaction, des hypothèses de solutions séparées surgissent, comme celle de l'Autonomie Fiscale Renforcée qui, bloquée en 2018, resurgit désormais au vu de la post-pandémie; ou du «Recovery Fund», qui est en claire contr adiction avec les strictes conditionnalités posées par l'Union européenne au «grand malade de l'Europe». ; Geography and history of the economy in republican Italy. A long-term reflection The evolution of the "Italian development model" since the 1950s displays changing territorial bases; an issue that has fueled, at least among economists, intense debates. A key feature of such evolution is the persisting dualism that, over time, has accompanied or conditioned economic development in the country. Other distinctive features of the model have gained centrality for limited periods (industrial districts, third Italy, etc.); they propose original analyses and solutions but not such as to avoid the country's descent into a more than twenty-year-long stagnation. And so, alongside the North-South gap, an external gap between the whole country (North and South together) and the rest of the European Union is rapidly widening; as a reaction, separate solutions are proposed, such as that of the Enhanced Fiscal Autonomy, which was blocked in 2018, but is now re-emerging in view of the post-pandemic period; or that of the "Recovery Fund", in clear conflict with the strict conditionality required by the European Union from the "great sick man of Europe".
Since 2003, in the framework of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), the European Union (EU) has deployed a growing number of crisis management missions, mostly civilian ones, in many countries and with different purposes: from support to police and security sectors, strengthening and reforming the rule of law, assistance to customs and boundaries etc. EU civilian missions are in charge of rebuilding or reforming a country's security sector according to European standard, values and practices. Given the EU's declared support of local ownership, the main aim of this research project has been to evaluate civilian missions' long term impact on the ground. The objectives of this project have been twofold: looking at the long term effects generated by EU engagement in the targeted countries and examining whether these reforms are sustainable or not and why. In order to assess impact, this research has taken into account the concepts of effectiveness and sustinability and it has analysed the perspectives of the EU- namely officials' observations and opinions on the effects accomplished, and that of the beneficiary country, i.e. local authorities' expectations and their points of view. Three missions have been chosen as case studies: EUPM (Bosnia-Herzegovina), EUJUST Themis (Georgia) and EULEX (Kosovo). The first two are completed missions (one has been a long mission, the other a short one); while the latter is still ongoing and thus it provideS an opportunity to examine how the EU works to increase the sustainability of reforms implemented and incorporating previous lessons learned. Beginning with an overview of the CSDP, then the research focused on the notion of impact and how it can be evaluated. At the same time, the thesis analysed the existing state of the art concerning EU missions evaluation, in order to stress key gaps in the literature and in the field. Later, the project concentrated on the analysis of the case studies by applying the criteria of effectiveness and sustainability and conducting qualitative interviews. Finally, conclusions summed up the main findings related to the issue of impact evaluation in CSDP missions and to the analysis of the case studies, evidencing light and shadows.
Questo studio realizzato dal Centro Studi e Ricerche Economico-Sociali per l'Invecchiamento (CRESI) dell'IRCSS INRCA per conto del Comitato per il Controllo e la Valutazione delle Politiche afferente al Consiglio Regionale delle Marche, nasce con l'obiettivo di valutare il gradimento degli interventi e dei servizi socio-sanitari esistenti da parte degli anziani non autosufficienti e delle loro famiglie (caregiver). L'indagine, realizzata con la collaborazione delle organizzazioni sindacali dei pensionati FNP-CISL, SPI-CGIL e UILP-UIL, ha consentito di raggiungere 450 nuclei familiari distribuiti nei 13 distretti sanitari della regione Marche, scattando una "fotografia" dell'esistente, al fine di poter fornire indicazioni e raccomandazioni sulla riorganizzazione dei servizi rivolti a questa fascia di popolazione, anche alla luce dei recenti impulsi pervenuti dall'adozione del "Piano nazionale per la non autosufficienza". L'indagine si è svolta in due tranche. Nella prima, condotta nel periodo novembre 2019 – marzo 2020, è stato raccolto il quadro dettagliato del punto di vista degli anziani assistiti e dei loro famigliari caregiver. Nella seconda, svoltasi nel periodo giugno-agosto 2020, è stato realizzato un follow-up telefonico, mirato a cogliere l'impatto dell'epidemia da Covid-19 sui partecipanti della prima rilevazione, al fine di comprendere come l'emergenza sanitaria abbia influito sulle condizioni di vita e sull'assistenza ricevuta da questi anziani e dalle loro famiglie, onde poter meglio riorganizzare i servizi per la fase post-pandemica.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of demographic and occupational characteristics, anthropometric indices, lifestyle adopted and physical activity levels, free (leisure) or structured in the form of institutional training (Physical Education), sources of Stress and coping strategies, and the perception of the state of physical and mental health of the State Police of Puglia. Methods: The sample consists of 101 police officers (age 46.08 ± 5.66 years, weight 81.60 ± 14.04 kg, height 173.47 ± 6.14 cm) volunteers for this study. The Occupational Stress Indicator and the Short Form-12 were used, along with a questionnaire of socio-demographic, occupational and anthropometric data. Statistical analyzes were performed using descriptive analyzes followed by the analysis of multiple linear regression with the stepwise method. The level of significance was set at p <0.05. Results: To follow an active lifestyle, practicing motor sports or sports at any level, especially in institutional training environments (Physical Education), can enable State Police operators to cope with stress by adequately increasing coping strategies. In addition, the beneficial effects of active lifestyle on some sources of stress and perception of the physical health status are mediated by some bio-anthropometric data, such as abdominal circumference, which inversely correlate with the intensity and continuity of the sports motorcycle practice Structured and motivated. Conclusions: These findings encourage Formation of the Order's Forces to adopt an institutional policy that allows police practitioners to regularly attend Physical Education, Adapted Physical Education programs to their age and working characteristics in order to maintain and improve their form Psycho-physical, performance and quality of life. Scopi: Il presente studio ha voluto determinare gli effetti delle caratteristiche demografiche e occupazionali, indici antropometrici, stile di vita adottato e livelli di attività fisica, libera (Tempo Libero) o strutturata sotto forma di percorso formativo istituzionale (Educazione Fisica), sulle fonti di stress e le strategie di coping, e sulla percezione dello stato di salute fisica e mentale degli operatori della Polizia di Stato della Puglia. Metodi: Il campione è costituito da 101 operatori di polizia (età 46.08 ± 5.66 anni, peso 81.60 ± 14.04 kg, altezza 173.47 ± 6.14 cm) volontari per questo studio. Sono stati utilizzati l'Occupational Stress Indicator e lo Short Form-12, insieme ad un questionario di dati socio- demografici, occupazionali e antropometrici. Le analisi statistiche sono state effettuate usando le analisi descrittive seguite dall'analisi della regressione lineare multipla con il metodo stepwise. Il livello di significatività è stato fissato a p<0.05. Risultati: Seguire uno stile di vita attivo, praticando attività motoria o sportiva a qualsiasi livello, soprattutto nei contesti formativi istituzionali (Educazione Fisica), può consentire agli operatori della Polizia di Stato di fronteggiare lo stress adeguatamente incrementando le strategie di coping. Inoltre, gli effetti benefici dello stile di vita attivo su alcune fonti di stress e sulla percezione dello stato di salute fisica sono mediati da alcuni dati bioantropometrici, come la circonferenza addominale, che correlano inversamente all'intensità ed alla continuità della pratica motorio sportiva strutturata e motivata. Conclusioni: Questi risultati incoraggiano i responsabili della Formazione delle Forze dell'Ordine ad adottare una politica istituzionale che consenta agli operatori di polizia di seguire regolarmente programmi formativi di Educazione Fisica Adattata all'età ed alle caratteristiche lavorative allo scopo di mantenere e migliorare la loro forma psico-fisica, la prestazione lavorativa e qualità della vita.
Background: The availability of family caregivers of older people is decreasing in Italy as the number of migrant care workers (MCWs) hired by families increases. There is little evidence on the influence of socioeconomic factors in the employment of MCWs. Method: We analyzed baseline data from 438 older people with moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), and their family caregivers enrolled in the Up-Tech trial. We used bivariate analysis and multilevel regressions to investigate the association between independent variables - education, social class, and the availability of a care allowance - and three outcomes - employment of a MCW, hours of care provided by the primary family caregiver, and by the family network (primary and other family caregivers). Results: The availability of a care allowance and the educational level were independently associated with employing MCWs. A significant interaction between education and care allowance was found, suggesting that more educated families are more likely to spend the care allowance to hire a MCW. Discussion: Socioeconomic inequalities negatively influenced access both to private care and to care allowance, leading disadvantaged families to directly provide more assistance to AD patients. Care allowance entitlement needs to be reformed in Italy and in countries with similar long-term care and migration systems. � 2015 The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved.
The article discusses three issues, which are strictly interwoven to each other. Firstly, the relationship between the eyewitness memory for past events, their recording in institutionalized archives, and their reconstruction provided by historians is framed within a systematic perspective, in order to make clear in which sense the eyewitness constitutes the basic pillar of any historical work. Secondly, the role played by eyewitness of the Shoah is related to the "politics of memory". The social function of the latter is important not as a form of monumentalization of the past, rather as an attempt to improve a shared memory for an event –the Shoah− whose cultural and political meaning concerns above all the European heritage and not only the history of the Jewish people. Thirdly, the attempt to read the Shoah as an expression of biopolitics −in the foucauldian sense of the term− provides the frame for a discussion about contemporary forms of social and institutionalized violence, assuming that the compass of the Holocaust Studies and their methodology reach far beyond the phenomena related to the Shoah.
Concerned about their jobs in the Rabelj lead and zinc mine, the miners of Log pod Mangartom wrote to the Government of the People's Republic of Slovenia in February 1947 urging it to intercede on their behalf with the (Italian) administration of the mine to secure their employment. The author examines the miners' letter to the Government of the People's Republic of Slovenia through the prism of a community and its members living in a border area (amidst specific social and historical moments and their short-term intersection), by taking into account events of long duration that are manifested in the collective (social) memory of the inhabitants of Log pod Mangartom. Individuals and the community to which they belonged are not perceived as passive observers of the «great» history. Rather, the author's main intention is to demonstrate how individuals (and the community) used their life strategies, ways of life and traditions to oppose, change, adapt and subject themselves to each political change, and particularly to the new political and economic conditions established after the dissolution of the Allied Military Government and the annexation of the former Zone A (in the upper Posočje area) to Yugoslavia.
A comprehensive and long-lasting study dedicated to the Hucpoldingi, an object of research so far difficult to classify for scholars. Combined with the supposed comital government of the city of Bologna from the nineteenth-century erudition, the Hucpoldingi remained for a long time on the margins of the reconstructions of political history of the early medieval Italic kingdom precisely because of the amplitude of action that characterized the parental group for more than two centuries , from IX to XI. The geographical dispersion of the documentary funds that attest their action has made them elusive for a long time, as a whole. The research deals with the reconstruction of the political events of the different members of the kinship, of their heritage and of the clientele connected to them in the various sectors of the kingdom. Finally, it examines the peculiar elements of the group, from which the characteristics of their power emerge, the memory strategies and the notions of self-awareness common to different individuals.
Historical materialism occupied for a long time a central position in Italian philosophical debate: on the contrary, it seems to be neglected today in academic studies. Whereas in other countries there are a lot of publications and cultural enterprises that follow the profile of this tendency, in Italy it seems to be banished as a memory of a closed political and intellectual season. Our review is an attempt to rediscover and renew the most innovative Italian version of Marxism, strengthening pluralism in Italian cultural debate and inside university.Keywords: Italian marxism; Historical materialism; Gramsci; Academic magazines.
The essay proposes an itinerary into the political root of beauty. From Plato, the idea of beauty is not only metaphysical, but also aesthetic and always manifests its political root. The article considers the beauty's public space in Vitruvius and Alberti, passing through three models of the city, namely Humanistic, Baconian and Baudlerian. Hence, the idea of beauty is a constant variation on the theme and a general noun of a project path. Beauty manifests its qualitative dialectic, without synthesis, in which its dialogicity can be saved as long as Modernity does not lose its memory and tradition. Following some Valéry's remarks, the article exhorts to find the idea of classicality in Modernity: remembering the platonic idea of kosmos, it means to make beauty not only abstractly philosophical, but also political.
The Safe Harbour agreement was the result of an economic and political compromise between the European Union and the United States in the field of data protection, where the European regulatory model has demonstrated its influence in an interdependent world. The ECJ judgement has put an end to this compromise.Against this background, the author points out the different solutions that private companies may adopt in the short-, medium- and long-term. In this light, the article considers the chance of reaching a new international bilateral agreement in short time and the limits posed by the ECJ decision to this potential agreement.Focusing on the medium-term scenario, the author takes into account the impact of the Schrems case on the different legal alternatives for data transfer (data subject's consent, standard contractual clauses, and binding corporate rules) and discusses the consequences of this judgement on business strategies.In the long-term scenario, a more optimistic outlook is possible, given the increasing demand for data protection coming from U.S. companies and society at large, as demonstrated by the support provided the U.S. business community to new regulatory initiatives and by the In re Microsoft Corp. case. ; The Safe Harbour agreement was the result of an economic and political compromise between the European Union and the United States in the field of data protection, where the European regulatory model has demonstrated its influence in an interdependent world. The ECJ judgement has put an end to this compromise.Against this background, the author points out the different solutions that private companies may adopt in the short-, medium- and long-term. In this light, the article considers the chance of reaching a new international bilateral agreement in short time and the limits posed by the ECJ decision to this potential agreement.Focusing on the medium-term scenario, the author takes into account the impact of the Schrems case on the different legal alternatives for data transfer (data subject's consent, standard contractual clauses, and binding corporate rules) and discusses the consequences of this judgement on business strategies.In the long-term scenario, a more optimistic outlook is possible, given the increasing demand for data protection coming from U.S. companies and society at large, as demonstrated by the support provided the U.S. business community to new regulatory initiatives and by the In re Microsoft Corp. case.
The article aims to discuss the socio-political action of two contemporary musical performances produced in Poland. In particular, the author questions the specific function of the space, created by the visual artist Mirosław Bałka, in relation to the compositions by musician Paweł Mykietyn. In both cases they are adaptations of literary works (Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz, 1834, and Der Zauberberg by Thomas Mann, 1924) and in both cases it is the process of media transposition that rewrites the terms of cultural and identity discourse. Balka's design proposes, in a non-didactic way, traumatic images that are already well established and codified in the European collective memory and creates, in the fleeting time of the performance, a democratic and open structure, in which the memory of the defeated also participates. ; L'articolo si propone di discutere l'azione socio-politica di due performance musicali contemporanee prodotte in Polonia. In particolare, l'autore si interroga sulla funzione specifica dello spazio, creato dall'artista visivo Mirosław Bałka, in relazione alle composizioni del musicista Paweł Mykietyn. In entrambi i casi si tratta di adattamenti di opere letterarie (Pan Tadeusz di Adam Mickiewicz, 1834, e Der Zauberberg di Thomas Mann, 1924) e in entrambi i casi è il processo di trasposizione mediatica a riscrivere i termini del discorso culturale e identitario. Il progetto di Balka propone, in modo non didascalico, immagini traumatiche già consolidate e codificate nella memoria collettiva europea e crea, nel tempo fugace della performance, una struttura democratica e aperta, alla quale partecipa anche la memoria degli sconfitti.
L'eterogeneità dei contenuti e la libertà di espressione offerte dalle piattaforme di Social Networking porta gli utenti a trovarsi in situazioni di dissonanza cognitiva. Il disagio provato viene affrontato adottando, sempre più spesso, comportamenti di esposizione selettiva e di bias di conferma. Questa tendenza viene ulteriormente rafforzata dagli algoritmi di personalizzazione dei contenuti dei Social Network, portando alla nascita e crescita di fenomeni quali Polarizzazione e Echo Chamber. Questo lavoro, declinando tali concetti ad un contesto di tipo politico, si pone come obiettivo la loro identificazione e misurazione su Reddit durante i primi due anni e mezzo di presidenza di Donald Trump. Inizialmente definiamo una metodologia per misurare la polarizzazione politica di un post. Dopo la creazione di una Ground Truth, sono testati parallelamente due diversi approcci per risolvere il task. Il primo prevede l'estrazione di keywords che caratterizzano il linguaggio dei due partiti, tramite Latent Dirichlet Allocation, e la successiva classificazione di un post in base alle features estratte, con Support Vector Machine. Il secondo approccio, di tipo neurale, sfrutta Word Embeddings e Long Short-Term Memory per misurare il livello di polarizzazione di un post quantificando il suo allineamento con le ideologie repubblicane e democratiche. Successivamente, verifichiamo l'esistenza di sistemi polarizzati\Echo Chamber, in tre diversi topic relativi a questioni socio-politiche. Per ognuno, abbiamo definito il grafo delle interazioni tra gli utenti, annotandoli in base al loro livello di polarizzazione, e applicato algoritmi di Community Discovery. Infine, le comunità estratte sono analizzate da un punto di vista di coesione strutturale e ideologica. Le metodologie utilizzate permettono di individuare potenziali Echo Chamber politicamente polarizzate sia rispetto alle ideologie democratiche che a quelle repubblicane, distribuite in modo diverso a seconda del topic di riferimento.
Il saggio presenta la nascita e l'evoluzione del reparto manicomio dell'ospedale civile di Cagliari (1859-1890). Si prendono in esame i carteggi conservati dall'Archivio di Stato di Cagliari nei fondi Ospedale S. Giovanni di Dio e Prefettura. Ne risulta che il manicomio era pienamente inserito nel quadro dell'epoca, sia per quanto riguarda l'attività sanitaria e di custodia, sia per quanto riguarda le scelte politiche. Gli archivi si rivelano ancora una volta come una risorsa di inestimabile valore sia per la restituzione della memoria che per l'avvio di una nuova riflessione sociale e civile. ; This essay presents the development of the asylum department of the San Giovanni di Dio hospital of Cagliari (1859-1890). It analyses the correspondence preserved by the Archivio di Stato of Cagliari in the archival collection Ospedale S. Giovanni di Dio and Prefettura. This asylum was part of the context of the time, both in terms of health and care activities, and in terms of political choices. The archives reveal themselves once again as a resource of inestimable value both for the restitution of memory and for the initiation of a new social and civil reflection.
