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Purpose In the era of climate change, industrial organizations are under increasing pressure from consumers and regulators to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The paper examines the effectiveness of product mix as a strategy to deliver the low carbon supply chain under the cap-and-trade policy. Design/methodology/approach We incorporate the cap-and-trade policy into the green product mix decision models by using game-theoretic approach and compare these decisions in a decentralized model and a centralized model respectively. The research explores potential behavioural changes under the cap-and-trade in the context of a two-echelon supply chain. Findings Our analysis results show that the channel structure has significant impact on both economic and environmental performances. An integrated supply chain generates more profits. In contrast, a decentralized supply chain has lower carbon emissions. The cap-and-trade policy makes a different impact on the economic and environmental performances of the supply chain. Balancing the trade-offs is critical to ensure the long term sustainability. Originality/value The research offers many interesting observations with respect to the effect of product mix strategy on operational decisions and the trade-offs between costs and carbon emissions under the cap-and-trade policy. The insights derived from our analysis do not only help firms to make important operational and strategic decisions to reduce carbon emissions while maintaining their economic competitiveness, but also make meaningful contribution to governments' policy making for carbon emissions control.

PurposeThis paper draws on the perspective of social networks to examine when 3PLs initiate low-carbon supply chain integration (LCSCI) in decarbonising supply chains.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire survey was conducted on a sample of 348 Chinese 3PLs. Stepwise regression was adopted to analyse the data.FindingsIt is found that LCSCI has a positive effect on firm performance. From the social network perspective, a larger scope of outsourcing increases 3PLs' embeddedness, which increases their chance of success in initiating LCSCI, especially for 3PLs with higher decarbonisation capabilities. Interestingly, although the pressure from government regulation can also motivate LCSCI, it is less effective for 3PLs with higher decarbonisation capabilities because they can be too embedded in the network to freely adapt to regulations.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has investigated 3PL-initiated LCSCI only from the view of 3PLs. A dyadic approach which includes the perception of customers would be desirable.Practical implicationsThe results highlight the critical role of 3PLs as supply chain orchestrators in decarbonising supply chains, and the effectiveness of LCSCI as a competitive strategy of 3PLs. Coercive pressures from government regulations are not constraints but resources for 3PLs in initiating LCSCI, especially in markets where the 3PLs have insufficient decarbonisation capabilities.Originality/valueThis study contributes to theories on 3PLs' interorganizational low-carbon initiatives, LCSCI, and the paradox of social networks in supply chains.

Among responses to governmental regulations for curbing carbon emissions, outsourcing carbon reduction to a specialized third-party is an important means to satisfy a variety of carbon-emission restraints. In this situation, however, designing efficient contracts for emission reducing while retaining appropriate supply-chain profit is a substantial but challenging problem. We therefore refine this from practice and consider a low-carbon supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer to analyze in which conditions the system should outsource its carbon reduction efforts to an external expert firm under the assumption that consumers with a sense of social responsibility prefer low carbon products. In the decarbonization expert firm embedded supply chain, we examine the respective impacts of three cost-pooling schemes for emission reduction on supply chain performances. We find that the manufacturer-undertaking contract is the worst in terms of profit and carbon reduction level among the contracts being studied, while the retailer-undertaking contract yields the best outcome in terms of the profit and performs well in carbon reduction when the contractor has cost efficiency in carbon reduction, which is even better than the joint-undertaking contract in carbon reduction when the contractor is inefficient. The study shows the diversity of contracts on outsourcing carbon reduction significantly impacts the supply chain profitability, carbon reduction efficiency and sustainability of operations.

Government regulations and responsible customers' behavior are key drivers for businesses to adopt respectful management strategies towards the environment and reduce the overall carbon emissions of their supply chains.Under a strict carbon emissions legislation and the increased awareness of customers about carbon emissions issues, companies are now pushed to improve their environmental performance to achieve better profits. Thus, they need to make optimal decisions within their Supply Chain Management to reduce the carbon emissions that are generated from their various activities.In this context, we identify the issue of the low carbon supply chain management. In this thesis, our objective is first to study this problem and to identify its key drivers. We then aim to review the literature and to study how quantitative models have addressed this problem and its related constraints. We therefore develop new models of low carbon supply design problems under the carbon tax legislation, which is recognized to be one of the relevant applied carbon legislations. In our proposed models, we particularly emphasize on the features of this carbon regulation that have been ignored within the literature. We first study strategic decisions of the company taking into consideration the non-homogeneous carbon tax scheme between countries. We then, study the investment decision of the company under a progressive carbon tax strategy. Through analytical and numerical analyses, we study the impact of such carbon legislations schemes on strategic decisions of the company and its performances. We aim to provide companies with a decision support tool to help them make optimal strategic decisions under this carbon legislation. We also provide recommendations to governments, as to which carbon tax legislations are the most efficient. Finally, we initiate the development of stochastic models to study the strategic investment problem in such an environmental context. We first consider a random customer demand, and then a dynamic and ...

Government regulations and responsible customers' behavior are key drivers for businesses to adopt respectful management strategies towards the environment and reduce the overall carbon emissions of their supply chains.Under a strict carbon emissions legislation and the increased awareness of customers about carbon emissions issues, companies are now pushed to improve their environmental performance to achieve better profits. Thus, they need to make optimal decisions within their Supply Chain Management to reduce the carbon emissions that are generated from their various activities.In this context, we identify the issue of the low carbon supply chain management. In this thesis, our objective is first to study this problem and to identify its key drivers. We then aim to review the literature and to study how quantitative models have addressed this problem and its related constraints. We therefore develop new models of low carbon supply design problems under the carbon tax legislation, which is recognized to be one of the relevant applied carbon legislations. In our proposed models, we particularly emphasize on the features of this carbon regulation that have been ignored within the literature. We first study strategic decisions of the company taking into consideration the non-homogeneous carbon tax scheme between countries. We then, study the investment decision of the company under a progressive carbon tax strategy. Through analytical and numerical analyses, we study the impact of such carbon legislations schemes on strategic decisions of the company and its performances. We aim to provide companies with a decision support tool to help them make optimal strategic decisions under this carbon legislation. We also provide recommendations to governments, as to which carbon tax legislations are the most efficient. Finally, we initiate the development of stochastic models to study the strategic investment problem in such an environmental context. We first consider a random customer demand, and then a dynamic and uncertain carbon tax regulation. We proceed to the evaluation of our developed stochastic models through numerical examples and comparisons of their results to those of deterministic models that are widely studied within the literature. ; Sous la pression externe des gouvernements et des clients conscients des enjeux environnementaux, les entreprises sont plus que jamais obligées de réduire leurs émissions de carbone. Par conséquent, elles sont poussées à trouver les moyens pour optimiser la gestion de leurs chaînes logistiques afin d'améliorer leurs performances environnementale et économique. Dans ce cadre s'intègre la problématique de gestion de chaîne logistique à faible teneur en carbone qui consiste à repenser les décisions de la gestion de la CL en vue de réduire les émissions de carbone. Dans la présente thèse, nous abordons cette problématique. Nous cherchons d'abord à comprendre les différentes caractéristiques de ce problème et à identifier ses facteurs clés. Une telle étude demeure essentielle pour faciliter l'analyse de la littérature existante en termes de modélisation et d'incorporation de paramètres liés aux émissions de carbone dans les modèles mathématiques d'aide à la décision. Nous proposons ensuite de contribuer à la littérature en développant de nouveaux modèles de conception de chaîne logistique sous la législation de la taxe carbone, en proposant une meilleure intégration de cette réglementation. Nous considérons alors dans nos modèles, d'une part, la non homogénéité des taxes carbone entre les pays, puis d'autre part, la progressivité de ce système législatif. A travers la résolution analytique et numérique de nos modèles, nous étudions l'impact de la taxe carbone sur les décisions stratégiques des entreprises et leurs performances. Nous mettons ainsi l'accent sur l'efficacité de cet outil législatif, ainsi que sur les nouvelles directives à mettre en place par les gouvernements pour mieux inciter les entreprises à minimiser leurs impacts indésirables sur l'environnement. Finalement, nous initions la modélisation sous incertitude du problème d'investissement stratégique dans le cadre de la législation de taxe carbone, en considérant d'abord une demande client aléatoire, puis des taxes carbone évolutives et incertaines. Nous proposons une évaluation de nos modèles stochastiques développés en les exploitant sur des exemples numériques et en les comparant aux modèles déterministes largement étudiés dans la littérature.

To mitigate climate change, the governments of various countries have formulated and implemented corresponding low-carbon emission reduction policies. Meanwhile, consumers' awareness of the necessity of environmental protection is gradually improving, and more consumers pay attention to the environmental attributes of products, which all encourages enterprises to have great power to implement low carbon technology. As rational decision makers, members tend to show the characteristics of risk aversion. How to meet the needs of consumers and reduce their own risks has become a key point of low-carbon supply chain management. Considering carbon quota policy, in this paper, the optimal pricing decision-making process of a supply chain system is discussed under risk-neutral and risk-avoidance decision-making scenarios by game theory, and a cost-sharing contract is used to coordinate the decision-making process of a supply chain system. By analyzing the influence of the risk aversion coefficient on the optimal strategies of participants, we find that when the manufacturer has the risk aversion characteristic, the risk aversion coefficient will further reduce the carbon emission rate, the wholesale price of the product and the manufacturer's profit but increase the product order quantity and the retailer's profit. In addition, if consumers have a high preference for low-carbon products, the manufacturer's risk-aversion coefficient will lead to a lower selling price than in the centralized decision-making situation, and the profit of the supply chain system will also be further reduced. When the cost-sharing contract is adopted for coordination, the Pareto improvement of supply chain members' profits can be achieved when the parameters of the cost-sharing contract are appropriate, regardless of the manufacturer's risk-neutral decision or risk-aversion decision.

To mitigate climate change, the governments of various countries have formulated and implemented corresponding low-carbon emission reduction policies. Meanwhile, consumers' awareness of the necessity of environmental protection is gradually improving, and more consumers pay attention to the environmental attributes of products, which all encourages enterprises to have great power to implement low carbon technology. As rational decision makers, members tend to show the characteristics of risk aversion. How to meet the needs of consumers and reduce their own risks has become a key point of low-carbon supply chain management. Considering carbon quota policy, in this paper, the optimal pricing decision-making process of a supply chain system is discussed under risk-neutral and risk-avoidance decision-making scenarios by game theory, and a cost-sharing contract is used to coordinate the decision-making process of a supply chain system. By analyzing the influence of the risk aversion coefficient on the optimal strategies of participants, we find that when the manufacturer has the risk aversion characteristic, the risk aversion coefficient will further reduce the carbon emission rate, the wholesale price of the product and the manufacturer's profit but increase the product order quantity and the retailer's profit. In addition, if consumers have a high preference for low-carbon products, the manufacturer's risk-aversion coefficient will lead to a lower selling price than in the centralized decision-making situation, and the profit of the supply chain system will also be further reduced. When the cost-sharing contract is adopted for coordination, the Pareto improvement of supply chain members' profits can be achieved when the parameters of the cost-sharing contract are appropriate, regardless of the manufacturer's risk-neutral decision or risk-aversion decision.

The increased carbon emissions cause relatively climate deterioration and attract more attention of governments, consumers, and enterprises to the low-carbon manufacturing. This paper considers a dynamic supply chain, which is composed of a manufacturer and a retailer, in the presence of the cap-and-trade regulation and the consumers' reference emission effects. To investigate the manufacturer's behavior choice and its impacts on the emission reduction and pricing strategies together with the profits of both the channel members, we develop a Stackelberg differential game model in which the manufacturer acts in both myopic and farsighted manners. By comparing the equilibrium strategies, it can be found that the farsighted manufacturer always prefers to keep a lower level of emission reduction. When the emission permit price is relatively high, the wholesale/retail price is lower if the manufacturer is myopic and hence benefits consumers. In addition, there exists a dilemma that the manufacturer is willing to act in a farsighted manner but the retailer looks forward to a partnership with the myopic manufacturer. For a relatively high price of emission permit, adopting myopic strategies results in a better performance of the whole supply chain.