Suchergebnisse

The prior aim of the paper is to present the next station of the enlargement process of the European Union, the chances and challenges of the Croatian accession after the democratic transformation. The study is about to investigate how an old-and-new state is searching for its identity, and what a bumpy road does it have to cope with in order to get to be part of the European space. Two phases of the whole integration process could be separated. The first term is from the declaration of independence (26 June 1991) till the death of president Franjo Tudjman (10 Dec 1999), when beyond building a democratic country and state, Croatia also tried to identify and manage the priorities of its independent foreign policy. The next phase is mainly characterised by the development and deepening of relations between the EU and Croatia from the death of the president on, when the substantial investigations started between Croatia and the European Union, and are still in progress.

My current study's main focus concentrates on the political parties and organizations of Vojvodina (officially: Autonomous Province of Vojvodina), from their earliest movements –dating back to the events of the Eastern-European democratic transformations –to nowadays' situation. To establish the topic I consider it quite important to emphasize and give a general view about the possibilities of advocation available during the reign of the previous regime as well as the main characteristics of the Southern Slavic minority politics. Beginning with the 1990s, in the northern territory of Serbia, we witnessed the formation of one of the most complex and complicated party relations existing in the Carpathian Basin between Hungarian parties, due to which the majority of the divided community turned away from the parties declaredly representing their interest. I will attempt to discuss the course events in a chronological order, exploring the reason and origin of the animosity lying between these organizations. Although the autocracy of Milošević had been abolished for over ten years, most of the original goals of these parties have not been met as of yet. Despite this, there is no prospect of cooperation among them, though the underlying cause is not an ideological one but the very reason of nearly two-decade-long individual oppositions.

As it has been already said in the 70's, the Hungarian football is ill, because it's players still lag behind their foreign counterparts. The sport professional and economical disadvantages of the Hungarian football against Western-European countries are still being felt today which have raised the need for comprehensive analysis of the Hungarian players market. The base of our research was the comparison to the neighbouring Croatian and Serbian championships by the following four aspects; the average age of the playerpool, the ratio of foreign players, the player's average market value and the transfer balance of the championships. We have determined that the Hungarian championship possess the worst conditions on every scale (oldest players, biggest foreign players ratio, lowest average market value, lowest transfer balance). Based on our research we have concluded, that the Hungarian players market falls under the category of "transferers", although the volume of the transfer should still be considered low. This can be explained by the fact, that the Hungarian players are not interested in signing abroad, because the players' salaries reach those of the smaller championships' ; Már a 70-es években elhangzott, hogy beteg a magyar labdarúgás, mert a magyar játékosok elmaradnak a külföldi társaiktól. Napjainkban továbbra is érzékeljük a magyar futball sportszakmai és gazdasági hátrányát a nyugat-európai országokétól, ezért merült fel a magyar játékospiac vizsgálatának szükségessége. A vizsgálatot a szomszédos horvát és szerb bajnokságok összehasonlításával végeztük el, négy szempont a játékoskeretek átlagéletkora, az idegenlégiósok aránya, a játékosok átlagos piaci értéke, illetve a bajnokságok transzferegyenlege alapján.Megállapítottuk, hogy minden viszonylatban a legrosszabb (legidősebb játékosok, legnagyobb idegenlégiós arány, legalacsonyabb átlagos piaci érték, legkisebb transzferegyenleg) kondíciókkal a magyar bajnokság rendelkezik. Kutatásunk alapján beazonosítottuk, hogy a magyar játékospiac a "szállítók" csoportjába tartozik, bár a szállítás volumene még alacsonynak tekinthető. Ezt többek között magyarázza az is, hogy a magyar játékosok nem érdekeltek a külföldre történő szerződésben, hiszen a játékosok fizetése eléri a kisebb bajnokságokban megszerezhető fizetések mértékét.

Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Austr. 5454 e

The Southern state borders of Hungary have been facing new challenges since 2014. The flow of asylum seekers and migration processes have intensified compared to all previous years, and masses coming from outside Europe had arrived first to the Hungarian-Serbian, then to the Hungarian-Croatian state border regions. The reaction of the Hungarian government (building fences) had generated revulsion in the neighbouring countries (Serbia, Croatia), and led to deteriorating neighbourhood relations for longer or shorter period of time. The unilateral Hungarian decision had been condemned by the majority of the members of the European Parliament, as well as members of the European Commission. The separating function of state borders had not been enforced inward or toward the neighbouring countries, but toward a " third party", i.e. the intercontinental migrants.

Jelen tanulmány a Modern városok programját (MVP) elemzi. A program a megyei jogú városokat célozza, amelyek a vidéki városhálózat meghatározó központjai, így az MVP az egész magyar városhálózatra hatással lesz, amennyiben projektjei megvalósulnak. A program – írásban nem olvasható – céljai szakmailag támogathatók, a kétszázötvennyolc azonosított projekt közel fele megjelenik korábbi fejlesztési stratégi- ákban is. A kormányzat által ígért 3400-3500 milliárd Ft költségvetésből a kutatás során 2683,2 milliárd Ft-ot tudtunk azonosítani, ami így is nagyon jelentős összegnek tekinthető. A tanulmány ágazati és területi megoszlás alapján is vizsgálja a költségvetést és a projekteket, végül pedig figyelmet szentel a program menedzsmentjének és kommunikációjának központi és helyi szinten egyaránt. Véleményünk szerint érdemes a területi politika ezen új elemét részletesebb vizsgálat alá vonni, azt elemezni, hogy az új program hogyan illeszkedik a korábbi várospolitikai eszközök sorába, mennyire van összhangban a helyi fejlesztési elképzelésekkel, és milyen hatásokat várhatunk a megvalósulásától. Az elemzés röviden kitér arra is, hogy az MVP miként segíti az érintett városok fejlődését, azok kapcsolódását az Enyedi György által azonosított sikerté- nyezőkhöz. A tanulmány javaslatokat fogalmaz meg arra vonatkozóan, hogy hogyan lehetne az MVP sikerességét erősíteni, jelenleg ugyanis bizonytalan, hogy a program keretében hány projektet valósítanak meg.

The article provides a historical overview of the Croatian scientific interpretation of Hungarian contacts and spiritual-political patterns in the development of the Croatian Illyrian movement. The first part of the study focuses on basic modern theoretical views on the reconstruction of historical narratives and Croatian scientific achievements in the research of the pre-Illyrian period. The second part presents how the development of the Hungarian national consciousness influenced the development of the Croatian national consciousness, why the common Hungarian National Assembly became the medium of transmission of new ideas and how the newly established Hungarian institutions, infrastructural and economic initiatives, the struggle for the Hungarian language, the Hungarian press and political ideas formed the Croatian national modernization. Prispevek daje zgodovinski pregled hrvaške znanstvene interpretacije madžarskih stikov in duhovno-političnih vzorcev v razvoju hrvaškega ilirskega gibanja. V prvem delu najine študije sva predstavila osnovna sodobna teoretična stališča o rekonstrukciji zgodovinskih narativ in hrvaške znanstvene dosežke v raziskovanju predilirskega obdobja, v drugem delu pa je predstavljeno, kako je razvoj madžarske nacionalne zavesti vplival na razvoj hrvaške nacionalne zavesti, zakaj je postal medij posredovanja novih idej skupni madžarski državni zbor, kako so novonastale madžarske institucije, infrastrukturne in gospodarske iniciative, boj za madžarski jezik, madžarski tisk ter meščanske ideje oblikovali hrvaško nacionalno modernizacijo.

This thesis revises the history of nationalism in modem architecture through a study of the Budapest-based architect Odon Lechner (1845-1914) and the emergence of a Magyar architectural style. By illustrating the impetus for the Kingdom of Hungary's nationalist cultural policy at the tum of the century, the historiographic stakes of an assimilative program like "Magyarization"-the systematic undermining of non-Magyar minority populations' aesthetic, pedagogical, and political sovereignty-are aligned with Hungarian nationalist rhetoric, an imaginary in the making. Odon Lechner's designs for the Museum of Applied Arts and Geological Institute in Budapest reveal a Magyar historical narrative which allows for both regional and international ornamental appropriation. In considering the assimilative aims of Magyarization, contrary developments in design reform between Vienna and Budapest-namely a utilitarian elevation of regional ornamental regimes as opposed to their synthesis, respectively-and the emergence of a civic desire for a national visual language of form, architectural, design-based, and landscape painting projects are recast in light of the programmatic contexts they emerged from. The international or plural emerges as a meaningful and subversive tool in the formation of a Hungarian self-image and in the maintenance of Magyar cultural hegemony in the multiethnic kingdom. Through an assertion of the Austrian architectural theorist Gottfried Semper's (1803-1879) seminal manual for ornamentation, Style in the Tectonic Alts, as a methodological touchstone, vernacular as the primary source for ornament and form serves to elevate sovereign claims embedded throughout Lechner's works, claims about the Hungarian landscape which are further expanded by an exploration of artists working beyond the city upon the land itself.

The aim of this study is to present the main events in the Hungarian-Serbian economic relations during the last two decades by summarizing the most important moments, their causes and consequences. After the fall of Milošević, it was necessary to re-establish the contractual relationship between the two countries and the corporate relationships terminated during the embargo. After the very promising start, the assassination of the Serbian prime minister, the constant domestic political crises, the government unwilling to make closer contacts, and according to the European standards the closed society of Serbia at that time, hasn't become a political or economic ally of Hungary. In the time when the world economic conditions were in favour of overall development of bilateral economic relations. However the global economic crisis and recession has brought back not only the willingness to invest in Hungary, but also the bilateral trade. The historic reconciliation following the slow political rapprochement in 2014, has made the breakthrough, and contributed not only to the better enforcement of the Hungarian economic interests, but also to the prosperity of Hungarians in their native country, in Serbia. The Hungarian government is supporting Serbia's EU integration process and in all foreign policy issues. As the result of this approach, there are no open questions between Budapest and Belgrade. The preconditions for the constant evolution of the economic relations without special support were the political gestures and friendly attitude of the two governments regarding the earlier sensitive questions and the national issues.

translated by Noémi Petneki ; The studies of this volume concern Polish-Hungarian and Polish-Transylvanian relations in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the first paper, with reference both to older scholarship and recent research on the history of borderlands, I analyze the character and role of the Polish-Hungarian borderland. I ask how it was influenced by the natural environment and how it shaped mutual relations between the countries on both sides of the Carpathian Mountains. My conclusion is that this borderland was quite stable politically (despite the proximity to the turbulent Habsburg-Ottoman border) and remained a region of exchange, connected through numerous social, ethnic and economic ties. The western part of the borderland was a more easily accessible area (with more convenient mountain passes), cultivated and colonized earlier than the Eastern Carpathians. It influenced the number of trade routes and intensity of exchange. A special role was played by the Szepes (Spiš) region, which receives less attention here only due to the general character of the paper and many recent historical studies. Three papers refer to two remarkable figures in Polish-Hungarian/Polish-Transylvanian relations in the early modern period: John Sigismund Zapolya (Szapolyai, 1540-1571), first Prince of Transylvania, and Stephen Báthory, his successor as a Prince of Transylvania, then King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576-1586). I examine the way in which they were perceived by contemporaries. In the case of John Sigismund Zapolya, I describe how the image of the ruler, who died young, was shaped by his followers in the first years after his death, that is, in the 1570s and 1580s, and how the commemoration served the emerging political identity of Transylvania in the context of close Polish-Transylvanian ties during the reign of Báthory. An essential factor was the religious (Protestant, especially Unitarian) motivation of the apologists. This was accompanied by their religious and political goals together with moral issues (e.g. the commonly used notions of fortune and loss through which the reign of John Sigismund was interpreted). The paper is based on a survey of historiographical and literary works mainly by Christian Schesaeus (neolatin epic historiography), András Valkai (popular historiographical poems in Hungarian), Demeter Csanádi, Jan Gruszczyński (moralistic, commemorative texts) and Johannes Sommer with references to other authors as well. Subsequently, in a paper on King Stephen Báthory I show the contemporary polemics on his rule, in particular the controversies that arose in the years 1584-1585 and in the first years after the king's death. In this period, Báthory was faced with serious criticism due to his harsh conflict with the Zborowski family. I argue here mainly with evidence of contemporary political journalism. The fact of the foreign origin of the king and his support for Hungarian compatriots in Poland-Lithuania was also raised, just as in the first years following Báthory's death in 1586. This image changed only gradually later. In the next paper I show this process, using the example of literary texts known as "kings' catalogues" (icones, imagines), which shaped popular historical knowledge until the 18th century. It was much because of this sort of text why the representation of the king evolved to result in an image of a brave and wise ruler, almost overwhelming in the Polish historical memory of the subsequent centuries. This image also contained stereotypes of Hungarians (appearance, character), partly derived from the 'Hunnic' tradition and the parallel between Báthory and Attila. Decisive was the impact of contemporary events, primarily the Polish-Muscovite wars of the 17th century. To sum up, the papers contribute to a more nuanced history of the Polish-Hungarian relations and stereotypes, but refer to more general questions about the commemoration of a ruler (Herrschermemoria) in early modern Europe. ; Országos Tudományos Kutatási Alap (OTKA),Hungary, NK 81948 ; Szymon Brzeziński

The author presents the scholarly achievements of a Hungarian literary historian Lajos Hopp (1927–1996) related to the Polish-Hungarian relations. It is a commentary to the fragment (conclusions) of Hopp's unedited work published in the present issue of Barok, entitled "Changes of Polish-Hungarian ideas and traditions in the first half of the 17th century". The study is kept in the Illyés Gyula Archives and Workshop of the Institute of Literary Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest. It is an expanded and revised version of a dissertation entitled "Changes of Polish-Hungarian ideas and traditions in Baroque court literature" submitted by Hopp in 1987 to be awarded doctorate by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The presented fragment exemplifies the whole of Hopp research into the Polish-Hungarian relations in which he emphasised the endurance and changes of traditions of: "everlasting friendship", "friendly relations" and the idea of bulwark in both the cultures from the late Middle Ages to the 18th century. Some of the thoughts were presented in Hopp's monographs published in print. The discussed text refers to the period from the end of the 16th century (from Stephen Báthory's death in 1586) to 1648 (the death of Wladyslaw IV Vasa, George [György] I Rákóczi). As he says, at that time the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Transylvania drifted apart politically due to, in his opinion, increasing religious differences and successes of the counterreformation in the Commonwealth, as well as political alliances of Sigismund III Vasa. The change came during the reign of Wladyslaw IV Vasa, when George I Rákóczi devised plans to acquire the Polish crown. The author debate the significance of Hopp's research. His statements about social conditioning of the sphere of idea (its "social basis") and Marxising interpretations, although moderated with time, seem to be outdated now. In his reasoning, Hopp departed from the approach characteristic of literary historians (research on topoi, metaphors, rhetoric), and got closer to interdisciplinary understood history of ideas (history of concepts) and "classic" political history. This found its expression in his source base, too, which included also texts related to a political practice. It was valuable that he included the history of ideas into his research on political relations. A reconstruction of Hopp's methods causes difficulties – his language was complicated and he did not formulate his methodological assumptions or concepts used (for instance, a "historico-cultural form of consciousness" or "consciousness of community", etc.). A reception of his research outside Hungary was hampered by lack of translations. In the author's opinion, what is worth to emphasise in Hopp's achievements related to Polish-Hungarian themes is the subject of his research – comparative studies in the history of political ideas and concepts in Central Eastern Europe. In recent years similar postulates were formulated by Hungarian scholars due to a reception of current trends in Western historiography. Some signs of interest in the language of politics and history of concepts are to be seen also in Poland. It seems sound, therefore, to refer in this context to Lajos Hopp's research that could prompt us to reflect on possibilities and methodological form of its continuation. ; Szymon Brzeziński

The objective of the study is to provide a rough overview of the specifics of Hungarian- Croatian cross-border co-operations with a focus on the past 25 years. Following the evaluation of intersections with political geography and the presentation of the develop- ment of linkages, the spatial-structural bases of cooperations will be identified and the paper will conclude with the analysis of economic and cultural linkages. Keywords: Hungarian, Croatian, border studies, cross-border cooperation, twin cities

During the Hungarian EU Presidency the Western Balkan has been a priority in the forefont of the Hungarian and European foreign policy. Nowadays we should notice that their is a new, developing subsystem in the Balkan area, where Hungary will be play an important role. Our relationship with the region is identified by the past connections, with other ethnic groups situations (especially on the Serbian-Hungarian relations) and the fact that Hungary could become a facilitator Euro-Atlantic integration, which seems to be the only solution for the region. The task of politics is to create the opportunities in the area of permanent and effective presence, and ensuring the institutions and provide the experience of integration by experts. In the present study, we undertake an analysis of cooperation in different scenes, with particular attention to the economy, which are related to the Western Balkans, such as Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia.

This study defines various fiscal indicators for different analytical purposes, adjusting for the distorting effect of creative accounting. It presents these indicators using the example of Hungary. The study abandons the general view that an identical balance is produced from the two traditional definitions of the general government deficit, as deficit indicators resulting from the flow of funds calculated as the balance of revenues and expenditures (above the line) and changes in financial assets and liabilities (below the line) may vary. Firstly, the treatment of the loss of contributions transferred to private pension funds causes a difference, as in contrast to a tax cut, this does not constitute a flow of funds, but nevertheless increases the amount of public debt. Secondly, while accrualbased accounting is justified for defining assets and liabilities, accrual-based and cash-flow recording may be applied in relation to flow of funds, depending on which is more appropriate for estimating the effect or fiscal impulse on the economy. Accrual-based accounting adjusts fluctuations in cash-flow recording, but it identifies the economic impact only if there are neither liquidity constraints nor unexpected fiscal measures in the economy. In this case namely, the economic agents do not react to cash-flow fluctuations. If, however, the economic agents are either subject to liquidity constraints or unexpected measures are taken, they are also affected by the sudden changes in cash-flows. Contrary to conventions, the study draws a distinction between the two types of deficit indicators through the introduction of different terms. It continues to define the indicator identifying flow of funds as deficit, while it terms changes in assets and liabilities as a financing requirement. On the one side, the indicator defined as deficit constitutes the basis of the calculation of the impact on the economy and external balance ('impulse'). The composition of this fiscal impulse plays a decisive role, particularly the impulse on households and changes in indirect taxes. On the other side, the analysis of the financing requirement - that is, changes in assets and liabilities - provides the basis for determining which revenues and expenditures are deemed to be temporary and which are of a permanent ('underlying') nature. The study determines the categories of the augmented deficit, indicating flow of funds, and the augmented financing requirement, measuring changes in financial assets and liabilities, on the basis of the IMF method for filtering the effects of creative accounting. Statistical recording, namely, needs to be augmented with the financial requirement of organisations conducting quasi-fiscal operations and the simultaneously accumulating quasi-fiscal debt. The 'one-off' capital transfer related to the subsequent assumption of this quasi-fiscal debt needs to be filtered out. In our experience, the augmented deficit has advantage of being consistent in a macroeconomic sense and methodologically more stable than the statistical deficit, as the latter frequently requires revisions. Naturally, the actual figures of the augmented deficit may change to a certain degree, as the analytical adjustments need to augment data with estimates in the case of the quasi-fiscal operations and creative accounting. As a favourable change in relation to the data requirement, from 2010 the official budget accounting includes public investments which are statistically recorded as private investments.

Food security for the world's growing population is one of the biggest challenges of the future due to resource constraints and global climate change. Fish and other aquatic foods can play a prominent role in the food supply, especially as the ecological footprint of aquaculture is smaller than that of other food production systems. Although the production of marine aquaculture shows an increasing trend, freshwater aquaculture remains dominant in world aquaculture production, especially in developing countries. The resilience of developing countries to the future challenges in food production is very low, so many international projects are trying to improve the situation. Laos is one of the least developed countries of the world, where aquaculture plays an important role in fish supply and employment. In Laos, several international projects are addressed to develop the agricultural economy and food supply, but Hungary is one of the largest donors in this field, given the traditional agricultural relations and strategic cooperation between the two countries. Although the abundance of aquatic resources provides a good opportunity for the development of fisheries and aquaculture in Laos, the growth of the fishery sector is hampered by several factors. These include the lack of good quality stocking material and fish feed, the underdeveloped infrastructure and institutional system, funding problems and weak human resources. The main purpose of the tied aid loans provided by the Hungarian government to Laos is to improve food safety and food security. The development of the fish value chain plays an important role in these programs, which can be considered as a good example even on international level. Hungarian projects also help Hungarian institutions and small and medium-sized enterprises to strengthen their presence in Southeast Asia, that is a region of the world where economy is developing in a dynamic way. ; A világ növekvő népességének élelmiszerellátása a jövő egyik nagy kihívása tekintettel az erőforrások szűkösségére és a globális klímaváltozásra. A hal és más vízi élelmiszerek kiemelkedő szerepet játszhatnak az élelmiszerellátásban különös tekintettel arra, hogy az akvakultúra ökológiai lábnyoma lényegesen kisebb, mint más élelmiszertermelő rendszereké. Bár a tengeri akvakultúra termelése növekvő tendenciát mutat, a világ akvakultúra termelésében meghatározó marad az édesvízi élőlények termelése, különösen a fejlődő országokban. A világ szegényebb országai élelmiszertermelésének a jövőbeni kihívásokkal szembeni ellenállóképessége igen gyenge, ezért számos nemzetközi projekt próbál a helyzeten javítani. A világ legfejletlenebb országai közé tartozik Laosz, ahol az akvakultúrának fontos szerepe van a halellátásban és a foglalkoztatásban. Laoszban több nemzetközi projekt segíti az agrárgazdaság és az élelmiszerellátás fejlesztését, azonban Magyarország az egyik legnagyobb donor e területen, tekintettel a két ország közötti hagyományos agrár kapcsolatokra és a stratégiai együttműködésre. Laoszban a gazdag vízi erőforrások jó lehetőséget biztosítanak a halászat és az akvakultúra fejlesztésére, azonban a lehetőségek kihasználását számos tényező nehezíti. Olyanok, mint például a minőségi ivadék- és takarmányellátás hiánya, a fejletlen infrastruktúra és intézményrendszer, a finanszírozási problémák, illetve a képzett munkaerő hiánya. A magyar kormány által Laosz számára biztosított kötött segélyhitelek kiemelt célja az élelmiszerbiztonság és az élelmiszerellátás biztonságának javítása. E programokban a hal értéklánc fejlesztésének fontos szerepe van, amely nemzetközileg is példaértékű. A magyar projektek segítik azt is, hogy magyar intézmények, illetve kis- és közepes vállalkozások erősíthetik jelenlétüket Délkelet Ázsiában, amelyik a világ egy gazdaságilag dinamikusan fejlődő régiója.