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76 92 8 1 ; SWORD Maley, Y. (1985). Judicial discourse: the case of the legal judgment. Festschrift in Honour of Arthur Delbridge. Beiträge zur Phonetik und Linguistik 48: 159-173. ; [EN] In this study I have analysed a selection of judgments of courts of appellate jurisdiction of the Spanish and English legal systems. The aim is to trace the main discourse and rhetorical similarities and differences that may be appreciated in this textual genre in the two cultures concerned. The reasons why I have focused on this genre have to do with its recurrence and importance in the most important branches of the legal system, and also with the fact that judgments of appellate courts necessarily involve references to other previous legal documents. At the same time, the Spanish and the English legal systems stand for representative instances of two very different models ¿the continental model, inheritor of the Roman tradition, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the common-law system. The paper will explore the ways in which these judgments illustrate the main features of Spanish or English legal language, respectively, and will analyse how impersonal and interpersonal aspects are covered in the judgments issued in each of these legal systems. Ruiz Moneva, MA. (2013). Cognition and context of legal texts: spanish and english judgments compared. Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas. 8(1):76-92. doi:10.4995/rlyla.2013.1245. A) Internet sites of the judgments consulted BAILII: British and Irish Legal Information Institute: http://www.bailii.org [Last accessed: 04.10.2012] B) Bibliographic references consulted Alcaraz Varó, E. and B. Hughes (2002a). Legal Translation Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome. Berk-Seligson, S. 2002 (1990). The Bilingual Courtroom. Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process with a New Chapter. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. Bhatia, V.K. (1987). Language of the law. Language Teaching 20 (3): 227-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S026144480000464X Bhatia, V.K. (1993). ...

The city of Milan, one of the most car-dependent and polluted in Europe, is also among the few to have introduced a road pricing measure. The story of how this happened is of great interest, for it shows how EU regulations, scientific evidence and political action at the local level have concurred to bring about change in the city's transport policy. Unlike the well-known cases of London and Stockholm, it is concerns for the levels of pollution (rather than congestion) that have led to the introduction of the "Ecopass" scheme in 2008. Accordingly, in the following years the public debate has focused on the effectiveness of this pollution charge in reducing PM10 – a pollutant with adverse health impacts. Based on the analysis of media coverage and official reports, this paper argues that EU regulations had a crucial role in determining the newsworthiness of PM10 in Milan. Media and public concerns have then put increasing pressure on politicians to find a solution to the "emergency". The dubious effectiveness of Ecopass in reducing PM10 levels then has had two kinds of consequences. First, the scheme was upgraded to a congestion charge in 2012, following the results of a bottom-up referendum in which a large majority of voters demanded both an upgrade and an extension of the Ecopass area: this stands in stark contrast with the experience of other cities, where voters have turned down charging schemes (e.g. Edinburgh, Manchester). Second, the new city administration has recently implemented a monitoring system for Black Carbon, a new PM metric that is more suitable to prove the effectiveness of traffic restrictions. Overall, the paper shows how all actors involved in the process (politicians, media and civil society groups) made strategic use of scientific evidence on pollution, in order to bring forward their own agendas.

Рассматривается недостаточно изученный в литературе вопрос о политической деятельности выдающегося экономиста Дж. М. Кейнса, как представителя английского нового либерализма. Анализируется формирование либеральных взглядов Кейнса под влиянием общения с членами элитарного Блумсберийского кружка и манчестерскими радикалами. Обращается внимание на то, что кейнсианство появилось именно в Англии, конкретно-исторические особенности которой стимулировали рождение идей модернизации капитализма на путях либерального реформизма. ; The article considers political activity of an outstanding economist John M. Keynes being a representative of English new liberalism. This sphere of his activity has not received a lot of attention from the researchers. The 1920-s was a very fruitful period in his political career. The article analyses Keynes's liberal ideas profoundly influenced by the intellectuals of the Bloomsberry Group and Manchester Radicals. The article states that at that time the moral issues of the western society were of great concern for him, he justified the need for the ethical grounds in economic politics and criticized the practice of saving the money as a primary goal. For this economist the elements of the same practice could be traced in the Soviet experiment. Supported by a Liberal Party John M. Keynes attempted to influence the policies of the ruling circles. Being a leading author he participated in the development of new liberalism policy documents. The article shows that the basics of Keynesian economics as a school of thought which underlay the modern system of state regulation were formulated in the documents and the works of Keynes. It is worth noting that Keynesianism appeared in England, where the situation at that time was very promising for the development of capital modernisation ideas on the basis of liberal reformism. A left intellectual Keynes tried to combine liberal and social democratic values attaching special importance to the full employment policy and social justice principle.

Dr. Peter Mair, Professor of Comparative Politics and Government at the EUI (Florence) has suddenly and unexpectedly passed away, 15 August 2011, at the age of 60. He leaves behind his wife and 3 children. The political science community in Europe and beyond grieves this loss of an outstanding academic, journal editor and teacher. Peter Mair, born 3 March 1951, was a native of Ireland, a graduate of University College Dublin and enjoyed a distinguished academic career and was the author of a large number of books, chapters and articles on comparative and European politics and on party democracy in particular. It is a sad loss to European political science. He graduated in 1974 and began his career as an assistant professor at the University of Limerick. He subsequently lectured at the universities of Strathclyde and Manchester before moving to the European University Institute of Florence in 1979. He moved to the University of Leiden in the Netherlands in 1987 and was appointed professor of comparative politics in 1992. In 2005 he returned to Florence and was appointed head of the department of political and social sciences in 2007. Prof Mair specialised in the study of party and party systems and has written a number of books on the subject. He was co-author of Representative Government in Modern Europe, the fifth edition of which was published this year. He was also co-author of Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability, which was awarded the prestigious Stein Rokkan prize. Peter Mair served the comparative political science community by editorships of the internationally reputed European Journal of Political Science and of West European Politics. Peter was a person of great charm, a congenial colleague and always encouraging students. We grieve over his loss and sympathize with his family he left behind too early and too soon.

Despite a century of research into residential settlement patterns, not enough is understood about the patterns of immigrant settlement. This topical issue requires radical thinking, particularly as it is currently dealt with by a range of disciplines, each of which tends to rely on its own research paradigms. There is an underlying problem surrounding research into the relationship between society and space. Whilst the social sciences tend to lack an understanding of the independent contribution of the built environment to the way in which communities change over time, the spatial sciences lack an understanding of the political and cultural dynamics underpinning statistical measures of segregation. There is a need for an interdisciplinary approach to take account of both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of cities and migration. The aim of the UCL Cities and Migration working group is to challenge the orthodox view of the relation between social structures and the urban environment over time and to cross traditional research boundaries with a combination of architectural, geographical, sociological, anthropological and historical approaches to the topic of segregation. This report summarises the discussions which took place in May 2010 at the invitation of the UCL Grand Challenge: Sustainable Cities. A gathering of thirty academics and other interested parties came together to hear presentations by UCL scholars from The Bartlett (Sonia Arbaci), Geography (Pablo Mateos), Geomatic Engineering (Muki Haklay) and Public Health (Ilaria Geddes). These were followed by responses from three invited experts: Professor Pnina Werbner (Social Anthropology, Keele), Professor Ceri Peach (Social Geography, Oxford) and Professor Ludi Simpson (Population Studies, Manchester). The following report is the distillation by the UCL academics of the workshop discussions the event's Chair, Laura Vaughan, and does not necessarily replicate the views of the participants.

Witness is an artists' wallpaper created for the Walls Are Talking – Wallpaper, Art and Culture survey exhibition of artists' wallpapers held at the Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester (co-organized by the V&A Museum, London), 2010, and included in the accompanying book (University of Chicago Press, 2010) of the same name. Witness is one of the latest works to emerge from the ongoing collaboration (since 2000) between Craig Wood and Chris Taylor. The formation of the initial research question and the realization of the design are shared equally by Taylor and Wood. The work continues their interest in blurring the boundaries between conceptual art, craft, and public art. They adopt historical formats that have often become ubiquitous, e.g. wallpaper, folk art, commemorative mugs, in order to reclaim them for more contemporary meaning. Witness responds to recent worldwide problems whose severity suggests that future generations may wish to look back and hold us responsible, e.g. the financial crash, imminent ecological catastrophe. The eyes in the design belong to Wood's teenage daughter, and are drawn from life by Wood. With the eyes reproduced in an endlessly repeating pattern across a wall, the normally one-to-one moment of eye-contact is translated into an expanse of judgment, and the space of decoration is turned into an ethical statement. A Flexotype press was used to allow qualities of the original line drawing to be transferred onto the wallpaper, suggesting detail that turns the onlookers into individuals and makes their judgment more pointed. Witness also featured in the exhibition and catalogue We Have The Mirrors, We Have The Plans, Mostyn, 2010. The passage undertaken by Witness from the private and domestic to the cultural and the political is recorded by Mackinnon in her review in the Mostyn catalogue (p. 118). The wallpaper is available commercially.

This thesis is centrally concerned with the question of how non-government organisations (NGOs) can support marginalised young people and the role the state plays in facilitating this. It utilises a comparative case study methodology and examines the circumstances of two NGOs, Twenty10: Gay and Lesbian Youth Support, located in Sydney, Australia and the Albert Kennedy Trust (AKT) which is located in both London and Manchester in the United Kingdom. Twenty10 and AKT share a similar client base: both work with gay, lesbian, bisexual and/or transgendered (GLBT) young people experiencing homelessness or in a housing crisis. Both also engage in advocacy and service provision. At the time of my fieldwork Twenty10 and AKT differed in two key respects. First, AKT operated in a political context that was significantly more open to NGO advocacy than was the case for Twenty10. Second, AKT was supported almost entirely by the work of volunteers and through philanthropic support, whereas Twenty10 received the bulk of its funding from government. These differing factors allow a consideration of how the varying nature of an NGO s relationship with the state impacts upon their activities within varying political contexts. The theoretical frameworks drawn upon in this thesis are those of citizenship theory and queer theory. Citizenship theory is particularly useful in analysing the objectives of Twenty10 and AKT, which focus on redressing the distributive and recognition based needs of their young people. The strategies employed by these organisations are also both subsumed within the normative framework of citizenship theory while nonetheless being dependent upon how closely each engages with the state. These case studies are situated against the queer critique of citizenship discourses, which emphasise its normalising and de-politicising consequences. As such, this thesis evaluates critiques of forms of activism that involve citizenship-focused issues and engagement with the state, and hence examines the effect a relationship ...

The guide, produced by a consortium comprising TRL and partners from academia and the commercial transport industry, on behalf of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) describes how various factors influence the demand for public transport. The new guide updates the 1980 TRL publication ?The Demand for Public Transport? and should provide a vital reference source to key stakeholders, such as public transport operators and central and local government. In 1980 the then Transport and Road Research Laboratory, now TRL, published the original international collaborative report which for over twenty years has been the seminal piece of work on demand evaluation in setting out the factors affecting public transport patronage at the time. However the values of many of the parameters under consideration have changed, new methodologies and concepts have emerged and the institutional, socio-economic, environmental and legal framework is substantially different. In reviewing the publication, TRL worked with science based partners, the Transport Studies Unit - University of Oxford ; Institute for Transport Studies - University of Leeds ; Transport Studies Group - University of Westminster and the Centre for Transport Studies - University College London. Industrial based support came from The Association of Train Operating Companies, the Confederation of Passenger Transport, the Rees Jeffreys Road Fund, the Greater Manchester Public Transport Executive and public transport operators. Analysis and research by using primary and secondary data sources on the factors influencing the demand for public transport was pursued to produce a document that assists in identifying cost-effective schemes for improving services. The project involved the identification of data sources and initial analysis of overall trends in the bus and rail industries in Britain , and the analysis of the effects of fares, service quality, incomes, car ownership, land use, population, employment and wider transport policies on public transport demand.

Several French cities are now developing and building Light Rail-systems (LR) from scratch, that is LR has been absent for several decades. In France LR and urban public transport in general are very strongly connected to the city in a broad sense, to city politics and politicians, urban environment matters and urban planning. This seems to make rapid implementation of LR-projects a lot easier, in Lyon for example the two new lines were built in fours years. The proportion of urban regeneration costs of the total LR infrastructure investments is about half. Financing of LR has hitherto been exclusively public, private financing is discussed (as in Sweden) but there are at present no such schemes. The French urban transport legislation, for which there is probably no equivalent in other countries, demands a reduction of urban car traffic. This is a political objective and LR-development has become one of the means of achieving it. Like France and Sweden, England was for the most part without light rail for about 40 years. Most of the urban tramway systems were abandoned in favour of the bus in the 1950's, and street running light rail was not seen again until the early 1990's (in Manchester). In England the new light rail projects serve urban regions and sub-regions. This distinguishes them from the French schemes, which mostly tend to serve areas within the city itself. Beyond the city boundary, public transport tends to be less satisfactory, and may suffer from resources being focused on "showcase" light rail projects within the city itself. Perhaps this reveals a difference of urban culture and structure, in that English suburbs are usually of higher social status and quality than their French counterparts. In both countries LR is seen as a way of providing more priority for public transport, given the perceived difficulties of enforcing priorities for buses. However, LR development is not linked to traffic reduction policies in English cities.

The paper proposes a presentation of a pedagogical methodology for the understanding of place and site in contemporary network conditions. A number of seminar sessions were held on London, to introduce the city to fifth year Architectural students enrolled in a course entitled "Territories of the Contemporary City", that took place at the Paris - Malaquais School of Architecture in 2001. As an instrument, the material was prepared on CD-ROM, allowing consultation away from the classroom. It consists of three distinct parts that introduce the current condition of the city, the tools of reference (cartography, imagery, legislation), discusses key initiatives and proposals, while opening the potential links between the different elements of the study. Chronologically, the first part is ludic in character allowing sequential and aleatory navigation, the second is a collaborative case study around a report produced by a partner University (UNL), while the final part presents the documents which constitute the substrate for urban regeneration activity in the United Kingdom. They are exemplified by projects on the Waterfront of Liverpool, in Manchester and the Thames Gateway London, described as " Europe's largest and most ambitious regeneration initiative. Extending from Tower Bridge eastwards to Thurrock and Bexley, the area has a powerful strategic location offering outstanding development opportunities for new jobs and homes, as well as environmental improvements" (Thames Gateway London Partnership presentation). The English texts are summarised in French and appear in distinct windows or screens, allowing annotation from discussion and persisting between the parts as an aide-memoir. The work has as an objective to identify the relevant systems and phenomena involved in urban practices, whether of a professional nature, or belonging to the urban experience. At the same time, at stake is understanding how respectively complex systems exemplified by the potential of networks, may be at once consistent and coherent, as well as defining their relationships (transformations, pluralism, proximity, simultaneity, autonomy, dependencies, associations.)

Remorselessly, and apparently inevitably, as 1976 ticks away, the death toll in the tangled Irish Troubles creeps higher, faster this year than any time since 1972—the vintage year for blood and turmoil. Except for the threatened, no one any longer seems greatly to care. Murder must be peculiarly grisly or quite spectacular to warrant more than cursory coverage in any but Irish journals. The dramatic detonation of a mine under the British ambassador's Jaguar outside Dublin in July engendered, briefly, media interest. Ambassadors are not assassinated every day, but in Ulster ordinary people are—or nearly every day. There have been too many nowarning bombs in pubs to remember, too many sprawled bodies discovered by pedestrians to concern any but the devastated relatives. The Provisional IRA's self-imposed truce has eroded and again there are bombs in Belfast, land mines in South Armagh, snipers in Derry. The British army and especially the Ulster police have become prime targets. Yet the Republicans feud among themselves. The Loyalist paramilitaries still pursue a strategy of random assassination and thus have unleashed a vicious, seemingly irreversible, cycle of tit-for-tat murders. Politicians, warders, judges are targets of assassins of various faiths. And the violence has been exported. There are bombs in Manchester and Birmingham, assassins in Kensington and gunmen firing into restaurants in London's West End, explosions in the underground, firebombs in the shops. The Loyalist paramilitaries have carried their war into the Irish Republic with explosions in crowded streets. The elegant Gresham and Shelbourne hotels have been bombed in Dublin and lesser resort establishments hit elsewhere. The greatest single slaughter, twenty-six people killed, came in a Dublin street, not in Belfast or Derry. No one sees an end. Even the hope that mutual exhaustion might bring an end to violence has flickered out.

BASIC DOCUMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Edited by Ian Brownlie-- London: Oxford University Press, 1972 (2d ed.). Pp. x, 284. $4.50. LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES By Theodore Besterman-- Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1971. Pp. x, 436. $20.00. CONFLICT ISSUES AND INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION DECISIONS: THREE CASES By Young W. Kih-- Denver: 1970-1971 Monograph Series in World Affairs, University of Denver, 1971. Pp. xi, 96. $1.00. THE INTERNATIONAL COFFEE AGREEMENT: A STUDY IN COFFEE DIPLOMACY By Bart S. Fisher New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972. Pp. xx,287. $17.50. LAW AND POLITICS IN OUTER SPACE: A BIBLIOGRAPHY By Irvin L. White, Clifton E. Wilson, and John A. Vosburgh --Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1972. Pp. vii, 176. $6.95. PETROLEUM ECONOMICS AND OFFSHORE MINING LEGISLATION: A GEOLOGICAL EVALUATION By A. P. H. van Meurs --Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1971. Pp. xi, 208. $10.45. CIVIL STRIFE IN LATIN AMERICA: A LEGAL HISTORY OF U.S. INVOLVEMENT By William E. Kane Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1972. Pp. ix, 240. $10.00. SELF-DETERMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW By U.0. Umozurike Hamden, Connecticut: The Shoe String Press, Inc., 1972. Pp. xiii, 324. $16.50. LAW AND PROCEDURE OF THE STOCK EXCHANGE By Geoffrey Cooper and Richard J. Cridlan London: Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1971. Pp. xxii, 291. $16.50. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY Edited by B. A. Wortley London: Manchester University Press,1972. Pp. x, 134. $6.50. CITATION RULES AND FORMS FOR UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS AND PUBLICATIONS By Marie H. Rothman Brooklyn, New York: Long Island University Press, 1971. Pp. vi, 64. $1.95. AMERICAN-GERMAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW By Ulrich Drobnig--Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1972 (2d ed.) (No. 4 in BILATERAL STUDIES IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW, Nina Moore Oalston, Editor). Pp. x, 510. $17.50.

Diese Arbeit setzt sich mit der Frage auseinander, wie sich westliche Dschihadisten radikalisieren und welche konkreten Faktoren dazu beitragen können. Anhand theoretisch ausgearbeiteter Modelle, soll der Frage am konkreten Beispiel Denis Cuspert nachgegangen werden. Aufgrund der Brisanz des Themas, allein in der Bundesrepublik sind in den letzten Jahren über 850 Personen nach Syrien oder in den Irak ausgereist, liegt die Notwendigkeit einer Auseinandersetzung mit dessen Hintergründen nahe. Gerade hinsichtlich Cuspert, dem die Sicherheitsbehörden ein erhebliches Mobilisierungs- und Gefahrenpotential zusprechen, wurden bisher vor allem nicht-akademische Beiträge gewidmet, weshalb diese Arbeit den Anspruch erhebt, diese zu sammeln und den Radikalisierungsprozess Cusperts in einer theoriegeleiteten, empirischen Untersuchung darzulegen. Die Ergebnisse spiegeln, wie in der Forschung zur Radikalisierung vielfach ersichtlich wird, die Vielschichtigkeit des Prozesses wieder. So sind es, wie so oft, persönliche Krisen und Diskriminierungserfahrungen, Identitätsprobleme, Einflüsse extremistischer Bewegungen sowie Narrative dass der Westen einen Krieg gegen den Islam führt, die letztlich dazu führen, dass er in den Dschihad zieht. Was der Fall Cuspert aber auch lehrt ist, dass sich vor allem aufgrund von individueller Charakteristika erklären lässt, warum in fundamentalistischen Kreisen manch einer zur Waffe greift und ein anderer nicht.English AbstractThis study deals with the question of how western jihadists radicalize and which concrete factors might contribute to this, using theoretically elaborated models and the case study of Denis Cuspert. Due to the pressing nature of the issue, in recent years more than 850 people have left Germany for Syria or Iraq, the necessity of dealing with the background of radicalization is obvious. Particularly with regard to Cuspert, to whom the security authorities ascribe a considerable mobilization and risk potential, so far primarily non-academic contributions have been devoted to, which is why this work aims to collect these and present Cusperts' radicalization process in a theoretical and empirically based investigation. The results reflect the complexity of the process, as is often evident in radicalization research. Thus, as is so often the case, it is personal crises and experiences of discrimination, identity problems, the influence of extremist movements and narratives that "the West is waging a war against Islam", which ultimately lead to him being dragged into jihad. What the Cuspert case also teaches us, however, is that individual characteristics above all explain why in fundamentalist circles some people resort to taking up weapons and others do not. The article is written in German.

I can best summarize the content of this paper by exhibiting four quotations:A trading community like early Victorian England, which can still profitably employ all its capital in its mills and ships, becomes indifferent to the acquisition of territory, and even tends to regard the colonies previously acquired as a useless encumbrance. That was the normal state of mind of our commercial classes during the middle years of last century. They dealt in goods, and in order to sell goods abroad, it was not necessary either to colonise or to conquer. To this phase belongs the typical foreign policy of Liberalism, with its watchwords of peace, non-intervention, and free trade. The third phase, the modern phase, begins when capital has accumulated in large fortunes, when the rate of interest at home begins to fall, and the discovery is made that investments abroad in unsettled countries with populations more easily exploited than our own, offer swifter and bigger returns. It is the epoch of concession hunting, of coolie labour, of chartered companies, of railway construction, of loans to semi-civilised Powers, of the "opening up" of "dying empires." At this phase the export of capital has become to the ruling class more important and more attractive than the export of goods. The Manchester School disappears, and even the Liberals accept Imperialism. It is, however, no longer the simple and barbaric Imperialism of the agricultural stage. Its prime motive is not to acquire land, though in the end it often lapses into this elementary form of conquest. It aims rather at pegging out spheres of influence and at that sort of stealthy conquest which is called "pacific penetration." The old Imperialism levied tribute; the new Imperialism lends money at interest.

I Have been asked, before introducing the speakers, to take a quarter-hour to pay tribute on behalf of this Association to the memory of the great economist whose life and work are the subjects of this evening's meeting. I propose to use these few minutes to inquire very briefly into the philosophy and characteristics which made Lord Keynes so great a human being, perhaps as nearly a whole person as the twentieth century can show us.In a recent article Mr. Harrod has expressed the conviction that Keynes had a more distinguished mind than Ricardo. There is food for reflection in the fact that Ricardian thought developed along two quite different lines, one through the so-called Manchester School and the other through the Christian Socialists and Karl Marx, and that Keynesian influences are already showing a similar bifurcation. On the one hand, we find developing a stereotype labelled a "Keynesian," presumably preoccupied with unemployment, with a simple philosophy based upon the possibility of management of the economic macrocosm through monetary and fiscal means. On the other hand, we find Marxists claiming Keynes and non-Marxists repudiating him on the ground that the "philosophic implications" of his "doctrines" are Marxist in nature.With respect to the first line of development, it seems to me that Keynes's devotion was to ends rather than to means, that he viewed means always as experimental, and that it is a central conviction in his personal philosophy that we do not know how human beings will react to a change in environment. For that reason, and also because circumstances alter with the passage of time, we must be prepared always to alter economic modes, or even to "reverse a process" which has been initiated. This is not the philosophy of the Keynesian stereotype.