Suchergebnisse

When researching the history of book culture, it is not only important to understand the stages of its development (manuscript, printed and electronic books) but the uniting and differentiating factors of the these stages as well. The age of manuscript book in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) is considered to have taken place from the 13th to the first half of the 16th century, while the history of printed book began at the junction between the 15th–16th centuries, also known as the time period when the first printing-house in the GDL was established. Although, according to scientific literature, manuscript books were still functional during the era of printed books, little attention was paid to manuscripts in this context. It is not known how many manuscript books might have been transcribed between the second half of the 16th and early 18th century. This article aims to uncover what knowledge about manuscript books of the time period has been acquired so far, whether the traditional manufacturing style of manuscript books was retained or whether it was brought closer to the one applied to printed books. The topic of whether all objects in form of a codex should be considered manuscript books is looked into as well. The books currently stored in the Manuscript department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Science were selected as the object of this inquiry. Based on updated dating, 112 exemplars from the libraries of Suprasl, Zhyrovichy, Markov and other monasteries were selected and studied de visu from the perspective of Book Science. The results obtained are only preliminary due to the limited number of studied samples. They are, however, sufficient to formulate further directions of research. The entirety of books in the GDL was influenced by political, cultural and religious events of the period as well as by the requirements for official and private communication. Manuscript books written in Latin were not being transcribed due to strict censorship imposed by the Catholic Church, therefore the majority or remaining exemplars are written in Cyrillic for Orthodox and Uniate Churches.

When researching the history of book culture, it is not only important to understand the stages of its development (manuscript, printed and electronic books) but the uniting and differentiating factors of the these stages as well. The age of manuscript book in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) is considered to have taken place from the 13th to the first half of the 16th century, while the history of printed book began at the junction between the 15th–16th centuries, also known as the time period when the first printing-house in the GDL was established. Although, according to scientific literature, manuscript books were still functional during the era of printed books, little attention was paid to manuscripts in this context. It is not known how many manuscript books might have been transcribed between the second half of the 16th and early 18th century. This article aims to uncover what knowledge about manuscript books of the time period has been acquired so far, whether the traditional manufacturing style of manuscript books was retained or whether it was brought closer to the one applied to printed books. The topic of whether all objects in form of a codex should be considered manuscript books is looked into as well. The books currently stored in the Manuscript department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Science were selected as the object of this inquiry. Based on updated dating, 112 exemplars from the libraries of Suprasl, Zhyrovichy, Markov and other monasteries were selected and studied de visu from the perspective of Book Science. The results obtained are only preliminary due to the limited number of studied samples. They are, however, sufficient to formulate further directions of research. The entirety of books in the GDL was influenced by political, cultural and religious events of the period as well as by the requirements for official and private communication. Manuscript books written in Latin were not being transcribed due to strict censorship imposed by the Catholic Church, therefore the majority or remaining exemplars are written in Cyrillic for Orthodox and Uniate Churches.

When researching the history of book culture, it is not only important to understand the stages of its development (manuscript, printed and electronic books) but the uniting and differentiating factors of the these stages as well. The age of manuscript book in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) is considered to have taken place from the 13th to the first half of the 16th century, while the history of printed book began at the junction between the 15th–16th centuries, also known as the time period when the first printing-house in the GDL was established. Although, according to scientific literature, manuscript books were still functional during the era of printed books, little attention was paid to manuscripts in this context. It is not known how many manuscript books might have been transcribed between the second half of the 16th and early 18th century. This article aims to uncover what knowledge about manuscript books of the time period has been acquired so far, whether the traditional manufacturing style of manuscript books was retained or whether it was brought closer to the one applied to printed books. The topic of whether all objects in form of a codex should be considered manuscript books is looked into as well. The books currently stored in the Manuscript department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Science were selected as the object of this inquiry. Based on updated dating, 112 exemplars from the libraries of Suprasl, Zhyrovichy, Markov and other monasteries were selected and studied de visu from the perspective of Book Science. The results obtained are only preliminary due to the limited number of studied samples. They are, however, sufficient to formulate further directions of research. The entirety of books in the GDL was influenced by political, cultural and religious events of the period as well as by the requirements for official and private communication. Manuscript books written in Latin were not being transcribed due to strict censorship imposed by the Catholic Church, therefore the majority or remaining exemplars are written in Cyrillic for Orthodox and Uniate Churches.

When researching the history of book culture, it is not only important to understand the stages of its development (manuscript, printed and electronic books) but the uniting and differentiating factors of the these stages as well. The age of manuscript book in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) is considered to have taken place from the 13th to the first half of the 16th century, while the history of printed book began at the junction between the 15th–16th centuries, also known as the time period when the first printing-house in the GDL was established. Although, according to scientific literature, manuscript books were still functional during the era of printed books, little attention was paid to manuscripts in this context. It is not known how many manuscript books might have been transcribed between the second half of the 16th and early 18th century. This article aims to uncover what knowledge about manuscript books of the time period has been acquired so far, whether the traditional manufacturing style of manuscript books was retained or whether it was brought closer to the one applied to printed books. The topic of whether all objects in form of a codex should be considered manuscript books is looked into as well. The books currently stored in the Manuscript department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Science were selected as the object of this inquiry. Based on updated dating, 112 exemplars from the libraries of Suprasl, Zhyrovichy, Markov and other monasteries were selected and studied de visu from the perspective of Book Science. The results obtained are only preliminary due to the limited number of studied samples. They are, however, sufficient to formulate further directions of research. The entirety of books in the GDL was influenced by political, cultural and religious events of the period as well as by the requirements for official and private communication. Manuscript books written in Latin were not being transcribed due to strict censorship imposed by the Catholic Church, therefore the majority or remaining exemplars are written in Cyrillic for Orthodox and Uniate Churches.

The paper defines the interwar period, the period letters and manuscripts which are preserved at M. and K. Petrauskai Lithuanian Music Museum. Among them - K. Petrauskas' letters to his wife E. Žalinkevičaitė-Petrauskienė; correspondence between Kipras, his brother Mikas Petrauskas and Elena; "love letters" from Kipras' admirers; letters of the contemporaries to Kipras; correspondence between the interwar intelligentsia. The helpful material also includes letters and manuscripts from Galaunė Family Museum, which allows to reveal the topicality of the analyzed subject. The letters help us to explore the subtleties by revealing the people's mindset, worldview and problems of the era, which are connected with searching for identity, politics, culture and people's feelings.

The paper defines the interwar period, the period letters and manuscripts which are preserved at M. and K. Petrauskai Lithuanian Music Museum. Among them - K. Petrauskas' letters to his wife E. Žalinkevičaitė-Petrauskienė; correspondence between Kipras, his brother Mikas Petrauskas and Elena; "love letters" from Kipras' admirers; letters of the contemporaries to Kipras; correspondence between the interwar intelligentsia. The helpful material also includes letters and manuscripts from Galaunė Family Museum, which allows to reveal the topicality of the analyzed subject. The letters help us to explore the subtleties by revealing the people's mindset, worldview and problems of the era, which are connected with searching for identity, politics, culture and people's feelings.

The paper defines the interwar period, the period letters and manuscripts which are preserved at M. and K. Petrauskai Lithuanian Music Museum. Among them - K. Petrauskas' letters to his wife E. Žalinkevičaitė-Petrauskienė; correspondence between Kipras, his brother Mikas Petrauskas and Elena; "love letters" from Kipras' admirers; letters of the contemporaries to Kipras; correspondence between the interwar intelligentsia. The helpful material also includes letters and manuscripts from Galaunė Family Museum, which allows to reveal the topicality of the analyzed subject. The letters help us to explore the subtleties by revealing the people's mindset, worldview and problems of the era, which are connected with searching for identity, politics, culture and people's feelings.

As far back as at the beginning of the 20th century, the book historian V. Biržiška noted that in the 15th century, GDL manuscript books not only did not disappear, but also expanded their repertoire. On the basis of the latest historical research and sources, the article aims to describe and assess the historical conditions, social and cultural processes that led to the manuscript book development, spread and functioning. The article bases its conclusions on the information from surviving manuscript books and archival sources. The paper analyses the phenomena that had a direct impact on the development of the book: the Christianization of the land, aspiration for the reunion of churches, the establishment and development of the sovereign estate and chancellery, the beginning of education. Thus, the history of GDL manuscript books is closely related to the first half of the 14th c. The establishment and development of the sovereign estate and the institutions of the Catholic Church contributed to the dissemination and functioning of Latin books. Due to teaching, writing culture was mastered throughout the country; the group of literate people, who wrote and read not only in Latin but also in Ruthenian grew rapidly. After the incorporation of Ruthenian lands, the GDL sought for a reunion of the churches. Creation of the Kiev metropolis with the center in Naugardukas, as well as the political, religious and cultural activities of the Orthodox metropolitan bishop led to the formation of the original manuscript book in the GDL. There appeard a group of persons (both Lithuanians and Ru- thenians) who did intellectual work and had cultural needs. They not only became the main users of manuscript books, but also were their creators; they initiated and patronized writing books. In the GDL, New Latin and Ruthenian writing centers were established, and the repertoire of books expanded.

As far back as at the beginning of the 20th century, the book historian V. Biržiška noted that in the 15th century, GDL manuscript books not only did not disappear, but also expanded their repertoire. On the basis of the latest historical research and sources, the article aims to describe and assess the historical conditions, social and cultural processes that led to the manuscript book development, spread and functioning. The article bases its conclusions on the information from surviving manuscript books and archival sources. The paper analyses the phenomena that had a direct impact on the development of the book: the Christianization of the land, aspiration for the reunion of churches, the establishment and development of the sovereign estate and chancellery, the beginning of education. Thus, the history of GDL manuscript books is closely related to the first half of the 14th c. The establishment and development of the sovereign estate and the institutions of the Catholic Church contributed to the dissemination and functioning of Latin books. Due to teaching, writing culture was mastered throughout the country; the group of literate people, who wrote and read not only in Latin but also in Ruthenian grew rapidly. After the incorporation of Ruthenian lands, the GDL sought for a reunion of the churches. Creation of the Kiev metropolis with the center in Naugardukas, as well as the political, religious and cultural activities of the Orthodox metropolitan bishop led to the formation of the original manuscript book in the GDL. There appeard a group of persons (both Lithuanians and Ru- thenians) who did intellectual work and had cultural needs. They not only became the main users of manuscript books, but also were their creators; they initiated and patronized writing books. In the GDL, New Latin and Ruthenian writing centers were established, and the repertoire of books expanded.

As far back as at the beginning of the 20th century, the book historian V. Biržiška noted that in the 15th century, GDL manuscript books not only did not disappear, but also expanded their repertoire. On the basis of the latest historical research and sources, the article aims to describe and assess the historical conditions, social and cultural processes that led to the manuscript book development, spread and functioning. The article bases its conclusions on the information from surviving manuscript books and archival sources. The paper analyses the phenomena that had a direct impact on the development of the book: the Christianization of the land, aspiration for the reunion of churches, the establishment and development of the sovereign estate and chancellery, the beginning of education. Thus, the history of GDL manuscript books is closely related to the first half of the 14th c. The establishment and development of the sovereign estate and the institutions of the Catholic Church contributed to the dissemination and functioning of Latin books. Due to teaching, writing culture was mastered throughout the country; the group of literate people, who wrote and read not only in Latin but also in Ruthenian grew rapidly. After the incorporation of Ruthenian lands, the GDL sought for a reunion of the churches. Creation of the Kiev metropolis with the center in Naugardukas, as well as the political, religious and cultural activities of the Orthodox metropolitan bishop led to the formation of the original manuscript book in the GDL. There appeard a group of persons (both Lithuanians and Ru- thenians) who did intellectual work and had cultural needs. They not only became the main users of manuscript books, but also were their creators; they initiated and patronized writing books. In the GDL, New Latin and Ruthenian writing centers were established, and the repertoire of books expanded.

As far back as at the beginning of the 20th century, the book historian V. Biržiška noted that in the 15th century, GDL manuscript books not only did not disappear, but also expanded their repertoire. On the basis of the latest historical research and sources, the article aims to describe and assess the historical conditions, social and cultural processes that led to the manuscript book development, spread and functioning. The article bases its conclusions on the information from surviving manuscript books and archival sources. The paper analyses the phenomena that had a direct impact on the development of the book: the Christianization of the land, aspiration for the reunion of churches, the establishment and development of the sovereign estate and chancellery, the beginning of education. Thus, the history of GDL manuscript books is closely related to the first half of the 14th c. The establishment and development of the sovereign estate and the institutions of the Catholic Church contributed to the dissemination and functioning of Latin books. Due to teaching, writing culture was mastered throughout the country; the group of literate people, who wrote and read not only in Latin but also in Ruthenian grew rapidly. After the incorporation of Ruthenian lands, the GDL sought for a reunion of the churches. Creation of the Kiev metropolis with the center in Naugardukas, as well as the political, religious and cultural activities of the Orthodox metropolitan bishop led to the formation of the original manuscript book in the GDL. There appeard a group of persons (both Lithuanians and Ru- thenians) who did intellectual work and had cultural needs. They not only became the main users of manuscript books, but also were their creators; they initiated and patronized writing books. In the GDL, New Latin and Ruthenian writing centers were established, and the repertoire of books expanded.

Culturally, the post-incunabula is one of the most interesting categories of books – the book as a source of knowledge and a material object. Understanding of the ancient book as a practical thing allows viewing many other features of book ordinance (binding, printing, title page, marginalia, illustrations, etc.). Invention of printing in 15th century evoked the revolution in information culture, greatly increasing the number of books in circulation. The intellectual influence of the Renaissance culture had an impact on this transformation. The regenerative culture was unable to reflect these times in books. For the first time, the printing of books of that period manifested as a powerful means of agitation, education and fight for spiritual and political ideas. In the beginning of 16th century, books were the most glaring monuments of the Great Epoch. Necessity to examine them comprehensively is beyond any doubts. The post-incunabula are the books printed from 1 January 1501 to 1 January 1551, the books attributable to the oldest and the most valuable prints of the world. The post-incunabula are the books of the transitive period with the features both of manuscripts and modern books. In the practice of international book science, a particular attention is given to studies of incunabula. Among the researches of the book history, the studies of incunabula take a great place, herewith giving less attention to investigations of the post-incunabula. The aim of the present research is to ascertain the changes of formal features of the post-incunabula present in Vilnius University Library. The chosen theme is one of the least investigated sections of the book history, thus, presently, new investigations are very relevant. The paper aims at answering to uneasy questions by setting the following objectives: 1. To present the historic epoch and circumstances determining transformation of books; 2. To analyse the epochal features of incunabula and post-incunabula; 3. To discuss the concept "post-incunabula" and other theoretical aspects; 4. To establish the dating of the concept "post-incunabula" in different regions, tendencies of its use, and its features; 5. To present the structure and specifics of formation of the VUL catalogue; 6. To perform an empirical analysis the VUL collection. For the Master's Thesis we applied the research method of comparative analysis of scientific literature. The empirical investigation was done by analysing the bibliographical inventory of VUL catalogue of post-incunabula. The research revealed that there was no unified opinion about the beginning and the end of the post-incunabula dating as that was the period when a book contained the elements both of incunabula and a modern book, which were combined together. Practically, the post-incunabula of the VUL distinguish insubstantially for their formal features; especially this applies to the books published within 2-3 decades of the 16th century. Only during the next decades, features of modern books became more and more visible. However, in 4-5 decades of the 16th century, the features characteristic of the incunabula, which did not vanish during the period of post-incunabula of 50 years-long, were still observable. A book banished the features of incunabula in 17th century. The post-incunabula can be considered to be modernising incunabula. Changing thinking of society, new ideas, progress of science and increased demand of books promoted printers to replace the old manuscript book with publications printed faster and more convenient for people to read. The period of post-incunabula from 1501 to 1551 is a transitory period of the book history, a combination of an old (manuscript) book and a modern one. The collection of the VUL post-incunabula reflects the change of formal features from incunabula to the beginning of formation of a modern book.

Culturally, the post-incunabula is one of the most interesting categories of books – the book as a source of knowledge and a material object. Understanding of the ancient book as a practical thing allows viewing many other features of book ordinance (binding, printing, title page, marginalia, illustrations, etc.). Invention of printing in 15th century evoked the revolution in information culture, greatly increasing the number of books in circulation. The intellectual influence of the Renaissance culture had an impact on this transformation. The regenerative culture was unable to reflect these times in books. For the first time, the printing of books of that period manifested as a powerful means of agitation, education and fight for spiritual and political ideas. In the beginning of 16th century, books were the most glaring monuments of the Great Epoch. Necessity to examine them comprehensively is beyond any doubts. The post-incunabula are the books printed from 1 January 1501 to 1 January 1551, the books attributable to the oldest and the most valuable prints of the world. The post-incunabula are the books of the transitive period with the features both of manuscripts and modern books. In the practice of international book science, a particular attention is given to studies of incunabula. Among the researches of the book history, the studies of incunabula take a great place, herewith giving less attention to investigations of the post-incunabula. The aim of the present research is to ascertain the changes of formal features of the post-incunabula present in Vilnius University Library. The chosen theme is one of the least investigated sections of the book history, thus, presently, new investigations are very relevant. The paper aims at answering to uneasy questions by setting the following objectives: 1. To present the historic epoch and circumstances determining transformation of books; 2. To analyse the epochal features of incunabula and post-incunabula; 3. To discuss the concept "post-incunabula" and other theoretical aspects; 4. To establish the dating of the concept "post-incunabula" in different regions, tendencies of its use, and its features; 5. To present the structure and specifics of formation of the VUL catalogue; 6. To perform an empirical analysis the VUL collection. For the Master's Thesis we applied the research method of comparative analysis of scientific literature. The empirical investigation was done by analysing the bibliographical inventory of VUL catalogue of post-incunabula. The research revealed that there was no unified opinion about the beginning and the end of the post-incunabula dating as that was the period when a book contained the elements both of incunabula and a modern book, which were combined together. Practically, the post-incunabula of the VUL distinguish insubstantially for their formal features; especially this applies to the books published within 2-3 decades of the 16th century. Only during the next decades, features of modern books became more and more visible. However, in 4-5 decades of the 16th century, the features characteristic of the incunabula, which did not vanish during the period of post-incunabula of 50 years-long, were still observable. A book banished the features of incunabula in 17th century. The post-incunabula can be considered to be modernising incunabula. Changing thinking of society, new ideas, progress of science and increased demand of books promoted printers to replace the old manuscript book with publications printed faster and more convenient for people to read. The period of post-incunabula from 1501 to 1551 is a transitory period of the book history, a combination of an old (manuscript) book and a modern one. The collection of the VUL post-incunabula reflects the change of formal features from incunabula to the beginning of formation of a modern book.

An owner of a printing house and a publisher, Martynas Jankus (1858–1946) was a citizen of Germany and a Lithuanian of the East Prussian region. He was an active member of the Lithuanian national movement of the 19th – early 20th century. He supported the opposition of the people of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which was annexed and integrated into the Russian empire in 1795. When the usage of the Lithuanian language in Latin script was banned in 1864–1904, Martynas Jankus started printing illegal books and newspapers in his printing house and transporting them secretly to the Russian empire. He supported publishing "Auszra" and "Varpas" the most influential newspapers of the national movement. In 1918, after the restoration of the independence of the Republic of Lithuania, this veteran of Lithuanian culture and politics was highly appreciated and attracted close attention of journalists. He publicised quite many memoirs about the publishing and distribution of illegal press, known newspaper editors and book authors, printers, and publishers. The greatest value for historiographic research of the book resides in three generalised memoirs that M. Jankus attempted in his late years. They include the publication "Smuggling of Lithuanian books" ("Lietuviškų Kningų Kontrabanda") which was published in the newspaper "Tėvynė" (1918) edited by Lithuanians in the USA, and two unpublished manuscripts: an exhaustive narrative (27 pages) without a title about the state of the Lithuanian press and language during the period of the growth of the national movement, sent to the professor linguist of the Göttingen university (Germany) Eduard Hermann, and the memoirs "An encyclopedia of my adventures" (,,Mano prietikių enciklopedija") written in the form of a scholarly encyclopedic dictionary characterizing the acquaintances of M. Jankus. The advantage of the memoirs lays in the point of view of the author who is a direct participant and observer of the factual events, political and social processes, and characters of persons. Foreign researchers appreciate the knowledge of M. Jankus' cooperation with the participants of Byelorusian, Polish, and German national and revolutionary movements and assistance in their literary publishing. On the other hand, although this author wrote many published and unpublished memoirs, they were small in size, written in the journalistic style and quite open. Therefore, they raised contradictions and critical comments of the public. Many did not understand the character of M. Jankus, which was conditioned by differences in cultural and religious traditions based on the civil rights of Prussian citizens, implying a much greater religious and political freedom. His publications and opinions were not self-controlled or limited in any way. The author sincerely depicted the positive and negative sides and character of the national movement and its participants. He was among the first to raise the issues of Polonized and estranged Catholic priests and the vices of the book smuggling as a social phenomenon. The Lithuanian society was not matured enough at his time and did not support him. The dethronement of the movements, communities, and leaders that had a national character was not tolerated during M. Jankus' lifetime; it is not tolerated in modern society, either.

An owner of a printing house and a publisher, Martynas Jankus (1858–1946) was a citizen of Germany and a Lithuanian of the East Prussian region. He was an active member of the Lithuanian national movement of the 19th – early 20th century. He supported the opposition of the people of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which was annexed and integrated into the Russian empire in 1795. When the usage of the Lithuanian language in Latin script was banned in 1864–1904, Martynas Jankus started printing illegal books and newspapers in his printing house and transporting them secretly to the Russian empire. He supported publishing "Auszra" and "Varpas" the most influential newspapers of the national movement. In 1918, after the restoration of the independence of the Republic of Lithuania, this veteran of Lithuanian culture and politics was highly appreciated and attracted close attention of journalists. He publicised quite many memoirs about the publishing and distribution of illegal press, known newspaper editors and book authors, printers, and publishers. The greatest value for historiographic research of the book resides in three generalised memoirs that M. Jankus attempted in his late years. They include the publication "Smuggling of Lithuanian books" ("Lietuviškų Kningų Kontrabanda") which was published in the newspaper "Tėvynė" (1918) edited by Lithuanians in the USA, and two unpublished manuscripts: an exhaustive narrative (27 pages) without a title about the state of the Lithuanian press and language during the period of the growth of the national movement, sent to the professor linguist of the Göttingen university (Germany) Eduard Hermann, and the memoirs "An encyclopedia of my adventures" (,,Mano prietikių enciklopedija") written in the form of a scholarly encyclopedic dictionary characterizing the acquaintances of M. Jankus. The advantage of the memoirs lays in the point of view of the author who is a direct participant and observer of the factual events, political and social processes, and characters of persons. Foreign researchers appreciate the knowledge of M. Jankus' cooperation with the participants of Byelorusian, Polish, and German national and revolutionary movements and assistance in their literary publishing. On the other hand, although this author wrote many published and unpublished memoirs, they were small in size, written in the journalistic style and quite open. Therefore, they raised contradictions and critical comments of the public. Many did not understand the character of M. Jankus, which was conditioned by differences in cultural and religious traditions based on the civil rights of Prussian citizens, implying a much greater religious and political freedom. His publications and opinions were not self-controlled or limited in any way. The author sincerely depicted the positive and negative sides and character of the national movement and its participants. He was among the first to raise the issues of Polonized and estranged Catholic priests and the vices of the book smuggling as a social phenomenon. The Lithuanian society was not matured enough at his time and did not support him. The dethronement of the movements, communities, and leaders that had a national character was not tolerated during M. Jankus' lifetime; it is not tolerated in modern society, either.