Suchergebnisse

For 50 years, Palestinians have been vulnerable to various human rights violations, & their marginalization is viewed as a failure of the international community; here, the development & persistence of this circumstance is addressed. An interdisciplinary approach is taken to explore the historical & legal origins of the international refugee protection gap. Its impact on Palestinian refugees is traced to the 1922 British Mandate following WWI & the incorporation of the Balfour Declaration. The UN's involvement in the Palestinian case is described, highlighting the efforts of the United Nations Relief & Works Agency. Policy & institutional reforms required to redress the Palestinian case are considered, & particularly whether the UNHCR ought to get involved in the crisis & how such involvement might manifest. 2 Appendixes. J. Zendejas

Introduces this collection of 9 EU-based research projects investigating unemployment, the risks of marginalization that result from it, & policies that attempt to circumvent these risks. Analyses compare national experiences with, & responses to, unemployment across a range of countries with differing structural/cultural characteristics & economic circumstances; many offer comparisons between Europe & the US. The social exclusion perspective, emphasizing resource deprivation as the crucial element creating vulnerability to marginalization, is contrasted with research that identifies "motivational deficiency" -- due either to cultural variations in work motivation, lack of financial incentives, or skill deficiency -- among the unemployed themselves as a cause of marginalization. Preventive & curative policy interventions to unemployment are summarized & the impact of new developments in welfare policy on marginalization risks is assessed. K. Hyatt Stewart

The current degree of politicization & civil military conflict is argued to be nearly unprecedented in Venezuela's recent democratic history. The expansion of the role of Venezuelan Armed Forces since the election of Chavez suggests that civilian control in Venezuela has been eliminated, & has produced critiques of the danger of expanding military role at the same time as dismantling institutional mechanisms of civilian control. The civil and military institutions of the Fourth & Fifth Republics are described as a settling into a dysfunctional though stable pattern in the 1980s that was transformed by Chavez's attempt to control Armed Forces personally by manipulating assignments & promotions. The civilians faced a divided yet politically significant military that demonstrated a high tolerance for government quasi-repressive activities, as exemplified in the use of armed forces in internal security roles during the 63 days of a general strike in December 2002. A broad expansion of the military's participation in government policymaking & implementation, combined with the elimination of institutions of containment & oversight, indicates that Venezuela's institutions of civilian control have unraveled. The reorientation of security forces toward internal roles & missions has been a leading indicator of civil military conflict & authoritarian rules in many states. The Venezuelan Armed Forces are predicted to remain at the center of a tug-of-war between the opposition and send government, and thus will continue to hatch pro-& anti- Chavez conspiracies, resulting in highly politicized & less professional Armed Forces, & a headache for future administrations. References. J. Harwell

"This chapter argues that for the EU to be successful cultural integration through public communication and deliberation of European matters is an important precondition. Three models of Europeanization of political communication are discussed: the emergence of a 'pan-European public sphere', 'segmented transnational public spheres', and the 'Europeanization of the national public sphere'. We argue that only the latter is able to provide for the opportunity of all citizens to become involved in a public debate on European issues. Our study aims to investigate the extent to which German media have become Europeanized. The empirical analysis examines the discourse on Europe in the editorials of national quality papers. The findings show that the media under study devote only a very small portion of their attention to European issues, thus marginalizing Europe to an extent that is not warranted by the significance of the European level of governance. If the media do focus on European issues they predominantly address them in terms of national politics, which we interpret as a 'domestication' of Europe in public discourse. At the same time, the media unanimously support the idea of European integration. We conclude that this pattern of communicating Europe reflects the élite consensus on European matters in Germany and may have contributed to the alienation of the general public from European politics." (author's abstract)

Examines the relationship between macroeconomic developments in the member states of the EU & different forms of marginalization among the unemployed. Recent policy reform efforts designed to address this marginalization are described, noting linkages between economic & social policies. The "open method of coordination" system of governance that emerged from the Amsterdam Treaty in 1997 is examined & its potential for alleviating the social exclusion of the unemployed via integration of several policy areas is evaluated. 1 Appendix. K. Hyatt Stewart

Examines the relationship between macroeconomic developments in the member states of the EU & different forms of marginalization among the unemployed. Recent policy reform efforts designed to address this marginalization are described, noting linkages between economic & social policies. The "open method of coordination" system of governance that emerged from the Amsterdam Treaty in 1997 is examined & its potential for alleviating the social exclusion of the unemployed via integration of several policy areas is evaluated. 1 Appendix. K. Hyatt Stewart

Ascriptive citizenship models based on ethnicity can lead to division, conflict, & marginalization; the case of Hutu & Tutsi migration to the eastern Congo illustrates this situation. Conflicts began with land distribution by Native Authorities during the colonial period & continued when immigrants clashed with indigenous groups during local wars in Uganda, Rwanda, & Zaire due to refugee & military flows. Congolese laws relating to citizenship were altered in the mid- to late-20th century to marginalize & even persecute Rwandans, the Banyamulenge (Tutsi) in particular. This case shows that because of the artificial borders created by the colonial powers & Africa's depressed economic state, Africa's problems & prospects are regionally interconnected. A framework for a regional approach to citizenship, security, & economic development is outlined, recognizing the multiplicity of identities & ethnicities within Africa's states. 43 References. M. Pflum

Reviews some theories of social exclusion as it relates to unemployment, arguing that recent research has confirmed their attention to the importance of multiple deprivation, but failed to support some of their key tenets about dynamic processes -- particularly related to poverty -- linking deprivation & marginalization. Longitudinal data from the European Community Household Panel are drawn on to test assumptions about (1) the link between unemployment, poverty, & social isolation; (2) the degree to which multiple deprivation affects unemployment experiences, particularly in terms of psychological well-being; & (3) the "vicious circle" underlying labor market marginalization. 9 Tables. K. Hyatt Stewart

"Competition policy has been said to lie at the heart of the German social market economy and to have been a key influence on the EC competition regime. This chapter assesses the impact of Europeanization on the competition law policy domain in the light of earlier claims that suggest a marginalization of the Federal Cartel Office. The question is pursued through three case studies that involve three different Europeanization dynamics-those of domestic assimilation of EU policy provisions, of informing policy change at the EU level, and of 'collision' between national and Commission policy preferences. The cases cover three distinct policy issues-the Europeanization of domestic competition law, attempts to shape changes to the EC regime's Regulation 17/62 and efforts of the DG Competition to prohibit the fixed-book price agreement between Austria and Germany. While those cases leading to domestic policy change suggest a considerable degree of national 'resilience', the example of 'informing EC policy change' points to the declining influence of the German approach vis-à-vis other national competition law experiences, Commission preferences, and changing competition policy 'ideas'. Moreover, while earlier claims suggesting a marginalization of the Federal Cartel Office require some qualification, wider changes in the German political economy have challenged the previous predominance of competition policy in German economic policy." (author's abstract)