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We analyze below-cost pricing in retail markets and examine its impact on social welfare as well as on suppliers' incentives to invest in quality. Considering negotiations about a linear wholesale price between the retailer and her suppliers, we find that below-cost pricing aggravates the double marginalization problem and causes welfare losses compared to a regime where below-cost pricing is banned. Furthermore, suppliers have stronger incentives to invest in high quality products if a ban of below-cost pricing is enforced.

Examines the lack of civil violence in US cities given the persistence or growth of conditions precipitating urban disorder in the 1960s, eg, income inequality, racial segregation, ethnic transition. It is contended that the issue of collective violence (or its absence) in the US must move beyond the black-white frame to include immigrants. In this light, the relative absence of civil violence is seen to center on the interplay of three broad factors: the ecology of power, the management of marginalization, & immigrant incorporation & control. D. Edelman

Attempts to show the wider social impact of collective redundancy creating recruits for the "flexible" sector of the labour force, those on temporary contracts, part time and self employed. Considers the way collective redundancy has changed the demographic structure of the UK labour force including a sizeable number of older unemployed individuals and many female part time workers. Argues that this could be seen as limited empowerment, labour market enfranchisement for women or marginalization of the traditional older male worker.

ONE RESULT OF AFRICA'S MARGINALIZATION IS THE PECULIARLY IMPORTANT ROLE THAT AID PLAYS IN THE CONTINENT. THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES HOW ONE INFLUENTIAL DONOR IN KENYA, USAID, HAS FUNDED AND PROMOTED NGO'S IN THE HEALTH SECTOR, NOTABLY MISSION HOSPITALS. THE ARTICLE QUESTIONS CLAIMS FOR THEIR COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, AND ILLUSTRATES THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN INTEGRATED INTO A NATIONAL HEALTH STRUCTURE. IT CONCLUDES BY POINTING OUT SOME OF THE LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF SUCH A DONOR-SPONSORED "NGO-ISATION" OF DIFFERENT SPHERES OF AFRICAN SOCIETY.

Draws on Michel Foucault's work to discuss the process of feminist resistance in the context of ethical & political challenges. Focus is on the concepts of marginalization & individuality, as well as exclusion, power relations, the state & rights discourse, truth, & the female body as a site of power & resistance. Foucault's method of understanding power relations is viewed as complementing feminist analysis, but is faulted for contributing to the androcentricity of dominant discourses for his dismissive examination of gender in power relations. 79 References. M. Greenberg

The author examines the ecological crisis created by capitalist development in Central America from a Marxist perspective. He analyzes the role of US imperialism and argues that the social and ecological marginalization of the peasants has provided the supplies of highly exploitable semiproletarian workers for the capitalist export sector. He explores the thesis that survival strategies adopted by the peasantry in response to the impoverishment have resulted in the widespread degradation and collapse of the ecological conditions necessary for the reproduction of semiproletarian labour-power

AbstractIntroduction: In Peru, transgender women (TW) experience unique vulnerabilities for HIV infection due to factors that limit access to, and quality of, HIV prevention, treatment and care services. Yet, despite recent advances in understanding factors associated with HIV vulnerability among TW globally, limited scholarship has examined how Peruvian TW cope with this reality and how existing community‐level resilience strategies are enacted despite pervasive social and economic exclusion facing the community. Addressing this need, our study applies the understanding of social capital as a social determinant of health and examines its relationship to HIV vulnerabilities to TW in Peru.Methods: Using qualitative methodology to provide an in‐depth portrait, we assessed (1) intersections between social marginalization, social capital and HIV vulnerabilities; and (2) community‐level resilience strategies employed by TW to buffer against social marginalization and to link to needed HIV‐related services in Peru. Between January and February 2015, 48 TW participated (mean age = 29, range = 18–44) in this study that included focus group discussions and demographic surveys. Analyses were guided by an immersion crystallization approach and all coding was conducted using Dedoose Version 6.1.18.Results: Themes associated with HIV vulnerability included experiences of multilevel stigma and limited occupational opportunities that placed TW at risk for, and limited their engagement with, existing HIV services. Emergent resiliency‐based strategies included peer‐to‐peer and intergenerational knowledge sharing, supportive clinical services (e.g. group‐based clinic attendance) and emotional support through social cohesion (i.e. feeling part of a community).Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of TW communities as support structures that create and deploy social resiliency‐based strategies aimed at deterring and mitigating the impact of social vulnerabilities to discrimination, marginalization and HIV risk for individual TW in Peru. Public health strategies seeking to provide HIV prevention, treatment and care for this population will benefit from recognizing existing social capital within TW communities and incorporating its strengths within HIV prevention interventions. At the intersection of HIV vulnerabilities and collective agency, dimensions of bridging and bonding social capital emerged as resiliency strategies used by TW to access needed healthcare services in Peru. Fostering TW solidarity and peer support are key components to ensure acceptability and sustainability of HIV prevention and promotion efforts.

This article explores immigration law in Italy and Spain and focuses on the tension between the economic, social and legal marginalization of immigrants on one hand and the rhetorical emphasis on integration on the other. I argue that this tension reflects the contradiction in their political economy, in which the utility of a cheap, contingent -marginalized- workforce is countered by a political backlash against the inevitably impoverished and thus racialized immigrant population. Further, I argue that law plays a central role in this alchemy of economics, race, and exclusion. Laws that make immigrants' sojourn in the host society contingent on their willingness to perform marginalized labor guarantee immigrant otherness and racialization. Confronted with this powerful economics of alterité, and the legal infrastructure that supports it, even the most ambitious projects of immigrant «integration» are doomed. ; Este artículo explora la legislación sobre inmigración en Italia y España, focalizándose en la tensión entre la marginalización económica, social y legal de los inmigrantes, por un lado, y el énfasis retórico en la integración, por otro. Argumenta que dicha tensión refleja la contradicción en su política económica, en la que la utilidad de la fuerza de trabajo barata, contingente -marginalizada- es contrarrestada por la reacción política contra la inevitablemente empobrecida y racializada población inmigrante. Además, argumenta que la legislación juega un rol central en esta alquimia de la economía, la raza y la exclusión. Las leyes que provocan que la estancia de los inmigrantes en la sociedad receptora dependa de su disposición a emplearse en ocupaciones marginalizadas, garantizan la alteridad y la racialización de los inmigrantes. Debiendo enfrentarse a esta poderosa economía de la alteridad, y a la insfraestructura legal que le da soporte, incluso el más ambicioso proyecto de «integración» de los inmigrantes está condenado.

In this article, I argue that digital games hold the potential to influence processes of cultural memory related to past and contemporary forms of marginalization. By bringing cultural memory studies into dialogue with game studies, I account for the ways through which digital games and practices of play might influence historical discourses and memory politics pertaining to marginalized identities. In order to demonstrate this, I conduct an analysis of Assassin's Creed: Freedom Cry, a digital game which includes representation of the eighteenth-century transatlantic slave trade and its racist systems. This analysis is then contrasted with statements by two critics, Evan Narcisse and Justin Clark, about how Freedom Cry highlights specific marginalized identities and represents the past through the game form. These statements, coupled with my game analysis, make the case for a concept that I term 'counter-hegemonic commemorative play'. This makes visible a form of potentially cathartic power fantasy within a historical struggle, alongside emphasizing a form of designed recognition of marginalized identities within contemporary historical discourses and memory politics.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Analyses of Aspects of Economic, Social and Technological Development -- Ranking of Innovation and Sustainability of Tourist Destinations in Sinaloa: An Analysis with the Ordered Weighted Average Operator -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Framework -- 2.1 A Literature Review of the Innovation and Sustainability of Tourist Destinations -- 2.2 Innovation and Sustainability in the Tourist Destinations of Mexico -- 3 The Ordered Weighted Average Operator -- 4 Measurement of the Innovation and Sustainability in the Tourist Destinations in Sinaloa with the OWA Operator -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Dimensional Analysis Under Pythagorean Fuzzy Set with Hesitant Linguists Term Entropy Information -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminaries -- 2.1 Pythagorean Fuzzy Sets -- 2.2 Dimensional Analysis -- 2.3 Entropy with Unknown Weights in Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Term Setting -- 3 DA-PFS with Hesitant Entropy -- 3.1 Dimensional Analysis Under Pythagorean Fuzzy Set (DA-PFS) -- 3.2 Algorithm for DA-PFS with Hesitant Entropy -- 4 Application -- 4.1 Numerical Example -- 4.2 Hesitant Entropy Weight -- 4.3 Sensitivity Analysis -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Wages Returns in Mexico: A Comparison Between Parametric and Nonparametric Approaches -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminaries -- 2.1 Mincer Equation Analysis for Mexico -- 2.2 Mincer with Decision Trees for Mexico -- 2.3 Outliers -- 2.4 Discriminant Analysis -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Study of the Geographical Marginality in a Mexican Region Using the MR-Sort Method -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Previous Work of Marginalization in Mexico -- 3 The MR-Sort for Ordered Classification -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Data Marginalization in Mexico -- 4.2 Preference Information -- 4.3 Result Analysis -- 5 Conclusions -- References.

Intro -- Preface -- In Reverence -- Remembrance -- Prolegomenon-Preliminary Remarks -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Introduction-Marginalization in India-Matters of Inclusion and Access -- Theorizing Exclusion in India-Thoughts and Perspectives on Social Identity -- Social Justice and Affirmative Action Policy-Reality Check -- Unequal Opportunities -- Health Inequalities-Marginalization of Care Providers and Users -- Conclusion -- References -- Part I Theorizing Exclusion in India-Thoughts and Perspectives on Social Identity -- 2 Indian Thought and Social Science on the Travails of Self-Identity -- Introduction -- Introduction. Indian Religious Thought -- Identity as Interdependent Construct -- Interdependence, Identity and Understanding -- References -- 3 The Sociological Traditions and Their Margins-The Bombay School of Sociology and Dalits -- Introduction -- Bombay as a Context of Dalit Struggle -- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar: The First Indigenous Attempt at Theorizing Caste, Untouchability and Brahmanical Social Order -- Ambedkar's Sociology of Caste -- Who Were Untouchables? -- Ambedkar's Critique of the Hindu Social Order -- The Bombay School and Dalits: Exploring a Cognitive Blackout -- The Object and Subject of Knowledge: Invoking Foucault -- Sociology at the Bombay School: 'Colonial Modernity' or 'Reverse Colonized Sociology? -- Post-Colonial 'Colonization' of Sociology -- Dalits as Objects of Knowledge and as Knowledge Subject-Actors -- Dalit Scholarship: Making Dalits as 'Objects' of Knowledge -- Dalit Scholarship: Dalits as Subjects and Knowledge Actors -- References -- 4 How Egalitarian is Indian Sociology? -- Introduction -- Two Caveats -- Levels of Domination -- Domination of Upper-Caste Professionals: Institutions and Production of Knowledge -- Domination in the Production of Knowledge from Professional Organization.

I. Die Kriminalsoziologie im Schnittpunkt der Disziplinen -- Einige Bemerkungen zur Stellung des Problems der Jugendkriminalität in der Allgemeinen Soziologie -- Rede zur Verleihung der Beccaria-Medaille -- Vorwort — Filippo Gramatica: Grundlagen der Défense Sociale -- Theorie und Praxis in der Kriminalsoziologie -- Recht -- Soziologische Anmerkungen zum Thema "Ideologie und Recht" -- Marginality, Marginalization and De-Marginalization. A Theoretical Reorientation -- Benjamin Fine: 1.000.000 Delinquents -- Marshall B. Clinard: Sociology of Deviant Behavior -- Wolf Middendorf: Soziologie des Verbrechens. Erscheinungen und Wandlungen des asozialen Verhaltens -- II. Theoretische Konzepte -- Das Recht im Zusammenhang der sozialen Normensysteme -- Soziale Kontrolle -- Anomie (I) -- Anomie (II) -- Soziale Normen -- Normen, soziale -- III. Theorie und Praxis -- Strafrecht oder Gesellschaftsschutz -- Einleitender Bericht zur soziologischen Abteilung des IV. Kongresses für Gesellschaftsschutz über Prävention der Verbrechen gegen Leib und Leben -- Heinrich Meng: Psychohygiene und Verbrechen -- Die überorganisierte Familie als kriminogenes Feld -- Die Pioniere der Sozialökologie in Chicago -- IV. Soziologie ausgewählter Delikte -- a) Sexualdelikte -- Sexualdelikte und Probleme der Gestaltung des Sexuallebens in der Gegenwartsgesellschaft -- Harold Greenwald: Das Call Girl. Eine psychoanalytische und sozialpsychologische Studie -- b) White-collar Delikte -- Zur Frage der Marginalität in der Alltags-Moral der fortgeschrittenen Industriegesellschaften -- c) "Hass"-Delikte -- Zum Geleit: Gibt es noch Antisemitismus in Deutschland? -- Antisemitism and Ethnocentrism in Germany. A Few Remarks on Professor Tumin's Book "Ethnocentrism and Antisemitism in England, France, and Germany" -- d) "(Sub)"kulturelle Delikte -- Über einige ethno-soziologische Aspekte des Drogenkonsums in der Alten und der Neuen Welt -- Alexandre Vexliard: Introduction à la sociologie du vagabondage -- Alexandre Vexliard: Le Clochard. Etude de psychologie sociale -- Kleine Vagabunden. Begegnungen mit italienischen "sciusciàs" -- Henner Hess: Mafia. Zentrale Herrschaft und lokale Gegenmacht -- Peter O. Chotjewitz: Malavita. Mafia zwischen gestern und morgen -- Roland Girtler: Der Adler und die drei Punkte. Die gescheiterte kriminelle Karriere des ehemaligen Ganoven Pepi Taschner -- Editorische Notiz -- Nachwort von Fritz Sack -- Personenregister.

Intro -- Preface -- Introduction -- Reference -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Part I Theoretical Issues -- 1 Theoretical Perspectives on Federalism -- Institutional Approach -- Federalism as a Process -- Sociological Approach -- Federalism as a Bargain -- Limitations to the Approaches -- Analytical Framework -- References -- 2 Background to Nigerian Federalism -- Development of Federalism in Nigeria 1960-1966 -- Development of Federalism in Nigeria 1966-2020 -- The 'True Federalism' Debate in Nigeria: Current Issues in Literature -- References -- Part II Dimensions of the Federal Discourse in Nigeria -- 3 Structure and Power Redistribution -- Power Redistribution in the Nigerian Federation: Restructuring the Federating Units? -- References -- 4 Local Government Administration, Creation, and Control -- The Rochas' Fourth Tier in Imo State Southeast Nigeria -- Local Government Creation and the 1999 Constitution -- Implications on Intergovernmental Relations -- The Problems of the Existing Local Government in Nigeria -- References -- 5 Use and Operational Control of the Police Force -- Possible Reform of the Nigerian Police Force Under True Federalism Debate -- The Politics of State Police -- The Idea of Community Policing -- References -- 6 Fiscal Relations and Revenue Allocation -- Resource Control and Niger Delta Crisis -- References -- 7 Marginalization: The Problem of Representation -- Igbo Marginalization -- References -- 8 Party Politics and Federalism in Nigeria -- Dominant Party and Federalism: The Example of PDP -- The Nomination Process in PDP -- Degree of Central and Local Control -- Party Politics in the First and Second Republics -- Party Politics and Election Activities in the Fourth Republic -- The Diminishing Performance of the Opposition -- References -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index.

Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Dedication -- Table of contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- Introduction: once upon a time … -- Discourse analysis and the narrative turn -- Political elite, media narratives and the role of culture -- Structure of the book -- 1 Narrative analysis as an approach in IR -- The concept of narrative and a story of its travel -- Literary studies and narratology -- Narrative psychology and cognitive narratology -- Historical narratives -- Narrative analysis and constructivism in IR -- The construction of social reality and the notion of setting -- The constitution of identity and characterization -- The co-constitution of agent and structure and the role of emplotment -- Practical application of narrative analysis -- The consequences of and reasons for narratives -- Narrative consequences and the question of causality -- Reasons for narrative dominance and marginalization -- Romantic narratives -- Romantic settings -- Romantic characterization -- Romantic emplotment -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 2 German narratives of the pirate in Somalia -- Romantic narratives of the pirate -- Historical romantic stories of the pirate -- The literary pirate -- The popular pirate -- German media narratives on piracy -- Setting -- Characterization -- Emplotment -- An alternative story: linking piracy and terrorism -- Similarities between piracy and terrorism -- Cooperation between pirates and terrorists -- The use of pirate tactics by terrorists -- Political piracy -- The marginalization of the 'terror-pirate' story -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 3 British narratives of the rebel in Libya -- Rebellion, revolution and romance -- The romantic Arab rebel? -- British media narratives on rebellion in Libya -- Setting -- Characterization -- Emplotment