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The term marginalization is often used for a community or group which is pushed to the edges of the society through certain social, political, and/or religious restrictions. The history of German Jews and Muslims of the Indian subcontinent stands witness that, to varying degrees over time, they were bound to live on the edges of their respective societies. This discrimination was not just because of their different social, cultural, and political status but religion was also a major factor behind it. In such conditions, Moses Mendelssohn and Syed Ahmad Khan worked for the betterment of their respective Jewish and Muslim communities. Although the work of both scholars is a recurring theme of discussion in the academic world, still there is no study available in which their efforts have been compared. By presenting a feature by feature comparison of the works of both scholars, the current paper first figures out their methodology and then explores their motive behind using pure reason to interpret sacred scriptures. It is also argued that there are fewer differences and more commonalities in their works. Their primary aim was to equip their people with modern education, since they thought that through educational reform they would be able to improve the social, political, and economic conditions of their people. Although they achieved noteworthy success, their efforts changed the religious direction of their people. Especially after the reform of Mendelssohn, a significant number of Jews distanced themselves from their ancestral religion.

This excellent new book contains contributions from a number of leading experts and is the result of the UNU/WIDER project on globalization and low-income countries. The discussion focuses in on how to harness globalization for the benefit of present day marginalized countries and enhance their meaningful participation in the globalization process. Vital reading for students and academics interested in development economics, this collection will also prove an invaluable tool for policy-makers.

SIX RECENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS HAVE A DIRECT BEARING ON NORTH AFRICA AND THE POTENTIAL FOR THE FURTHER MARGINALIZAITON OF AFRICA. THEY ARE: THE RISE OF EUROCENTRICISM; THE REVIVIAL OF THE "PRODIGAL SON" PHENOMENON, REPRESENTED BY THE RETURN OF COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE TO THE LARGER FAMILY OF THE WEST; THE EROSION OF AID TO AFRICA, WHOSE COUNTRIES HAVE GROWN INCREASINGLY POOR SINCE THE INCEPTION OF THE INDEPENDENCE PROCESS; THE LIBERALIZATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY; THE SUDDEN AVAILABILITY OF EASTERN EUROPEAN MANPOWER; AND THE NEW CONDITIONS IMPOSED ON AID TO AFRICAN COUNTRIES BY THE WEST. IN GENERAL TERMS, WHILE THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION HAS EVOLVED FROM A CLIMATE OF CONFRONTATION TO ONE OF COOPERATION BETWEEN EAST AND WEST, AFRICA HAS NOT BEEN ABLE TO ACHIEVE SUFFICIENT PROGRESS IN ITS QUEST FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THE ONLY SOLUTION TO AFRICA'S DEVELOPMENTAL PROBLEMS IS AN ACCEPTANCE BY THE RICH OF THE WORLD THAT BY BEING LESS RICH, THEY CAN MAKE THE POOR LESS POOR.

Pt. 1: Concept and comparative perspectives of marginalization Pt. 2: Property rights and marginalization in China Pt. 3: Rural-urban migration and marginalization Pt. 4: Deprivation and segregation Pt. 5: State action

Subcultures within the queer community have formed around drag show events, especially amongst performers. Drag shows are often a beacon for a safe space that is open to all members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer, questioning, and asexual (LGBT+ or queer) community. Even as a safe place, drag communities may be unable to escape the pervasive oppressions of the larger society. Male privilege is present in American society through social, economic and political rights and benefits provided to men on the basis of their gender. It might be expected that the queer community would be more aware of sexism and oppression as a group that faces marginalization as well and would work to counter this marginalization. While drag communities have been researched in some contexts, male privilege and female marginalization in these communities has not. Utilizing a questionnaire, I asked drag performers to share their experiences to learn about privilege, marginalization and drag communities in the United States. I wanted to answer the following questions: do drag communities recognize and work to undermine male privilege or is male privilege rampant throughout drag shows and communities? Additionally, what effects does the presence of male privilege have on the marginalization of women in this community? A small sample of performers was able to help me answer these questions and learn more about drag communities in the United States.

Jostling for power by Nigeria's myriad ethnic groups has, for better and for worse, driven the country's political development since before independence from Britain in 1960. What is new is a rhetoric of the impossible: the marginalization of everyone.

The well-known double marginalization problem understates the inefficiencies arising from vertical relations in consumer search markets where consumers are uninformed about the wholesale prices charged by manufacturers to retailers. Consumer search provides a monopoly manufacturer with an additional incentive to increase its price, worsening the double marginalization problem and lowering the manufacturer's profits. Nevertheless, manufacturers in more competitive wholesale markets may not have an incentive to reveal their prices to consumers. We show that retail prices decrease in search cost, and so both industry profits and consumer surplus increase in search cost. (JEL D11, D42, D83, L12, L25, L60, L81)