This article analyzes the marine fishery economy management changes common for the EU and Lithuania. It is emphasized that marine fishery economy based only on short-term economic priorities faced the serious threat of destruction of the major source of its income. It is stated that crucial changes in fishery management in the EU and Lithuania are related to the preservation of the fish resources, organization of the common market, structural politics and fishery politics outside the EU. It is emphasized that fishery should be developed in a way that this economy continues to expand continually, so that the economic and industrial growth is coordinated with the environmental issues.
This article analyzes the marine fishery economy management changes common for the EU and Lithuania. It is emphasized that marine fishery economy based only on short-term economic priorities faced the serious threat of destruction of the major source of its income. It is stated that crucial changes in fishery management in the EU and Lithuania are related to the preservation of the fish resources, organization of the common market, structural politics and fishery politics outside the EU. It is emphasized that fishery should be developed in a way that this economy continues to expand continually, so that the economic and industrial growth is coordinated with the environmental issues.
This article analyzes the marine fishery economy management changes common for the EU and Lithuania. It is emphasized that marine fishery economy based only on short-term economic priorities faced the serious threat of destruction of the major source of its income. It is stated that crucial changes in fishery management in the EU and Lithuania are related to the preservation of the fish resources, organization of the common market, structural politics and fishery politics outside the EU. It is emphasized that fishery should be developed in a way that this economy continues to expand continually, so that the economic and industrial growth is coordinated with the environmental issues.
This article analyzes the marine fishery economy management changes common for the EU and Lithuania. It is emphasized that marine fishery economy based only on short-term economic priorities faced the serious threat of destruction of the major source of its income. It is stated that crucial changes in fishery management in the EU and Lithuania are related to the preservation of the fish resources, organization of the common market, structural politics and fishery politics outside the EU. It is emphasized that fishery should be developed in a way that this economy continues to expand continually, so that the economic and industrial growth is coordinated with the environmental issues.
In the last years domestic as well as international legislation has revealed a trend towards providing an increased protection to marine environment and establishment of various marine protected areas to serve this aim. However, such development instigates a discussion whether a coastal state has unlimited jurisdiction under international law to designate such areas in its territorial sea and exclusive economic zone. Compatibility of marine protected areas with the regime of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is analysed in part 2 of this paper. Part 3 of this paper describes various types of marine protected areas that have been designated within the waters of the Baltic Sea: Special Area under MARPOL 73/78 Convention, Particularly Sensitive Sea Area under respective regulations of the International Maritime Organization, Baltic Sea Protected Areas under Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment in the Baltic Sea Area, Special Protection Areas and Special Areas of Conservation under European Union directives as well as other areas established under Lithuanian national legislation. Legal regime associated with the status of each of the aforementioned areas and its effectiveness is also being reviewed. At the end of this paper certain conclusions as regards the system of marine protected areas in the waters of the Baltic Sea and the scope of protective measures applicable in such areas are drawn.
In the last years domestic as well as international legislation has revealed a trend towards providing an increased protection to marine environment and establishment of various marine protected areas to serve this aim. However, such development instigates a discussion whether a coastal state has unlimited jurisdiction under international law to designate such areas in its territorial sea and exclusive economic zone. Compatibility of marine protected areas with the regime of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is analysed in part 2 of this paper. Part 3 of this paper describes various types of marine protected areas that have been designated within the waters of the Baltic Sea: Special Area under MARPOL 73/78 Convention, Particularly Sensitive Sea Area under respective regulations of the International Maritime Organization, Baltic Sea Protected Areas under Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment in the Baltic Sea Area, Special Protection Areas and Special Areas of Conservation under European Union directives as well as other areas established under Lithuanian national legislation. Legal regime associated with the status of each of the aforementioned areas and its effectiveness is also being reviewed. At the end of this paper certain conclusions as regards the system of marine protected areas in the waters of the Baltic Sea and the scope of protective measures applicable in such areas are drawn.
Maritime education and training (MET) in Lithuania has deep historical roots. The place, name and jurisdiction of Lithuanian MET institutions have been changed several times. The first seamen examination institution in Klaipėda was founded in 1811. Nowadays there are two higher MET institutions, having basic programs leading to deck and engineering officer watchkeeping certificate: Lithuanian Maritime College and Klaipėda University Maritime Institute. These two high schools are among 96 EU MET institutions. There are 165 MET institutions in EU (25 countries), Norway and Iceland, 69 of them provide education and training for rating and other maritime specialists, offer short courses, researches and other services for maritime industry. MET institutions have different institutional structures and administration. They can be organized as universities, academies, colleges, vocational, technical schools, and higher polytechnics, state-owned and private. 25% are maritime academies (universities), 23% are faculties or departments in polytechnics, and colleges are 46% of all EU MET institutions leading to certificate of competence. The academic degree (bachelor, master) together with the maritime certificate is provided in some of EU countries. MET in Lithuania (also in the other EU countries) is provided in accordance to legal acts of three levels: international (world wide) legal acts, international (Europe Union) legal acts and national legal acts, which set norms for academic. [to full text]
Maritime education and training (MET) in Lithuania has deep historical roots. The place, name and jurisdiction of Lithuanian MET institutions have been changed several times. The first seamen examination institution in Klaipėda was founded in 1811. Nowadays there are two higher MET institutions, having basic programs leading to deck and engineering officer watchkeeping certificate: Lithuanian Maritime College and Klaipėda University Maritime Institute. These two high schools are among 96 EU MET institutions. There are 165 MET institutions in EU (25 countries), Norway and Iceland, 69 of them provide education and training for rating and other maritime specialists, offer short courses, researches and other services for maritime industry. MET institutions have different institutional structures and administration. They can be organized as universities, academies, colleges, vocational, technical schools, and higher polytechnics, state-owned and private. 25% are maritime academies (universities), 23% are faculties or departments in polytechnics, and colleges are 46% of all EU MET institutions leading to certificate of competence. The academic degree (bachelor, master) together with the maritime certificate is provided in some of EU countries. MET in Lithuania (also in the other EU countries) is provided in accordance to legal acts of three levels: international (world wide) legal acts, international (Europe Union) legal acts and national legal acts, which set norms for academic. [to full text]
Maritime education and training (MET) in Lithuania has deep historical roots. The place, name and jurisdiction of Lithuanian MET institutions have been changed several times. The first seamen examination institution in Klaipėda was founded in 1811. Nowadays there are two higher MET institutions, having basic programs leading to deck and engineering officer watchkeeping certificate: Lithuanian Maritime College and Klaipėda University Maritime Institute. These two high schools are among 96 EU MET institutions. There are 165 MET institutions in EU (25 countries), Norway and Iceland, 69 of them provide education and training for rating and other maritime specialists, offer short courses, researches and other services for maritime industry. MET institutions have different institutional structures and administration. They can be organized as universities, academies, colleges, vocational, technical schools, and higher polytechnics, state-owned and private. 25% are maritime academies (universities), 23% are faculties or departments in polytechnics, and colleges are 46% of all EU MET institutions leading to certificate of competence. The academic degree (bachelor, master) together with the maritime certificate is provided in some of EU countries. MET in Lithuania (also in the other EU countries) is provided in accordance to legal acts of three levels: international (world wide) legal acts, international (Europe Union) legal acts and national legal acts, which set norms for academic. [to full text]
Maritime education and training (MET) in Lithuania has deep historical roots. The place, name and jurisdiction of Lithuanian MET institutions have been changed several times. The first seamen examination institution in Klaipėda was founded in 1811. Nowadays there are two higher MET institutions, having basic programs leading to deck and engineering officer watchkeeping certificate: Lithuanian Maritime College and Klaipėda University Maritime Institute. These two high schools are among 96 EU MET institutions. There are 165 MET institutions in EU (25 countries), Norway and Iceland, 69 of them provide education and training for rating and other maritime specialists, offer short courses, researches and other services for maritime industry. MET institutions have different institutional structures and administration. They can be organized as universities, academies, colleges, vocational, technical schools, and higher polytechnics, state-owned and private. 25% are maritime academies (universities), 23% are faculties or departments in polytechnics, and colleges are 46% of all EU MET institutions leading to certificate of competence. The academic degree (bachelor, master) together with the maritime certificate is provided in some of EU countries. MET in Lithuania (also in the other EU countries) is provided in accordance to legal acts of three levels: international (world wide) legal acts, international (Europe Union) legal acts and national legal acts, which set norms for academic. [to full text]
The operational capacity indicator is one of the indicators of the maritime navy's compound's readiness to carry out the special naval tasks. Depend on this reason it is important to assess the relationship between the process of logistic supply of the international marine naval compound and its technological development with the changes of the operational capacity indicator within the international standards. The research object is operational capacity of the logistical supply vessel of international marine navy compound. The aim of the research is to evaluate the operational readiness of the logistical supply vessel of international marine naval compound in the context of the modernization of supply technology. Research objectives are: to describe the specific of the maritime logistic supply process; to analyse the duration of the technological supply process of international maritime naval compound, depending on the technological parameters of the vessels; to evaluate changes in the operational capacity of the international maritime naval compound depending on the solution of the supply technology. The research methods are analysis of the scientific literature, timing, and analysis of the technological operations and interpretation of the results by presenting conclusions. The main idea of the research is to establish variation of the operational capacity of the technological process of the international military division servicing when technological process capacity of the fuel supply changes. In order to reveal this idea, the research contains definition of the servicing process military division in the sea, the reason is provided for the fuel supply issue, and the index of preparation for servicing operations is being distinguishe d. The results of the empirical research allow asserting that by increasing the capacity of the technological process of the fuel supply, the duration of the operation decreases; therefore, the operational preparation index increases what allows increasing the conformity to the international standards.
The operational capacity indicator is one of the indicators of the maritime navy's compound's readiness to carry out the special naval tasks. Depend on this reason it is important to assess the relationship between the process of logistic supply of the international marine naval compound and its technological development with the changes of the operational capacity indicator within the international standards. The research object is operational capacity of the logistical supply vessel of international marine navy compound. The aim of the research is to evaluate the operational readiness of the logistical supply vessel of international marine naval compound in the context of the modernization of supply technology. Research objectives are: to describe the specific of the maritime logistic supply process; to analyse the duration of the technological supply process of international maritime naval compound, depending on the technological parameters of the vessels; to evaluate changes in the operational capacity of the international maritime naval compound depending on the solution of the supply technology. The research methods are analysis of the scientific literature, timing, and analysis of the technological operations and interpretation of the results by presenting conclusions. The main idea of the research is to establish variation of the operational capacity of the technological process of the international military division servicing when technological process capacity of the fuel supply changes. In order to reveal this idea, the research contains definition of the servicing process military division in the sea, the reason is provided for the fuel supply issue, and the index of preparation for servicing operations is being distinguishe d. The results of the empirical research allow asserting that by increasing the capacity of the technological process of the fuel supply, the duration of the operation decreases; therefore, the operational preparation index increases what allows increasing the conformity to the international standards.
Recently, the number of cases is rising because of the various hazardous materials contamination around the nature. Most often this occurs because of unexpected natural disasters. For example, due to a strong earthquake that triggered the tsunami, a huge disaster in Japan occurred (Fukushima nuclear power plant case). At that time, a large part of radioactive nuclear materials spread in the open ocean and this breakthrough that is widespread even now still cannot be stopped. It applies not only to the pollution of the ocean, but to all other different countries within outside territorial waters. The question is: Are the affected State has the right to compensation in this case? Then who should pay for damages? What is the legal regulation for such situations? International environmental law is mainly expressed in treaties and other international legal instruments, but it cannot be applied for the marine pollution with nuclear materials because there is no legal regulation in this field. Hereinafter, the problem of deficiency of legal regulation will be examined specifically in the area of oceans, sea borders, and territorial waters pollution by radioactive materials. And finally, there will be explored the issues to whether there is an obligation for a legal entity to compensate the damage to another state when according to the force majeure circumstances the radioactive nuclear materials spread and contaminate other state's outside territorial waters and ocean? The main goal of this thesis is to determine whether there is an obligation of a legal person to compensate the damages to another state within force majeure conditions radioactive nuclear materials contaminate other states outside territorial waters and the seas. Main tasks: First, analysis of the human right to a clean environment in international law, and also nuclear pollution consequences; Then there is, revelation of nuclear pollution features of international law, while reviewing the disposition of nuclear material aspects in the international and national levels; Thirdly, analysis of the relation of nuclear damage and pollution of the marine environment concepts; Fourthly, examination of civil liability in Public International Law; Fifthly, clearing out the responsible person in the event of contamination of territorial waters and oceans. The main hypothesis - there is no obligation for a legal entity to compensate the damage to another state when according to the force majeure circumstances the radioactive nuclear materials spread and contaminate other state's outside territorial waters and ocean. The human right to a clean environment in international and national laws in the analysis showed that according to the national level - the Lithuanian Constitution in Article 53, establishes environmental and public security for human health conditions and herein is determined by a person's right to breathe clean and fresh air, use uncontaminated natural resources. When examining the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, during 1972 United Nations conference held and various sources of scientific publications that are reasonably arguing that the right to a clean environment needs to be fully legally regulated for living a healthy life and a being in a healthy environment of necessity, because the occurrence of nuclear pollution is in danger to human health, their well-being in a contaminated environment. Herein will be also analyzed the specific features of the disposition of nuclear materials in international law, it became clear that each country determines its own legal regulation related to radioactive materials of their national legislation and hereinafter international law for the same problem is based on the relation with other countries and international cooperation in law infringement. It was found that the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) is the world's center of cooperation in the field of nuclear energy and its possession taken major legislation. It was found that the main issues dealing with marine pollution legislation are adopted by the United Nations Convention of the Law of The Sea. There is a lot of issues about environment and its conservation defined in this Convention, but it does not specify the marine radioactive pollution. According to the marine environment and radioactive pollutions concepts observed, there has been shown that the concept of nuclear marine pollution does not apply anywhere. Under the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, the concept of nuclear damage is defined better, it is obvious that only the direct damage to human life and property is being stated here. What is more, the question of civil liability associated with environmental pollution losses is still a problem due to the lack of a legal regulation in this field. In 1963 . Vienna Convention establishes an absolute liability of the operator for nuclear damage, but if the exemptions in this case like force majeure, civil liability does not apply to nuclear contamination of the operator. In the view of the land-based sources, the Convention of the Law of The Sea requires to establish pollution prevention measures including the internationally approved rules, standards and recommended practices and procedures. It was found in Vienna Convention that the operator shall not be liable for nuclear damage caused by a nuclear incident, except when the States, who is responsible for damage, laws may provide the contrary prediction - the operator shall not be liable for nuclear damage caused by a nuclear incident directly due to severe natural disasters. \"Operator\", in relation to a nuclear installation, means the person designated or recognized by the Installation State as the operator of that installation. Hence, the force majeure conditions resulting in nuclear contamination do not require a legal entity to compensate the losses and damages to another state.
Ecological security problems, such as climate change and severe air and water pollution, have reached global attention over the last couple of decades. Environmental threats are usually caused not only by one state and can have impacts well beyond national borders. Hence, there is an obvious need for cross-national cooperation. The main object of this study is the challenges of ecological security in the Baltic Sea region and the efforts to meet them through cooperation within the Helsinki Commission. The Helsinki Commission is one of the main institutions seeking to ensure marine environment protection in the Baltic Sea through international cooperation between Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the wider European Union. To better understand the role and possible effects of the Helsinki Commission, a comparison between Sweden and Lithuania is being made. The main focus is on recent developments of ecological security, particularly after the adoption of the Helsinki Commission's Baltic Sea Action Plan in 2007. The central question of this work is: what are the main ecological security problems and objectives set by the Helsinki Commission and what are the challenges for implementation in Sweden and Lithuania? Descriptive, comparative, and analytical research methods are employed in order to analyze this question. Numerous studies have revealed that pollution, caused by the agricultural sector, marine transportation and other human activities, represent the main threats to the ecology of the Baltic Sea. Countries with large agricultural sector, such as Lithuania, will face serious obstacles in order to reach the objectives of the Helsinki Commission. Both Sweden and Lithuania are preparing national strategies for implementation, but it remains unclear how they will meet this challenge. In all likelihood, Sweden will face fewer difficulties than Lithuania, not least because the country has much longer experience in solving environmental issues, more economic resources at its disposal, a broader involvement of society at large, and a significantly smaller agriculture sector. However, even in the case of Sweden it remains highly uncertain whether all the criteria set out in the Action Plan can be met by 2021.
This Master's degree thesis reviews specificities of work and leisure time in spheres of economic activity – preconditions and limits of regulation. Since the concept of work and leisure time is a separate and one of the main institutes of work law, which is comprised of two sub-institutes – work time and leisure time. In case one of those sub-institutes is absent it would be impossible to discuss and understand the other. Also, those concepts are an integral part of my Master's degree thesis, therefore, in the first sections of this thesis I attempted to describe separately how normative deeds regulate work and leisure time and what official explanations are available. Besides that, this was performed with purpose in order to transfer to specificities of work and leisure time in spheres of economic activity. Considering variety of economic and social relation, norms of Labor Code cannot universally regulate some spheres of activity. Therefore, specific spheres of activity get accentuated. This Master's degree thesis discusses specific work conditions of spheres of economic activity. Namely, decision No. 587 dated May 14, 2003 of the Government "Concerning confirmation of list of jobs, where duration of working hours up to twenty-four hours per day can be applied, specificities of work and leisure time in spheres of economic activity, conditions of works, which (in case they are present) sum working hours accounting can be introduced, description of order of introduction of sum working hours accounting in institutions, enterprise and organizations." This decision confirmed specificities of work and leisure time in transport (road, railway, civil aviation, marine transport and internal waters transport), telecommunication, postal, agricultural companies, companies processing agricultural products, energetic companies, treatment and custody (foster) institutions, fishing ships and other sphere of economic activity. I analyzed jobs, where duration of working hours up to twenty-four hours per day can be applied, in more detail. The goal was achieved by analyzing international and national normative legal deeds and scientific literature. Having analyzed specificities of work and leisure time in spheres of economic activity - preconditions and limits of regulation, specificities of comparatively still new sphere, its regulation as well as legal and social problems in brief were revealed.
