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International maritime shipping is confronted from 2006 onwards with regulation until 2030 by different policy actors (i.e. International Maritime Organization, hereafter IMO), the EU) in order to improve the ecological performance of maritime shipping, and will face more so in the future. Many of these regulations concern the reduction of air pollution of vessels both globally and in particular in so-called Emission Control Areas (ECA's).In this research, the economic impact of alternative technologies in order to reduce the Sulphur emissions in existing ECA zones is analyzed both from the perspective of the vessel owner, as well as for the evaluation of generalized chain cost, hence from the shipper point of view.The container carriers can choose different methods to comply with the new regulations, such as switching fuel types (Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Marine Diesel Oil (MDO)) or opting for innovative technologies like installing scrubber systems.The goal of this research is twofold: first, to discover alternative available technologies to mitigate Sulphur emissions according to the literature; second, to evaluate economically the selected technologies both from vessel owners and shippers perspectives.In order to study this, an update of an existing model is used. The added value of the extended model is threefold: calculating the generalized chain cost of transporting a container from the origin (US and Asia) to a destination in the EU, incorporating in the model the different ECA zones in the world and integrating more detailed fuel cost calculations and capital cost for different engine types or technologies used.The methodology used in this research is an extension of an existing model which is updated for the purpose of this research. This update includes a new functionality to allow calculating the vessel owner cost for different fuel types and propulsion systems (Heavy Fuel Oil or HFO, MDO and LNG). Next to that, more maritime distance data is collected containing the distance sailed in ECA zones. ...

BACKGROUND: Influenza-like illnesses (ILIs) are common in military populations, particularly among trainees, and can impair mission-readiness. To develop effective preventive measures against ILIs, it is vital to understand the ILI burden in the military population and identify potential risk factors for infection. METHODS: Anonymous ILI surveys were administered from January 2017 to March 2019 to military medical trainees living in a congregated setting on Fort Sam Houston (JBSA-FSH), TX. The surveys included questions about sociodemographic characteristics, weight, height, smoking status, activity level, as well as some basic questions about ILI and potential risk factors. Factors associated with ILI were identified using chi-square, t-tests, and multivariate models. RESULTS: 2,381 surveys were returned that included age, sex, and ILI information. Respondents were 16–54 years old, 1,301 (55%) were male, 782 (33%) were Air Force, 817 (34%) were Army, and 763 (32%) were Navy/Marines. 39% of those surveyed (929) reported having experienced an ILI during their training with 40% (370) seeking healthcare for those symptoms. The primary reasons for seeking healthcare included the severity of the illness (59%), concern about spreading the illness (50%), and the accessibility of healthcare (41%). 53% of the respondents reported that ILI had an impact on their performance, among whom 77% stated reduced study time, 66% missing physical training, and 53% missed class. The final multivariate model indicates that men and participants 30+ years old were less likely to report ILI (OR 0.69 (0.58, 0.82); OR 0.65, (0.45, 0.94)) (Figure 1). In addition, participants who reported washing their hands after they coughed or sneezed were less likely to report having had an ILI (OR 0.73 (0.61, 0.89)). CONCLUSION: Although 39% of respondents reported having an ILI during their training, only 40% sought healthcare, indicating that ILIs are more common during training than healthcare records indicate. More information is needed regarding ...

© The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 40850, doi:10.1038/srep40850. ; The Arctic icescape is rapidly transforming from a thicker multiyear ice cover to a thinner and largely seasonal first-year ice cover with significant consequences for Arctic primary production. One critical challenge is to understand how productivity will change within the next decades. Recent studies have reported extensive phytoplankton blooms beneath ponded sea ice during summer, indicating that satellite-based Arctic annual primary production estimates may be significantly underestimated. Here we present a unique time-series of a phytoplankton spring bloom observed beneath snow-covered Arctic pack ice. The bloom, dominated by the haptophyte algae Phaeocystis pouchetii, caused near depletion of the surface nitrate inventory and a decline in dissolved inorganic carbon by 16 ± 6 g C m−2. Ocean circulation characteristics in the area indicated that the bloom developed in situ despite the snow-covered sea ice. Leads in the dynamic ice cover provided added sunlight necessary to initiate and sustain the bloom. Phytoplankton blooms beneath snow-covered ice might become more common and widespread in the future Arctic Ocean with frequent lead formation due to thinner and more dynamic sea ice despite projected increases in high-Arctic snowfall. This could alter productivity, marine food webs and carbon sequestration in the Arctic Ocean. ; This study was supported by the Centre for Ice, Climate and Ecosystems (ICE) at the Norwegian Polar Institute, the Ministry of Climate and Environment, Norway, the Research Council of Norway (projects Boom or Bust no. 244646, STASIS no. 221961, CORESAT no. 222681, CIRFA no. 237906 and AMOS CeO no. 223254), and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway (project ID Arctic), the ICE-ARC program of the European Union 7th Framework Program (grant number 603887), the ...

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is one of the most potent naturally occurring neurotoxins. Initially TTX was associated with human food intoxications in Japan, but nowadays, concerns about the human health risks posed by TTX have increased in Europe after the identification of the toxin in fish, marine gastropods, and bivalves captured in European waters. Even when TTX monitoring is not currently performed in Europe, an acute oral no observable effect level (NOAEL) of 75 μg/kg has been recently established but, to date, no studies evaluating the chronic oral toxicity of TTX have been released, even when EFSA has highlighted the need for them. Thus, in this work, the chronic effects of low oral TTX doses (below the acute lethal dose 50) were evaluated following internationally adopted guidelines. The results presented here demonstrate that low oral doses of TTX have deleterious effects on renal and cardiac tissues. Moreover, alterations in blood biochemistry parameters, urine production, and urinalysis data were already detected at the oral dose of 75 μg/kg after the 28 days exposure. Thus, the data presented here constitute an initial approach for the chronic evaluation of the in vivo toxicity of tetrodotoxin after its ingestion through contaminated fishery products. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the following European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) cofunded grants. From Conselleria de Cultura, Educacion e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia, 2017 GRC GI-1682 (ED431C 2017/01). From the Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI) and Technological Funds, supported by Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, AGL2014-58210-R, AGL2016-78728-R (AEI/FEDER, UE), ISCIII/PI16/01830 and RTC-2016-5507-2, ITC-20161072. From European Union POCTEP 0161-Nanoeaters-1-E-1, Interreg AlertoxNet EAPA-317-2016, Interreg Agritox EAPA-998-2018, and H2020 778069-EMERTOX.

International audience ; Starting from the research framework developed on verbal violence by Auger et al. 2008, Moïse 2011, 2012, Fracchiolla et al. 2013b, the hypothesis developed here is that verbal violence and euphemism are today the two main discursive modalities of political function and are part of the same continuum articulated on the notion of indirection. This is based on the commonly shared implicit assumption that what one says indirectly would be less violent. However, indirect structures can also carry verbal violence in a less visible way, and are very present in political language-insofar as it would be inappropriate for politicians to insult each other publicly and frontally, without harming their ethos (image), and therefore their probability of being elected (Amossy 2010; Auchlin 2000). The corpus studied to illustrate this consists of exchanges on terrorism and radicalization between minutes 57 and 82 during the debate inbetween two rounds of the presidential elections in 2017, between Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen. The study endeavors to analyze the elements of indirection and more particularly the euphemisms and the implicit and ironic expressions with value of direct or defensive attack on this subject which aim, simultaneously, to disqualify the adversary in his capacities to assume the highest responsibilities; and to counter his attacks without ever apologizing - which would immediately mean electoral defeat. We will explain from this distinction, how a continuum exists between verbal violence and euphemism, to conclude on the relationships between euphemism and excuse. The theoretical framework is here, within the language sciences, that of pragmatics and philosophy of language articulated with performativity (Austin 1962). Language is considered here more generally from the perspective of the promise and the "word given" and its taking into account in an interactional interactional perspective (Allouch et al. 2010; Fracchiolla 2013b; Kerbrat-Orecchioni 1992; Vion 1999). ; En ...

Regularly, scientific results stress the alarming decline of biodiversity on mostly all taxa, from terrestrialor marine vertebrates to arthropods or flora. The land surface is largely occupied by agriculturalactivities, so the articulation of agriculture and biodiversity remains more than ever a major concern.Consideration of this issue has become widespread and the sense of urgency has been reinforcedsince 2008.Different policies integrate this concern largely driven by social pressure. We can pinpoint that thedecade has been used to establish or generalize regulatory and organizational tools to broaden theprospects for sustainability; on the other hand we must also admit that their implementation is based onstill unambitious criteria. In 2018, the 'Cours des Comptes' denounced this chilliness but theglobalization of markets is a serious obstacle to bold progress that are likely to destabilize therespective position of a country relative to its institutional partners.Now that it is definitely established and accepted that intensive agriculture has a major impact onbiodiversity, this is the services and value that biodiversity may have in sustainable farming systems thatis becoming at stake. This reversal shift is expressed in several political plans, including theagroecological project for France, the deployment of an Ecophyto plan aiming to reduce the use ofpesticides, and delivery of incentives for ecosystem services coverage. The stability and resilienceproperties brought by biodiversity are also highlighted; the recognition of the 'system' dimension and thewidening of scales to integrate have also made their way.Paradoxically, the brakes as well as the possible ways of a better consideration of biodiversity are in thehands of the economic and entrepreneurial sphere; on one side: short-termism, emphasis on marketvalues and the tragedy of the commons remain very important, including agricultural choices; on theother hand, the frame of Corporate Social Responsibility makes one think openly about the advent of ...

In the North of Senegal, for 15 years, the estuary zone has become a hazardous area (floods), because of the human impact (damming). Floods are due to the river and are compounded by the sealing of the mouth of the river. The river flow doesn't reach its outlet anymore.The legitimacy of "The power of the experts" is at the heart of a contention. In a context of climate change, it is necessary to deepen researches in new experiments, to strengthen the resilience .Flood control strategies are implemented by an aboriginal community : the "Gandiolese". Their wish is bringing new flood control experiments, given the shortcomings of "The power of the experts", about the flooding management. Nowadays, it is necessary to renew governance strategies for the well-being of the populations of the Senegal estuary. In this spirit, the control strategies led by the Gandiolese, can redirect the flood governance trajectory which is hitherto not sustainable. Thus, the research will largely focus on the endogenous knowledge for combatting floods. For instance, the indigenous communities are able to predict the type of the hydrological risk by observing the moon. Then they can alert local people thanks to a traditional warning system.The purpose of this book is to show that apart from the control flood strategies advised by the "power of the experts" in the Senegal estuary, vernacular experiences exist and can give a new meaning to policies.Keywords: Governance, Governmentality, Socio-ecosystem, Senegal river, Endogenous knowledge- vernacular, Imaginary, Gandiolese. ; Au Nord du Sénégal, depuis 15 ans, la zone de l'estuaire du fleuve Sénégal est devenue une zone à risques (inondations, submersions marines), suite à son anthropisation. Les inondations d'origine fluviale sont aggravées par le colmatage des embouchures et les incertitudes climatiques. L'eau du fleuve ne retrouve plus son exutoire.Le pouvoir des experts est contesté dans sa légitimité. Il est nécessaire d'investir de nouvelles expériences, pour renforcer la résilience ...

This study aimed to reveal the development discourses about the vision of Jokowi-JK World Maritime Axis. Discourse is a public communication in which power generates knowledge through discourses, systems thinking and ideas that then establish the concept that binds a country to the planned changes. Through the discussion of Regulation No. 16 of the year 2017 on maritime policy in Indonesia, it is linked to the context of the social, cultural, economic and political aspects that influenced it. By analysing critical discourses about disclosure and disinformation over injustice and supremacy in the discussion. Research carried out by government agencies regulation-makers, observers and the public. Research using a basic data source, a Regulation 16/2017 document, an interview with an author, observers and the public. Results of the analysis show that the micro level, Corpus text regulation, represents the vision of the power of the ' Neoliberal ' ideology and of open foreign political systems. Communicate relationships using the data, symbols, promise and purpose of the power. In the communication entity, a symbol of power used to give emphasis, doctrine, appeal, orders, and supporting policies. As for the level of meso, discursive events in the production process, there is institutional interest as the existence of the new ministership. To help realize the axis of vision of the World Maritime Jokowi-JK with distribution to foreign countries and international fora, hence the introduction of government capital investment projects. At the macro level, in the maritime limits that conflict with the Circumpolar Sea Indonesia poses a threat to the security and safety of our becomes territorial integrity. Institutionally the role of the maritime Coordinator's dominance to prevent the other wing of the Maritime Administration. While socially poor marine infrastructure leads to disparity between the West and East of Indonesia.

The production of Siam-catfish (Pangasianodon hypopthalmus) seeds in Subang, West Java can not meet the market demand yet. The production of Siam-catfish seeds need to be improved especially by the main supplier namely the North Branch of Marine and fisheries service of West Java province (CDKPWU) with a partnership pattern between core and plasma. The purposes of this study were to identify internal and external factors that influence the marketing of Siam-catfish seeds with a network system between CDKPWU and partners, to identify advantages and disadvantages in the network process that occurs between CDKPWU and the partners, and trying to develop the most effective business and marketing srategy of Siam-catfish seeds in order to reach maximum output and outcome. The methods used in this study were as follows: (1) Valuable, Rare, Imitate to Cost and Organized Analysis (VRIO), (2) Political-Legal, Economic, Social, Technology Analysis (PEST), (3) Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFE), (4) External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE), (5) Internal External (IE) Matrix, (6) Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) and (7) Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) Analysis. The result of IFE and EFE matrix indicated that the company's position was stable in response to external situation. The total score of IFE matrix was 3.38, indicating that the strength of CDKPWU can overcome weaknesses very well. The total score of EFE matrix was 2.59, describing that CDKPWU was good enough in responding to opportunities and minimizing threats. The results of the SWOT analysis show nine alternative strategy formulations in which three alternative formulation priorities were (1) Expanding the production partnership network to increase production and increase community income, (2) Maintaining good seed quality and production process technology, (3) Utilizing partnerships to establish good relationship and communication with relevant agencies. Based on the QSPM matrix analysis, the priority strategies are obtained to be implemented, namely expanding the production partnership network to increase production and increase community income

International audience ; 700,000 ha of the French mainland coast are low-lying and concern 1.4 million people who are exposed to coastal hazards like marine submersion (MEDDE, 2012). In the last few years and since the Xynthia storm of February 2010, different adaptation strategies were developed and implemented to protect people and property: "Managed realignment", "hold the line" or "limited intervention" when adaptation of buildings or other infrastructures is achievable. The choice between one or the other strategy is mainly based on a cost-benefit analysis with less attention to social criteria. In the North of the Charente-Maritime department, the "hold the line" strategy is the most often chosen, sometimes mixed with relocation of houses. Environmental inequalities are defined as social and intra-/ inter-generational inequalities determined both through the quality and state of the environment and through the social structure (Pye et al., 2008; Deldreve, 2015). Coastal territories in France are attractive to live and work in but this brings inequalities. Because of the high price of properties, only high-level income classes can fully benefit from coastal amenities. In addition, particular social classes are more or less exposed to coastal hazards. This paper highlights and questions some of these environmental inequalities in coastal and urban territories in France (specifically the urban community of La Rochelle, extended to the north up to the Charron municipality) and focuses upon the impact of adaptation strategies and of the insurance system. From a geo-statistical analysis, our results tend to balance the hypothesis that people who are the most disadvantaged are more exposed to hazards than the better-off. Similarly, the hypothesis that the better-off have more access to coastal amenity is not obvious. Our study, however, shows other more clear-cut results, related to political power, through the capacity to address public authorities and to obtain protection measures. From this case study, a ...

International audience ; Starting from the research framework developed on verbal violence by Auger et al. 2008, Moses 2011, 2012, Fracchiolla et al. 2013b, the hypothesis developed here is that verbal violence and euphemism would today be the two main discursive modalities of political function and would be part of the same continuum articulated on the notion of indirection. This, from the commonly shared implicit assumption that what one says indirectly would be less violent; nevertheless, as the works cited on verbal violence have shown, indirect structures can also, in a less visible manner, be carriers of verbal violence. They are thus very present in political language - insofar as in particular it would be unwelcome for politicians to insult each other publicly and head on, without damaging their ethos (image), and therefore their probability of being elected ( Amossy 2010; Auchlin 2000). The studied corpus is made up of exchanges around terrorism and radicalization in the debate between two rounds of the presidential elections in 2017, between Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen, between minutes 57 and 82 of the debate. The study endeavors to analyze the elements of indirection and more particularly the euphemisms and the implicit and ironic expressions with value of direct or defensive attack on this subject which aim, simultaneously, to disqualify the adversary in his capacities to assume the highest responsibilities; and parry his attacks without ever apologizing - which would immediately mean electoral defeat. We will explain from this distinction, how a continuum exists between verbal violence and euphemism, to conclude on the relationships between euphemism and excuse. The theoretical framework is here, within the language sciences, that of pragmatics and philosophy of language articulated with performativity (Austin 1962). Language is considered here more generally from the perspective of the promise and the "word given" and its taking into account in a relational interactional perspective (Allouch ...

7 pages, 2 figures ; High-resolution satellite images of ocean color and sea surface temperature reveal an abundance of ocean fronts, vortices and filaments at scales below 10 km but measurements of ocean surface dynamics at these scales are rare. There is increasing recognition of the role played by small scale ocean processes in ocean-atmosphere coupling, upper-ocean mixing and ocean vertical transports, with advanced numerical models and in situ observations highlighting fundamental changes in dynamics when scales reach 1 km. Numerous scientific publications highlight the global impact of small oceanic scales on marine ecosystems, operational forecasts and long-term climate projections through strong ageostrophic circulations, large vertical ocean velocities and mixed layer re-stratification. Small-scale processes particularly dominate in coastal, shelf and polar seas where they mediate important exchanges between land, ocean, atmosphere and the cryosphere, e.g., freshwater, pollutants. As numerical models continue to evolve toward finer spatial resolution and increasingly complex coupled atmosphere-wave-ice-ocean systems, modern observing capability lags behind, unable to deliver the high-resolution synoptic measurements of total currents, wind vectors and waves needed to advance understanding, develop better parameterizations and improve model validations, forecasts and projections. SEASTAR is a satellite mission concept that proposes to directly address this critical observational gap with synoptic two-dimensional imaging of total ocean surface current vectors and wind vectors at 1 km resolution and coincident directional wave spectra. Based on major recent advances in squinted along-track Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry, SEASTAR is an innovative, mature concept with unique demonstrated capabilities, seeking to proceed toward spaceborne implementation within Europe and beyond ; CG and AM received funding from the United Kingdom Centre for Earth Observation Instrumentation SEASTAR+ project (Contract No. RP10G0435A02). PVL was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) CUNDA project 694509 under the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program ; Peer Reviewed

Sbragaglia, Valerio . et al.-- 11 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37954-0 ; The seasonal timing of recurring biological processes is essential for organisms living in temperate regions. While ample knowledge of these processes exists for terrestrial environments, seasonal timing in the marine environment is relatively understudied. Here, we characterized the annual rhythm of habitat use in six fish species belonging to the Sparidae family, highlighting the main environmental variables that correlate to such rhythms. The study was conducted at a coastal artificial reef through a cabled observatory system, which allowed gathering underwater time-lapse images every 30 minutes consecutively over 3 years. Rhythms of fish counts had a significant annual periodicity in four out of the six studied species. Species-specific temporal patterns were found, demonstrating a clear annual temporal niche partitioning within the studied family. Temperature was the most important environmental variable correlated with fish counts in the proximity of the artificial reef, while daily photoperiod and salinity were not important. In a scenario of human-induced rapid environmental change, tracking phenological shifts may provide key indications about the effects of climate change at both species and ecosystem level. Our study reinforces the efficacy of underwater cabled video-observatories as a reliable tool for long-term monitoring of phenological events ; VS was supported by a Leibniz-DAAD postdoctoral research fellowship (n. 91632699). [.] This work was partially funded within the framework of the RESBIO project (REdes de Sensores submarinos autónomos y cableados aplicados a la monitorización remota de indicadores BIOlógicos; Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, MINISTERIO DE ECONOMÍA, INDUSTRIA Y COMPETITIVIDAD, RETOS 2017) under TEC2017-87861-R contract. The Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2013-2017) under the grant agreement n◦ 312463, FixO3, through the TNA project FISHAUT (grant agreement n◦ FC-01) for accessing the OBSEA data ; Peer Reviewed

IMPORTANCE: Accessible and cost-effective interventions for suicidality are needed to address high rates of suicidal behavior among military service members. Caring Contacts are brief periodic messages that express unconditional care and concern and have been previously shown to prevent suicide deaths, attempts, ideation, and hospitalizations. OBJECTIVE: To test the effectiveness of augmenting standard military health care with Caring Contacts delivered via text message to reduce suicidal thoughts and behaviors over 12 months. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This randomized clinical trial was conducted at 3 military installations in the southern and western United States. Soldiers and Marines identified as being at risk of suicide were recruited between April 2013 and September 2016. The final follow-up was in September 2017. INTERVENTIONS: Both groups received standard care, and the Caring Contacts group also received consisted of 11 text messages delivered on day 1, at week 1, at months 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12, and on participants' birthdays. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary outcomes were current suicidal ideation and suicide risk incidents (hospitalization or medical evacuation). Secondary outcomes were worst-point suicidal ideation, emergency department visits, and suicide attempts. Suicidal ideation was measured by the Scale for Suicide Ideation, suicide risk incidents, and emergency department visits by the Treatment History Interview; attempted suicide was measured by the Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Count. RESULTS: Among 658 randomized participants (329 randomizely assigned to each group), data were analyzed for 657 individuals (mean [SD] age, 25.2 [6.1] years; 539 men [82.0%]). All participants reported suicidal ideation at baseline, and 291 (44.3%) had previously attempted suicide. Of the 657 participants, 461 (70.2%) were assessed at 12 months. Primary outcomes were nonsignificant. There was no significant effect on likelihood or severity of current suicidal ideation or likelihood of a ...

Numerous United Kingdom and European Union expert panels recommend that the general adult population consumes ~250 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day through the consumption of one portion of oily fish per week. The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA are only found in appreciable amounts in marine organisms. Increasing oily fish consumption conflicts with sustaining fisheries, so alternative dietary sources of EPA and DHA must be explored. Mussels are high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a good source of essential amino acids. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of introducing mussels as a protein source in the lunchtime meal three times per week for two weeks on the omega-3 status of free-living participants. Following an initial two-week monitoring period, 12 participants (eight male and four female) attended the nutrition laboratory three times per week for two weeks. Each participant received a personalised lunch constituting one-third of their typical daily calorie consumption with ~20% of the calories supplied as cooked mussels. A portion of cooked mussels from each feeding occasion was tested for total omega-3 content. The mean ± SD mussel EPA + DHA content was 518.9 ± 155.7 mg/100 g cooked weight, meaning that each participant received on average 709.2 ± 252.6 mg of EPA + DHA per meal or 304.0 ± 108.2 mg of EPA + DHA per day. Blood spot analysis revealed a significant increase in the omega-3 index (week 1 = 4.27 ± 0.81; week 4 = 5.07 ± 1.00) and whole blood EPA content during the study (%EPA week 1 = 0.70 ± 0.0.35; %EPA week 4 = 0.98 ± 0.35). Consuming mussels three times per week for two weeks as the protein source in a personalised lunchtime meal is sufficient to moderately improve the omega-3 index and whole blood DHA + EPA content in young healthy adults.