Suchergebnisse

International audience ; The Recife Metropolitan Region is a hot spot illustrating the problems of southern countries on water issues where water resources are threatened both for quantity and quality in the context of global changes. Based on a transdisciplinary approach, the purpose of the study was to assess the impact of human activities on coastal aquifers, through the analysis of pressure on groundwater resources and their social and structural reasons, the identification of sources and mechanisms of groundwater quality degradation, and the evaluation of the impacts of global changes on water resources at the regional level. The methodology was based on a multi-isotopic fingerprinting of groundwater and surface water, on gas analyses, and on sociological and ethnographic investigations including ethno-photography to characterize the daily life of the Recife inhabitants facing the lack of water or its poor quality. The results revisit the aquifer system functioning. In the deep aquifers, the groundwater displays a residence time over 10 000 y with a residual salinity inherited from the Pleistocene marine transgressions. Their recharge is very limited resulting in large water level decrease. Inversed flow directions due to overexploitation favour leakage from the surficial contaminated aquifers. The access to water and its social perception vary according to the social environment and to the residence location of individuals. Access to water is more a political problem than a technical one. The public authorities tend to deny the difficulties of poor people, especially in times of drought. The discredit of the water and sanitation public actors, and political and institutional rivalries and fragmentation are obstacles to technical solutions implementation. Integrated water management is urgently needed knowing that local climatic scenarios predict a reduction of rainfall volume of 20% together with a sea level increase of 18-59 cm by 2100.

Water storage has increased considerably worldwide since the 1950s. Water is collected and stored in reservoirs to supply towns and cities with drinking water, and for agricultural and industrial purposes, fish farming, leisure activities and low-flow period support. In the late 20th Century, there was a considerable increase in small reservoirs in France, reaching a total of 125,000 by the early 2000s. The creation of new water storage structures continues in parallel with the exploration of water use reduction solutions. These developments raise a whole host of environmental issues, such as the impact of reservoirs on the aquatic environment, particularly in areas where there are already a number of reservoirs and water resources are in high demand. By law, building a new reservoir requires a planning application or government authorization, which require an environmental impact study. Such studies must now assess the cumulative effects of the project together with other known similar projects. The "cumulative" aspect of the impact of water storage structures on a single catchment area is often poorly understood, probably due to a lack of relevant knowledge and methods. Consultants and government services therefore face a lack of operational tools for processing new reservoir applications, which gives rise to other problems around water management planning and the supervision of the development of new reservoirs. In this context, the French Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Marine Affairs (MEEM), supported by ONEMA, requested a joint scientific assessment (ESCo) from Irstea, in partnership with INRA, on the cumulative impact of reservoirs on the aquatic environment. It was produced by around fifteen experts from a range of disciplines and research organizations, and is based on analysis of a thousand or so international scientific articles and reports. ; Le stockage de l'eau a considérablement augmenté dans le monde depuis les années 1950. Les retenues collectent et stockent l'eau, pour l'alimentation ...

The INDESO (Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography) project, in collaboration with the Indonesian Government (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries – MMAF) and the French company CLS (Collecte Localisation Satellites), promotes the use of space technologies for monitoring coastlines and Indonesian seas. This thesis is part of coral reef monitoring component, led by the IRD (Institute de Recherche pour le Développement). The main objective was to determine wether coral reef habitats on Bunaken Island in Northern Sulawesi are resilient, using (i) newly desgined habitat maps, (ii) in situ data, and a unique 15-year time series of satellite images of different very high resolution (VHR) sensors, and (iii) ancillary data that could explain the changes detected. The results include highly detailed maps of the Bunaken reefs habitat (194 polygons mapped and a census of 175 habitats). The influence of sea level fall on coral mortality during the El-Nino event of 2015 – 2016 is presented in detail, and the importance of this process is also discussed from the interpretation of a unique time series of 15 years of VHR images. The temporal series reveals very different trajectories of the coral habitats. We conclude that Bunaken reefs demonstrate an ability to resileince and without phase shift, but that a definitive diagnosis of their resilience remains difficult to determine by imagery. Habitat trajectories can not be fully interpreted without changing some monitoring paradigms and without using a combination of remote sensing and in situ data. ; Le projet INDESO (Développement de l'océanographie spatiale en Indonésie) en collaboration entre le gouvernement indonésien (Ministère des affaires maritimes et des pêches - MMAF) et la société française CLS (Collecte Localisation Satellite) promeut l'utilisation des technologies spatiales pour la surveillance des côtes et des mers indonésiennes. Cette thèse fait partie du volet sur la surveillance des récifs coralliens, mené par l'IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le ...

Great variability of nanomaterials wastes are widely produced throughout the world. At the end of their life, the leaching of the wastes stored in landfills, leads to the emission of contaminants (organic and metallic) which modes of transport differ widely according to the interactions they have with ligands present in the medium. The European Union wants to promote long-term gradual reduction of contaminant releases to the environment and the Ministry of Ecology plans to establish specific standards limiting emissions of nanoparticles. But to date, limited data are available on the quantities of contaminants potentially emitted by wastes and their transport capacity. In particular, the contaminants present in nanoparticulate form, easily bioavailable, have a dynamic behavior misidentified and therefore unpredictable.The complexity and variability in the composition of waste and nanomaterials involve the study of a wide range of them; so, our work has focused on quantifying the emission of nanoparticles during their aging from various wastes (red mud residues, sewage sludge, marine sediments and domestic wastes incineration bottom ash MIOMs) and their transport through a porous medium.We identified metallic elements largely present in colloidal form and their fate after 1½ years of aging. Transport tests of nanoparticles led by column percolation experiments have shown that the transport of the metal nanoparticles is facilitated in some cases, in others, more typically slowed down. Scanning Electron Microscopy have shown that many metals were associated with aluminum and iron oxides and natural organic humic-like substances. ; Une grande variabilité de déchets contenants des nanomatériaux sont largement produits partout dans le monde. En fin de vie, la lixiviation de ces déchets entreposés en décharge, conduit à l'émission de contaminants (organiques et métalliques) dont les modes de transport diffèrent largement selon leurs interactions avec les ligands du milieu traversé. L'union européenne souhaite ...

There is an increasing interest in underwater positioning system in industry (off-shore, military, and biology). In order to localize a receiver relative to a grid of transmitters, thanks to the knowledge of positions and transmission time, it needs to detect each signal and estimate the TOA (Time Of Arrival). Thus, a range between a transmitter and receiver can be deduced by estimation of TOA. When receiver knows three ranges at least, it can deduce its position by triangulation. This work takes into account signal detection, and waveform choice. Detection method, based on matched filter, needs to be robust face to propagation channel (transmission loss, multi-paths) and to the system (multi-users environment). Moreover, the detection structure, being a combination of binary hypothesis testing, must work in real time. In a CDMA context which requires to distinguish each transmitter, the FHSS (Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum) modulation, allocating one code per user, is adapted. FHSS signals performance, depending of the number of frequency shifts N and the time-bandwidth product, are analyzed from detection criterion point of view. Moreover, detection method and adapted signal is tested in a shallow water environment.The research was supported by ALSEAMAR and DGA-MRIS scholarship. ; Le positionnement d'objets sous-marins représente un enjeu stratégique pour des applications militaires, industrielles et scientifiques. Les systèmes de positionnement reposent sur des signaux de type SONAR « Sound Navigation and Ranging ». Plusieurs émetteurs synchrones avec des temps d'émission connus sont alors considérés, l'objectif étant que la position d'un récepteur se fasse en fonction des positions des émetteurs. Nous avons la main mise sur la détection des signaux en réception d'une part, et sur le choix des formes d'ondes à l'émission d'autre part. La méthode de détection, basée sur le filtrage adapté, se veut robuste aux différentes perturbations engendrées par le canal de propagation (pertes par transmission, ...

WOS:000378048800005 ; PubMed ID: 27084008 ; Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae is considered to be an emerging pathogen of marine fish of importance in aquaculture, with a notable increase in its geographical distribution during the last several years. In this study, we carried out for the first time to our knowledge a genetic and pathobiological characterization of 14 strains isolated from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) reared in the Southeastern Black Sea, where high mortalities were observed at two aquaculture farms during the summer and autumn of 2011. Heterogeneity was evidenced among strains in phenotypical traits, such as sucrose fermentation, motility, and hemolysis. Although 11 of 14 isolates were hemolytic, we found that all of the isolates lacked the pPHDD1 virulence plasmid that encodes the phospholipase-D damselysin (Dly) and the pore-forming toxin PhlyP, two hemolysins previously reported to constitute major virulence factors for turbot. Subsequent PCR and sequencing analyses demonstrated that the 11 hemolytic isolates harbored a complete hlyA(ch) gene, a chromosome I-borne gene that encodes HlyA(ch) hemolysin, whereas the three nonhemolytic isolates contained hlyA(ch) pseudogenes caused by insertion sequence elements. Virulence challenges with two representative strains revealed that, albeit less virulent than the pPHDD1-harboring strain RM-71, the plasmidless hlyA(ch)-positive and hlyA(ch)-negative Black Sea isolates were pathogenic for sea bass. A phylogenetic analysis based on the toxR gene sequence uncovered a greater diversity in the isolates, indicating that the presence of this pathogen in the Black Sea was not caused by the introduction and spread of a single virulent clone but by the proliferation of different clones. ; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain [AGL2013-48353-R]; FEDER Programme of the European Union ; This work was funded by grant AGL2013-48353-R from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain, cofunded by the FEDER Programme of the European Union, to C.R.O.

15 pags., 7 figs., 6 tabs. ; Corals are known to contain a diverse microbiota that plays a paramount role in the physiology and health of holobiont. However, few studies have addressed the variability of bacterial communities within the coral host. In this study, bacterial community composition from the mucus, tissue and skeleton of the scleractinian coral Oculina patagonica were investigated seasonally at two locations in the Western Mediterranean Sea, to further understand how environmental conditions and the coral microbiome structure are related. We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in combination with next-generation sequencing and electron microscopy to characterize the bacterial community. The bacterial communities were significantly different among coral compartments, and coral tissue displayed the greatest changes related to environmental conditions and coral health status. Species belonging to the Rhodobacteraceae and Vibrionaceae families form part of O. patagonica tissues core microbiome and may play significant roles in the nitrogen cycle. Furthermore, sequences related to the coral pathogens, Vibrio mediterranei and Vibrio coralliilyticus, were detected not only in bleached corals but also in healthy ones, even during cold months. This fact opens a new view onto unveiling the role of pathogens in the development of coral diseases in the future.© 2016 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd ; The authors gratefully thank the friendly cooperation of the Secretary-General for Fisheries of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment, and of the Marine Reserve of Tabarca guards (particularly Felio Lozano). Authors thank Karen Neller for her professional text editing services. Authors are also grateful to the University of Alicante for awarding a pre-doctorate grant to Esther Rubio-Portillo. This work was supported by the projects CGL2012-39627- C03-01 and CGL2015-66686-C3-3-P (to JA) of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, that include FEDER funds from the European Union. ; Peer Reviewed

In this study, we analyzed the sources of ambient PM inorganic and organic components near a cement plant using fossil fuels as well as alternative fuels, such as sewage sludge and biomass. Source apportionment methodologies, i.e., principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution by alternating least squares (MCR-ALS), and carbon isotope analysis (δ13C) were used to determine the potential sources and their contributions. Four sources of PM10 main tracer compounds constituents were identified: Marine and secondary inorganic aerosol, cement plant/industrial, traffic and crustal. The contributions of those sources varied significantly depending on the period of the year. However, the inorganic tracer PM species in the area were mainly released by combustion sources, namely traffic and the activity of the cement plant, especially in winter months. The analyses of tracer organic compounds also indicated combustion sources, i.e., biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion, as the predominant contributors to ambient air PM (62, 59 and 69%, in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, respectively). Organic dust was a significant source of PM10 (33%) while its contribution was found to be minor in the finest fractions (9 and 2% in PM2.5 and PM1, respectively). Results of δ13C corroborated a significant contribution of combustion sources, traffic or biomass fuel as well as a higher influence of mineral (calcite) powder in larger particles. © Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research. ; This study was financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), as part of the projects CTM2012-32778 (F. S?nchez-Sober?n received a doctoral scholarship as part of the project above mentioned), CTM2015-65303 and CGL2014-57215-C4-1-R, as well as by the Catalan Government, through the projects 2014SGR90 and 2014SGR1456. The authors also want to thank LAFARGE CEMENTOS SAU for their help during the sampling. ; Peer reviewed

11 pages, 5 figures, 1 table ; Little is known about the antiviral response in mollusks. As in other invertebrates, the interferon signaling pathways have not been identified, and in fact, there is a debate about whether invertebrates possess antiviral immunity similar to that of vertebrates. In marine bivalves, due to their filtering activity, interaction with putative pathogens, including viruses, is very high, suggesting that they should have mechanisms to address these infections. In this study, we confirmed that constitutively expressed molecules in naive mussels confer resistance in oysters to ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) when oyster hemocytes are incubated with mussel hemolymph. Using a proteomic approach, myticin C peptides were identified in both mussel hemolymph and hemocytes. Myticins, antimicrobial peptides that have been previously characterized, were constitutively expressed in a fraction of mussel hemocytes and showed antiviral activity against OsHV-1, suggesting that these molecules could be responsible for the antiviral activity of mussel hemolymph. For the first time, a molecule from a bivalve has shown antiviral activity against a virus affecting mollusks. Moreover, myticin C peptides showed antiviral activity against human herpes simplex viruses 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2). In summary, our work sheds light on the invertebrate antiviral immune response with the identification of a molecule with potential biotechnological applications ; This work was partially funded by project AGL2015-65705-R from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, CSIC Intramural 201640E024, and EU Project BIVALIFE (266157). Financial support given to Rebeca Moreira and Patricia Pereiro by the Spanish Government (BES-2009-029765 and AP2010-2408, respectively) is acknowledged. Francisco Parra's laboratory was supported by grant GRUPIN14-099 from Principado de Asturias (Spain). Ángel L. Álvarez is a postdoctoral fellow in F. Parra's laboratory, partially funded by Ayuntamiento de Ribera de Arriba/La Ribera (Asturias, Spain) ; Peer reviewed

Climate change will have a profound effect on humans and our environment. Recognizing this, federal agencies have begun to incorporate a more detailed discussion of climate change considerations into the Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) that they prepare for major federal actions, such as the approval of resource management plans and public infrastructure projects, in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) has also issued draft guidance on how agencies should evaluate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change effects in NEPA reviews. To provide insight into how federal agencies are accounting for climate change in the environmental review process, the Sabin Center conducted a survey of federal EISs published from July 2012 through December 2014. First, we divided the EISs into twelve project categories: electric generation; electric transmission; fossil fuel development; mining; forestry; parks and wildlife; other land management; marine management; public works; transportation; buildings and real estate; and military, space and government research. We then evaluated whether the EISs discussed ten topics related to climate change (all emissions refer to GHG emissions): Mitigation Considerations: (1) Direct operational emissions (2) Emissions from construction (3) Emissions from induced trips (4) Emissions from purchased electricity (5) Other emissions (6) Comparison of emissions from alternatives; Adaptation Considerations: (7) Impact of climate change on the proposed action (8) Impact of climate change on water resources; Efficiency Considerations: (9) Energy efficiency (10) Water efficiency. This survey is a follow-up to a prior assessment of climate change considerations in EISs published from January 2009 through July 2012, which found that most federal agencies addressed climate change to some extent in EISs, but that the specific impacts considered and methodology used to evaluate those impacts varied greatly between agencies. Excel databases with the results from both surveys are available on our website.

13 pages, 7 figures, tables, supporting information https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep32325 ; Emission of the trace gas dimethylsulphide (DMS) from the ocean influences the chemical and optical properties of the atmosphere, and the olfactory landscape for foraging marine birds, turtles and mammals. DMS concentration has been seen to vary across seasons and latitudes with plankton taxonomy and activity, and following the seascape of ocean's physics. However, whether and how does it vary at the time scales of meteorology and day-night cycles is largely unknown. Here we used high-resolution measurements over time and depth within coherent water patches in the open sea to show that DMS concentration responded rapidly but resiliently to mesoscale meteorological perturbation. Further, it varied over diel cycles in conjunction with rhythmic photobiological indicators in phytoplankton. Combining data and modelling, we show that sunlight switches and tunes the balance between net biological production and abiotic losses. This is an outstanding example of how biological diel rhythms affect biogeochemical processes ; This research has been funded by the successive Spanish Ministries of Science through projects SUMMER (CTM2008-03309/MAR) and PEGASO (CTM2012-37615), and through a PhD scholarship to S.-J.R. M.G. acknowledges the receipt of a Beatriu de Pinós post-doctoral fellowship funded by the Generalitat de Catalunya. Support was also provided to E.S.S. by the U.S. National Science Foundation (grants 0851472 and 1143709). O.N.R. acknowledges financial support from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007–2013/ under REA grant agreement n° 624170 as well as the AMICO-BIO project (12-MCGOT-GMES-1-CVS-047/MEDDE/CNRS-INSU). G.L.P. acknowledges an international mobility scholarship from CONICET (Argentina). A.S.M. acknowledges support from the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India ; Peer Reviewed

14 páginas, 5 tablas, 6 figuras. ; Remote sensing of sea surface temperature (SST) is widely used in climate science because it provides a quasi-synoptic coverage of the ocean. However, the use of these data for near-shore habitats is hindered by the proximity of the coast, therefore further investigation is needed. We compared remote-sensing SST from the MODIS sensor (aboard the Aqua satellite) to near-shore seawater temperature (ST) recorded in situ with data loggers at 5 locations in the western Mediterranean Sea. In situ ST data were collected at 5 m depth over a ~6 yr period and at depths below 5 m at 3 of the locations. We evaluated the suitability of MODIS to represent the temperature at shallow subtidal depths relative to different modes of variability. MODIS reproduced seasonal variability with high correlations (r > 0.98) and biases (0.59 ± 0.03°C) only slightly higher than the accuracy of the loggers (0.50°C). MODIS also captured interannual variability with no systematic biases. When evaluated for intra-seasonal temperature variability, MODIS showed limited biases (up to 0.79°C) with a tendency to overestimate the variability (between 4 and 64%) in both cold and warm seasons. Finally, MODIS over-/underestimated only the most extreme unseasonably cold/warm events (by 1.51 and −0.79°C, respectively). The observed limited differences between the 2 methods can be explained by the particular hydro dynamics of the area and by methodological constraints. Overall, MODIS SST data proved to be a reliable proxy for near-shore ST in the western Mediterranean Sea, and are thus considered suitable for studies requiring temperature reconstruction in shallow near-shore environments. ; The study was funded in part by the Spanish Government through CSI-Coral Project (CGL2013- 43106-R). This is a contribution from the Marine Biogeochemistry and Global Change research group funded by the Catalan Government (2014SGR1029). ; Peer reviewed

Water storage has increased considerably worldwide since the 1950s. Water is collected and stored in reservoirs to supply towns and cities with drinking water, and for agricultural and industrial purposes, fish farming, leisure activities and low-flow period support. In the late 20th Century, there was a considerable increase in small reservoirs in France, reaching a total of 125,000 by the early 2000s. The creation of new water storage structures continues in parallel with the exploration of water use reduction solutions. These developments raise a whole host of environmental issues, such as the impact of reservoirs on the aquatic environment, particularly in areas where there are already a number of reservoirs and water resources are in high demand. By law, building a new reservoir requires a planning application or government authorization, which require an environmental impact study. Such studies must now assess the cumulative effects of the project together with other known similar projects. The "cumulative" aspect of the impact of water storage structures on a single catchment area is often poorly understood, probably due to a lack of relevant knowledge and methods. Consultants and government services therefore face a lack of operational tools for processing new reservoir applications, which gives rise to other problems around water management planning and the supervision of the development of new reservoirs. In this context, the French Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Marine Affairs (MEEM), supported by ONEMA, requested a joint scientific assessment (ESCo) from Irstea, in partnership with INRA, on the cumulative impact of reservoirs on the aquatic environment. It was produced by around fifteen experts from a range of disciplines and research organizations, and is based on analysis of a thousand or so international scientific articles and reports. ; Le stockage de l'eau a considérablement augmenté dans le monde depuis les années 1950. Les retenues collectent et stockent l'eau, pour l'alimentation ...

Water storage has increased considerably worldwide since the 1950s. Water is collected and stored in reservoirs to supply towns and cities with drinking water, and for agricultural and industrial purposes, fish farming, leisure activities and low-flow period support. In the late 20th Century, there was a considerable increase in small reservoirs in France, reaching a total of 125,000 by the early 2000s. The creation of new water storage structures continues in parallel with the exploration of water use reduction solutions. These developments raise a whole host of environmental issues, such as the impact of reservoirs on the aquatic environment, particularly in areas where there are already a number of reservoirs and water resources are in high demand. By law, building a new reservoir requires a planning application or government authorization, which require an environmental impact study. Such studies must now assess the cumulative effects of the project together with other known similar projects. The "cumulative" aspect of the impact of water storage structures on a single catchment area is often poorly understood, probably due to a lack of relevant knowledge and methods. Consultants and government services therefore face a lack of operational tools for processing new reservoir applications, which gives rise to other problems around water management planning and the supervision of the development of new reservoirs. In this context, the French Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Marine Affairs (MEEM), supported by ONEMA, requested a joint scientific assessment (ESCo) from Irstea, in partnership with INRA, on the cumulative impact of reservoirs on the aquatic environment. It was produced by around fifteen experts from a range of disciplines and research organizations, and is based on analysis of a thousand or so international scientific articles and reports. ; Le stockage de l'eau a considérablement augmenté dans le monde depuis les années 1950. Les retenues collectent et stockent l'eau, pour l'alimentation ...

International audience ; The Recife Metropolitan Region is a hot spot illustrating the problems of southern countries on water issues where water resources are threatened both for quantity and quality in the context of global changes. Based on a transdisciplinary approach, the purpose of the study was to assess the impact of human activities on coastal aquifers, through the analysis of pressure on groundwater resources and their social and structural reasons, the identification of sources and mechanisms of groundwater quality degradation, and the evaluation of the impacts of global changes on water resources at the regional level. The methodology was based on a multi-isotopic fingerprinting of groundwater and surface water, on gas analyses, and on sociological and ethnographic investigations including ethno-photography to characterize the daily life of the Recife inhabitants facing the lack of water or its poor quality. The results revisit the aquifer system functioning. In the deep aquifers, the groundwater displays a residence time over 10 000 y with a residual salinity inherited from the Pleistocene marine transgressions. Their recharge is very limited resulting in large water level decrease. Inversed flow directions due to overexploitation favour leakage from the surficial contaminated aquifers. The access to water and its social perception vary according to the social environment and to the residence location of individuals. Access to water is more a political problem than a technical one. The public authorities tend to deny the difficulties of poor people, especially in times of drought. The discredit of the water and sanitation public actors, and political and institutional rivalries and fragmentation are obstacles to technical solutions implementation. Integrated water management is urgently needed knowing that local climatic scenarios predict a reduction of rainfall volume of 20% together with a sea level increase of 18-59 cm by 2100.