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Challenges the assumption that masculinity can be measured in terms of some dimension(s) that are discoverable, & argues that there is no single masculinity, but multiple manifestations of what it means to be male. Analyses of masculinity must be grounded in general discussions of gender within the contexts of history & culture. 1 Reference. K. Hyatt Stewart

Examines the social construction of the terms "gender," "family," & "masculinities" & their dynamic interplay in traditional, early-modern, late-modern, & postmodern societies. Notions of masculinity in each period are discussed in relation to men's social & familial roles, noting shifting constructions of & the multiple faces of male identities. It is concluded that theory & research on gender relationships cannot be separated from that on family relationships. 13 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

An examination of Canadian peacekeeping operations in Somalia during the 1990s is used to argue that the increase in peacekeeping missions in the post-Cold War period demands an analysis of problems related to using people trained to kill other human beings in peace operations. This "militarized masculinity" often leads to war crimes that, in the case of Somalia, destroyed the myth that Canadian forces were morally pure & altruistic. Peacekeeping mission restrictions such as firing weapons only in self-defense run counter to dominant notions of military purpose. These missions are often ridiculed by members of the traditional military culture who were trained to do battle. The resulting tensions can have disastrous consequences like the 1993 brutal murder of Somali teenager Shidane Abukar Arone by two Canadian soldiers that shocked Canadian citizens who had never seen their soldiers accused of atrocities. The incident challenged the longstanding belief that "Americans fought wars" but "Canadians made peace." The need to acknowledge the reality that soldiers do not always make the best peacekeepers is emphasized. J. Lindroth

"Studies of the rote of the media in conflict situations have brought to the fore the significance of representations as an important part of the process of knowledge production about wars and the actors involved. The media can influence interpretations and framing of conflicts, moulding specific understandings of their causes and modalities of intervention. The Libyan war in 2011 is an interesting case to reflect on the United Nations (UN) principle of Responsibility to Protect (RtoP), and how conflict affects those populations who occupy a subordinate Position in multiple stratification systems (gender, race, and class), whether they are locked in conflict zones or are trying to join the flow of people fleeing across borders. In the context of humanitarian intervention, specific understandings of the migrants as social subjects become strongly correlated with corresponding support mechanisms. This chapter conducts an intersectional analysis to provide a perspective on the politics of the media representation of 'migrants' in Libya, discerning the key links between the constructions of their masculinities and the practices of protection for 'people on the move'. We show how, being situated at the bottom of the social hierarchy in Libya, sub-Saharan black Africans were inappropriately presented in media coverage during the initial phase of the conflict as subjects of adequate protection. Their invisibilization and subordination by the media have been largely framed within international political and economic interests, which have also reinforced the idea of the international community as the legitimate protector of civilians. We argue that these representations reproduce migrants' vulnerability and, by placing them in a situation of triple jeopardy (structural, political, and representational), undermine the possibility of conceiving and understanding security beyond their 'naturalized' victimization and subordination." (author's abstract)

"Men are seldom a topic of concern in migration research as gendered subjects who experience the implications of social justice, for instance in aspects relating to lives in their families such as fairness of representation, consequences of material redistribution, and management of emotions. Economic migrants in particular, who are seen as matching the rote of breadwinners and confirming the status of dominant patriarchal men, are a particularly underrated case. Using the experiences of Wolof men who emigrate from Senegal to become the main providers for their families, this chapter questions this assumption by drawing insights from a theorization on 'transnational families', 'Intersectionality' and 'masculinity' as developed within migration and gender studies. The chapter discusses how male gender roles become interlocked with other categories, as asymmetries (be they real or perceived) intervene between the migrant and the stay-behind, and as geographic distance forces them to revisit the propriety of arrangements that enable them to enact their gendered responsibility within families. Caught between pressures deriving from their economic and moral obligations towards family and kin on the one hand, and Personal aspirations of fitting the part of successful men on the other, the ethnographic research presented in this chapter shows that migrants engage in an emotional journey that may challenge, rather than confirm, their expectations of 'hegemonic' masculinity." (author's abstract)

Ziel des Beitrags ist es zu zeigen, dass eine Kombination aus Migrations- und Männerforschung die Komplexitäten von Männlichkeit im Migrationskontext in ihrer Dynamik erhellen helfen kann. Die empirische Basis bilden drei Fallstudien zu türkischen Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen in Wien. Verkürzende ethnisierte Vorstellungen über männliche Identitätskonstruktionen und Handlungsweisen werden kritisch diskutiert. In den Positionierungen der drei befragten Jugendlichen finden sich sowohl Überschneidungen als auch Differenzen. Der Verfasser interpretiert sie als Taktiken, mittels derer die Jugendlichen Anerkennung für ihre Lebensentwürfe einfordern. Strategischer Essentialismus, Pragmatik und radikaler Individualismus sind die Antworten, die die Jugendlichen auf die Frage finden, wie sie sich in der Gesellschaft verorten sollen. In Bezug auf ihre geschlechtsspezifische Positionierung kann von marginalisierter Männlichkeit gesprochen werden. (ICE2).

Examines the gendering of power relations in contemporary organizations, focusing on the dominant masculinities that pervade the discourses & everyday practices of organizational management. Five such ideologies are explored in detail: authoritarianism, paternalism, entrepreneurialism, informalism, & careerism. Ways that these masculinities are constructed & reproduced are described, highlighting the subjective nature of these processes. Implications for the analysis of power in organizations are discussed. 114 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

Examines the continually shifting meanings of masculinity as a function of social construction processes across time & cultures, focusing on the role of homophobia in structuring & maintaining dominant masculinities. Classical social & political theories are analyzed to reveal their constructions of both hegemonic & alternative masculinities, & the development of different models of manhood since the late 18th century is chronicled, including the "genteel patriarch," the "heroic artisan," & the "marketplace man" of urban capitalism. The function of masculinity as a "repudiation" of the feminine is discussed, focusing on the equation of maleness with heterosexuality. The role of homophobia in perpetrating forms of oppression, eg, sexism, racism, & heterosexism, is also examined. 35 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

Following an overview of the ways that masculinity has been defined across different time periods & cultures, problems with four main perspectives -- essentialist, positivist, normative, & semiotic -- are analyzed. An approach based on analysis of the way that gender is socially organized is advanced, & a three-part model of the structure of gender relations in terms of power, production, & cathexis is developed. The existence of multiple masculinities is described, & the practices & interpersonal relations that work to construct patterns of masculinity in the contemporary Western gender order are examined. 49 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

Drawing on theory on corporeality, subjectivity, & the gendered body, the relationship between the masculinities of boys, male youth, & crime in GB is mapped. The hegemonic construction is that there is "trouble with boys" & that the masculine body is dangerous. The inherently vague concept of masculinity has been an explanation for the desire to commit crime & a general description of men's criminal behavior. This thesis was constructed by joining the fantasies & changing configurations of the (dangerous) working-class body & the ontology of childhood. The 1993 case of the "Rat Boy" in GB, a symbol of persistent young offenders, illustrates this corporealizing of dangerous male lower-class youth, in alignment with discourse on the undermining of the family, the collapse of marriage, & the death of childhood. The persistent regulation of the Other & oppressed communities in GB through this hegemonic construction needs to be addressed. 45 References. M. Pflum