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Recent literature in what used to be called men's studies has begun to employ the terms `masculinity' and `masculinities' in an effort to move away from what are perceived as problems with the term `men's studies.' Without arguing for or against this substitution, this article brings out some of the confusions that result from the use of the highly ambiguous terms `masculinity' and `masculinities.' Many different meanings of these terms are identified and conflations of these meanings are illustrated. The concern with the use of such terms as foundational in a new discipline is that they will bring with them the confusions of their many meanings. In so doing, they make the literature less accessible. It may be that the price of using these loaded terms is worth the cost, but at least the costs have been itemized and warnings attached.

My aim in this article is to analyze a set of gendered power relations played out in two postconflict settings. Based on interviews with peacekeepers and others, I argue that sexual exploitation of local women by male peacekeepers continues to be documented. I then turn to scholarly considerations of peacekeeper sexual exploitation, some of which accord excessive explanatory power to a crude form of military masculinity. This is underlined by similarly exploitative activities perpetrated by humanitarian workers and so-called "sex tourists." In conclusion, I argue that a form of exploitative social masculinities shaped by socioeconomic structure, impunity, and privilege offers a more appropriate way to capture the activities of some male peacekeepers during peacekeeping missions. Finally, in underlining the conflation of military masculinities with exploitation, I pose the question of how to explain those military men who do not exploit local women while deployed on missions.

This article provides an overview of the changing nature ofmasculinities in several English speaking cultures. The evidence andtheory come from numerous investigations into masculinities amongboth gay and straight male youths in the United States, UnitedKingdom, Canada and Australia. Collectively, I show that culturalhomophobia is rapidly decreasing among young men in these cultures, and that this is particularly true of teamsport athletes. I suggest that thedominant way of theorizing masculinities over the previous quartercentury, hegemonic masculinity theory, is incapable of explaining thesechanges. Thus, I introduce a new theory, inclusive masculinity theory, and the new heuristic concept of homohysteria, to make sense of thechanging nature of young men's masculinities.

In the first of three commentaries on Gillian Youngs's (2004) article on feminist international relations, Linklater argues that what is at stake in the discussion of the neglect of gender differences in mainstream IR analysis is the nature of international political reality, how best to analyze it & how to understand the consequences for women. He suggests that to further Youngs's argument that both feminists & nonfeminists can contribute to an explanation of international political structures & processes, a large-scale empirical project is required -- how did one version of masculinity come to prevail over others in the modern period & earlier? Other 'spin-offs' fitting Youngs's study of competing masculinities are apparent & an analysis of how different ethical traditions favor one conception of masculinity over another, he suggests, would be a profitable exercise. Adapted from the source document.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to review the development of the field of knowledge about masculinities, and particularly to show the need for post-colonial perspectives.


Design/methodology/approach
– Reading major texts in the field and analysing their conclusions, inclusions, and exclusions.


Findings
– Study of masculinities is necessary to gain an adequate understanding of the whole field of gender relations. This field is now global, but the consequences of a global field of knowledge are not sufficiently recognized because of the continuing hegemony of the global north in theory, methodology, and academic networks. The coloniality of gender is outlined. Significant contributions from the global south are identified and the issues involved in decolonizing the field of masculinity studies are analysed.


Research limitations/implications
– Mainly Anglophone texts discussed.


Practical implications
– Redesign of curricula for teaching in this area; redeployment of resources in academic publishing and other knowledge production projects.


Social implications
– Knowledge in this area is relevant to HIV prevention, poverty reduction, economic development, prevention of violence, international conflict, and educational attainment.


Originality/value
– To stimulate rethinking among scholars in the field of masculinity and gender studies, and through them among those dealing with the practical issues mentioned.

In life‐course criminology, when gender has been the focus of study, it has predominantly been treated as a variable. Studies that explore the gendered nature of criminal careers through the lived experiences of offenders are rare, even though these studies can make important contributions to our understanding of crime and the life course. Analyzing qualitative data, this article uses life‐history narratives of a small sample of male juvenile delinquents (N = 25), born in 1969–1974, to explore the possible link among masculinities, persistence, and desistance from crime. The findings of the study suggest that processes of persistence and desistance are imbued with age‐specific norms of what it means to "be a man" and successfully do masculinity in different stages of life. Analyzing these gender‐specific practices gives a deepened understanding of processes that underlie the offenders' lives as they go through stages of continuity and change in crime. The findings of the study further suggest a complex intersection between gendered biographies and gendered structures, with fruitful contributions to life‐course criminology. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Just as masculinity is crucial in the construction of nationhood, masculinity is also significant in the making and unmaking of transnational communities. This article focuses on how black African men negotiate and perform respectable masculinity in transnational settings, such as the workplace, community, and family. Moving away from conceptualizations of black transnational forms of masculinities as in perpetual crisis and drawing on qualitative data collected from the members of the new African diaspora in London, the article explores the diverse ways notions of masculinity and gender identities are being challenged, reaffirmed, and reconfigured. The article argues that men experience a loss of status as breadwinners and a rupture of their sense of masculine identity in the reconstruction of life in the diaspora. Conditions in the hostland, in particular, women's breadwinner status and the changing gender relations, threaten men's "hegemonic masculinity" and consequently force men to negotiate respectable forms of masculinity.

Cadre de la recherche : La famille est un lieu important de la socialisation genrée, de la manière dont les individus se construisent en tant qu'êtres sexués au sein d'un contexte social et culturel normatif. La famille contribue à la reproduction des masculinités, mais elle peut aussi constituer un lieu d'émancipation et de subversion par rapport aux normes de genre.
Objectifs : Cet article introductif du numéro sur les masculinités et les familles de la revue Enfances Familles Générations vise à présenter un état de la recherche et des pistes de réflexion sur l'articulation entre les réalités masculines et celles des familles.
Méthodologie : L'article introductif s'appuie sur une recension des écrits ayant porté sur le développement de la recherche sur les masculinités et des pratiques auprès des hommes. Cette analyse est mise en relation avec le champ des études sur les familles, notamment quant aux transformations actuelles qui les traversent.
Résultats : Les études sur la famille et sur les hommes sont des champs de recherche politisés et étroitement liés. Malgré la reconnaissance des transformations en présence, la volonté de savoir si les masculinités au sein des familles se réinventent ou si elles participent au contraire à la reproduction d'un ordre social genré demeure un enjeu complexe à approfondir dans les recherches à venir.
Conclusions : Plusieurs thématiques reliées aux masculinités restent peu explorées dans la recherche. Les contributions de ce numéro permettront de combler en partie ces manques. Ces thématiques touchent aux nouvelles réalités des hommes dans la famille, par exemple les pères au foyer, les pères d'enfants prématurés et l'évolution des discours sociaux sur le masculin.
Contribution : Cet article fait une revue des enjeux des transformations de la masculinité et des pluralités familiales, et identifie des pistes à approfondir pour la recherche sur ces thèmes.

AbstractStudies of masculinity and armed conflict have struggled to capture the complex interaction between globalized militarized masculinities and local gender formations. Particularly in conflicts characterized by a high degree of combatant mobility (in the form of foreign fighters, massed displacement, or significant diaspora involvement) locating the relevant gender dynamics can prove to be a difficult step in understanding the character of armed groups. Based on fieldwork with Indonesian former foreign fighters, we make the case that feminist international relations have tended to unreflectively default to the nation when locating gender hierarchies. Exploring the multiple articulations of masculinity present in former fighters' lives, we suggest that efforts must be made to resist methodological nationalism in understanding the relationship between gender hierarchies and armed conflict. Charting how foreign fighters traverse local constructions of gender, national gender hierarchies, and transnational social structures to participate in the conflict, we argue that adopting a conscious consideration of scale in our research method is needed to move beyond methodological nationalism.