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Williams demonstrates the vulnerability of parent workers in working class America. In Chapter 2, "One Sick Child Away from Being Fired," she examines the records of ninety-nine union arbitrations to analyze the problems of working class parents who struggle to juggle their working and parenting responsibilities. Because this chapter is a tour de force in an overall excellent book, and because it suggests an area that my research has focused on over the past number of years, in this Essay, I limit my discussion almost exclusively to this chapter. My approach is to use masculinities theory, a body of social science scholarship, to analyze Williams's study. Masculinities theory supports and reinforces Williams's conclusions and points toward a number of recommendations for addressing the problems of gender norms in the workplace. Part II describes masculinities scholarship. Part III analyzes the ninety-nine arbitrations studied by Williams using the lens of masculinities theory. Part IV considers cultural gender norms and makes a number of recommendations. The recommendations include the following: (1) further research; (2) union organizing around and bargaining about flexible scheduling for workers; (3) amendment of existing legislation and passage of new legislation that grants more comprehensive family leave, prohibits discrimination based on family care responsibilities, and grants employees reasonable accommodations; and (4) education about gender roles, caregiving, and social change. The Essay concludes that a combination of improved research, legal actions, and societal change should improve the working and living conditions of all types of families. While not all of these measures will happen instantaneously, working toward these changes is vital to ensuring a healthy economy, healthy citizens, and healthy families.

Children''s literature affects the child''s socialisation process, including the shaping the gender roles. But despite this, up to now children have featured less in gender scholarship. Against this backround, this paper seeks to critically interrogate the physical, social, economic and political manifestations of masculinities in selected Kiswahili children\''s books from Kenya. By analysing these works, we hope to demonstrate that power and ideological aspects of masculinites are rooted at childhood. Since special attention will be paid to the ideological and power basis of the masculinities, the analysis of the selected works is done in the encompassing prism of Critical Discourse Analysis revealing hegemonic masculinities.

Health inequalities continue to be a pressing issue for governments and communities in the Western developed nations. Recent evidence continues to highlight the prevalence of inequities in morbidity (experience of illness over the lifecourse) and mortality (death rate) and suggest that, despite significant improvement in health and wellbeing for large sections of populations, their continues to be a gap between the health of the most affluent and the poorest. These discussions are particularly pertinent to the UK, which, as Professor Marmot (2010) has documented in detail in his recent report, continues to experience significance health inequalities which are largely the outcome of differentials in socioeconomic status. It is the strong recommendation of the Marmot report, and one that we would echo, that reduction in health inequalities can only be achieved by addressing their fundamental causes, as opposed to the diseases through which they are manifest at any given time, or their immediate antecedents. This fact explains both the persistence of health inequalities over time and the failure of policies which only target their immediate manifestations to have any lasting impact. Fundamental causes include; unequal distribution of power, money, resources and social status.

The theoretical and rhetorical apparatus that Halberstam deploys in Female Masculinity reflects an understanding of masculinity and of its relation with gender performativity that seems to be at odds with the most recognizable political objectives of his work. Given the importance of his work and, especially, of the rethinking of gender binarism, I will try to highlight what I see as a problematic subtext of Female Masculinity. ; El aparato teórico y retórico que emplea Halberstam en Female Masculinity refleja una concepción de la masculinidad y de su relación con la performatividad de género que parece entrar en conflicto con los objetivos políticos más evidentes de su trabajo. Dada la importancia del mismo y, en especial, del replanteamiento crítico del binarismo genérico, trataré aquí de resaltar lo que veo como un subtexto problemático de Female Masculinity.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-86). ; This thesis explores the contexts in which combatant masculinities were constructed: (a) in apartheid South Africa through mass mobilization and politicization; (b) in exile through military training; and (c) in post-apartheid South Africa through cultural concepts of manhood and non-governmental organisations' (NGOs) initiatives. This qualitative study, based on six in-depth interviews, follows through the three different contexts, the narratives of the same group of ex-combatants ofUmkhonto weSizwe (MK), the military wing of the African National Congress (ANC). These men went into exile as part of the 1980 generation. It concludes that the different contexts facilitated the construction of different masculinities. During resistance to apartheid, civilian struggle masculinities were made. Military training made militarised masculinities. Post 1994 marks the creation of masculinities in transition. Among the key factors shaping each of these masculinities are: political structures, ideological and political youth constructs; the totality of the military and a patriarchal and heterosexual discourse; and cultural concepts of manhood. This thesis outlines similarities and differences between the three types of masculinities as well as other broad themes that permeate the study.

The paper concerns itself in critiquing Judith Butler's theory as posited in her book Gender Trouble in which she not only makes a distinction between 'sex' and 'gender' but also brings about a new notion of the performance of gender roles . The contention of my paper is that in Gender Trouble, Butler talks about femininity and the subversion of the male/female binary but completely ignores masculinity as a gender. She only mentions masculinity in oppositional relation to femininity or in its queer form. She evades mentioning normative masculinity and its challenges, thus implying obliquely as if masculinity were a gender limited only in long-standing constructs of that of the oppressor in gender politics which needed to be out-powered sans the nuances that are associated within the different aspects of Masculinity.

peer-reviewed ; Large numbers of men benefit materially, socially and politically from patriarchy, but the advantages described as the 'patriarchal dividend' are not spread equally among men.' In other words, not all men are equally privileged. In this context, a key issue is how do men negotiate their identities as men within disadvantaged areas? This raises questions about the social and economic structures in which they live as well as about their cultural definitions of masculinities. Connell suggested that, 'Masculinities are constructed, over time, in young people's encounters with a system of gender relations," Thus gender 'is something people do' and it varies across time and place.'

The article emphasizes the importance of storytelling in helping or hindering a change in organizational practices brought about by the entry into force of a legislative measure. It concentrates in particular on the introduction of a normative change intended to reshape the dominant gender order by giving fathers the same rights to parental leave as mothers. Whilst storytelling can be an instrument of change, it may also be perceived and used as a means to prevent such change and to consolidate dominant models. In the latter case, analysis of rebellious and marginal voices reveals hegemonic practices and brings out viewpoints silenced by the official versions. The stories of eight men, belonging to different organizations, who have experienced parental leave, enable analysis to be made of the ways in which organizational storytelling can support or prevent the introduction of a change which challenges the symbolic gender order within organizations.

ABSTRACT. Disturbed by a proliferation of quick-fix literacy strategies to "help the boys" increase achievement levels in the midst of a policy shift that acknowledges gay, lesbian, bi and transgender, questioning (GLBTQ) youth, the author examines how masculinities are connected to literacy practices and negotiated through a safe school policy. He argues that specific literacy strategies recommended in recent support documents for teachers are limiting and restrictive because of a narrow view connecting gender and masculinity to literacy practices that reinscribe heteronormative masculinity in schools. He further argues that strategies to increase literacy achievement levels among boys run contrary to a more embracing school board policy aimed at acknowledging diverse multiple youth identities. LES GARÇONS, LES LIVRES ET L'HOMOPHOBIE: EXPLORATION DES PRATIQUES ET POLITIQUES DE LA MASCULINITÉ DANS LES ÉCOLES RÉSUMÉ. Dérangé par la prolifération, au sein de la littérature, de stratégies «remède rapide» visant à «aider les garçons» à améliorer leur niveau de réussite au cœur d'un changement de politique reconnaissant les jeunes lesbiennes, gais, bi et transgenres, et ceux en questionnement (LGBTQ), l'auteur s'interroge sur la façon dont les masculinités sont apparentées aux pratiques de lecture et traitées par une politique scolaire réfléchie. Il suggère que certaines stratégies mises de l'avant et recommandées dans la littérature et documents destinés aux enseignants sont contraignantes et restrictives. En effet, elles offrent une vision restreinte en reliant sexe et masculinité à des pratiques de lecture qui réaffirme la norme de la masculinité hétérosexuelle au sein du milieu scolaire. L'auteur avance même que les stratégies mises de l'avant pour augmenter les niveaux de lecture des jeunes garçons nuisent aux politiques plus ouvertes des commissions scolaires visant la reconnaissance d'une variété d'identités chez les jeunes.

It was the sudden resurgence of violence in 2006 that brought Southeast Asia's newest nation – East Timor – back to the forefront of public attention, and spotlighted the role of youth gangs as main perpetrators of street violence in East Timor's capital Dili. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2007, this paper challenges conventional myths about an aggressive East Timorese 'youth bulge' by using theoretical notions on the construction of masculinities and violence as tools for analysis. The paper will portray gangs against the structural background of major socio-economic transformations accelerated by the international intervention and experiences of violence during Indonesian occupation as active agents strategically using violence as resource for (identity) politics.

What's Queer about Europe? examines how queer theory helps us initiate disorienting conjunctions and counterintuitive encounters for imagining historical and contemporary Europe. This book queers Europe and Europeanizes queer, forcing a reconsideration of both. Its contributors study Europe relationally, asking not so much what Europe is but what we do when we attempt to define it. The topics discussed include: gay marriage in Renaissance Rome, Russian anarchism and gender politics in early-twentieth-century Switzerland, colonialism and sexuality in Italy, queer masculinities in European popular culture, queer national identities in French cinema, and gender theories and activism. What these apparently disparate topics have in common is the urgency of the political, legal, and cultural issues they tackle. Asking what is queer about Europe means probing the blind spots that continue to structure the long and discrepant process of Europeanization.

Senior Project submitted to The Division of Social Studies of Bard College.

Since the 1990s, the appropriation of unconventional dressing codes to perform a new masculinity has gradually been normalized as a mainstream practice in East Asian societies. This paper addresses contradictory currents concerning gender representations operating in East Asia, a fast-growing, rapidly changing region. The personal narratives of nine Taiwanese men, who use unconventional dressing codes to present desirable selves, are analyzed. The men were asked to reflect upon life moments when their dress codes were either pleasurably achieved or bitterly confronted by significant others and higher authorities. The study emphasizes that researchers should place a greater emphasis on how individuals' lived experiences respond to the postmodern, highly intertextual media environment, rather than on content or textual analysis of media representations of the popular culture scene. Our research participants' narratives illuminate a site where hegemonic and alternative masculinities contest one another in search of an ever-changing self. Through an examination of the life narratives of these nine men, our study elicits meta-narratives to illustrate how some local and global actors become established in the East Asian post-capitalist identity politics.

This article explores how the low of the popular and the high of history intersect to negotiate masculinities in the nexus of politics and war in a Swedish history magazine. It investigates the content of the magazine's form and argues that it produces a kaleidoscopic take on the past which begs the reader to go along with the ads to buy another book, travel to one more historical site, buy a DVD or go to the movies, to turn the page, or to buy another issue of the magazine. Two articles, biographical in their outset, provide the basis for an analysis on how masculinities are negotiated by displaying political and military leaders in contradictory ways and enabling multiple entrance points for the contemporary reader and spectator. Articles on great men produce cultural imaginaries of warlords and political leaders by drawing on layers of historically contingent ways for men to act in public and private spheres and connecting late modern visual celebrity culture to the cults of fame in earlier centuries.

This article explores how the low of the popular and the high of history intersect to negotiate masculinities in the nexus of politics and war in a Swedish history magazine. It investigates the content of the magazine's form and argues that it produces a kaleidoscopic take on the past which begs the reader to go along with the ads to buy another book, travel to one more historical site, buy a DVD or go to the movies, to turn the page, or to buy another issue of the magazine. Two articles, biographical in their outset, provide the basis for an analysis on how masculinities are negotiated by displaying political and military leaders in contradictory ways and enabling multiple entrance points for the contemporary reader and spectator. Articles on great men produce cultural imaginaries of warlords and political leaders by drawing on layers of historically contingent ways for men to act in public and private spheres and connecting late modern visual celebrity culture to the cults of fame in earlier centuries.