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The article reflects the main problems of men, which differ from women. The main factors influencing the socio-psychological state of men are determined. The biggest problem men face is the idea that sharing any emotion is considered girly, and that being girls is not what they want to be. The analysis found that men have far fewer cases of being diagnosed with mental illnesses that affect their emotions, such as depression, or disorders resulting from social pressure. They (men) are often silent, depressed. Appropriate professionals such as therapist and psychologist do not address hiding their emotions.

The article deals with the problem of masculinity construction in the modern globalizing world. The main theoretical approaches, applying for analyzing of different masculinity types in globalizing world, are stood out. Special attention is paid to the consideration of three theories — the theory of gender socialization, the theory of social construction of gender and the theory of gender order. The positive and some limited effects of these theories for masculinity analyzing in the context of transformation of masculinity traditional types in the modern world are underlined. The author allocates the main agents of gender socialization, influencing the construction of masculinity identity. It is emphasized that the significance of religious institutions continues to be rather influential, but different trends towards masculinity formation are being appeared inside them, particularly, between representatives of traditional views and those who are aimed at liberalization. In spite of globalization processes increase, revealing particularly in the expansion of immigrant flows, the influence of ethnicity in the context of masculinity formation is still an important factor, forming the notions of masculinity. Attention is paid to the appearance of new types of masculinities due to the increasing of interaction between different cultures in conditions of global communication provided by modern technologies. The analysis of contemporary sociological studies gives the possibility to sight that in modern multicultural societies the variety of masculinities is increasing as among representatives of different cultures inside the united states as among representatives of different social classes, inside the same culture and the same organization. Furthermore, inside them there is often distinguished understanding of masculinity, so the construction of masculinity is carried out according to different scenarios.

This article is dedicated to analyzing the construct of masculinity in the culture of modern Russia's new working class. While leaning on an intersectional perspective, it considers practices of producing its plural forms in everyday interaction, as well as persistent structures of social inequality which secure gender order on an institutional level. The article conducts an analytical overview of relevant foreign studies on the working class' modes of masculinity in the postindustrial era. An empirical study of young representatives of the new working class residing in the Ural federal district helped determine the most common structures of gender order in domestic life and in the workspace: standard male social roles, stereotypical everyday fulfillment of male gender roles, gender restrictions and privileges. It has been revealed that a persistent structural disproportion between various sectors of the economy, when it comes to wages and the gender composition of the workforce, determines the transmission of the standard tendency for reproducing the pattern of a "man-provider", who possesses power in the family based on his control over economic resources. Young working class individuals are still interested in preserving and supporting a patriarchal model of distributing household labor. While women are assigned types of activity which require routine execution at a strictly defined time, men assume chores which can be done sporadically, and can be postponed, which provides them with more leisure time. While evaluating the importance of everyday communication rituals, it was established that young women seek to preserve a traditional pattern of gender interaction more so than young men. The results of the study show a distinction between the expectations of young men and women when it comes to standard everyday gender communication: for the most part, young men still lean towards a model of hegemonic masculinity within the working class, while young women, who support the idea of preserving a patriarchic social order, are prepared to assume their gender role within it provided that they receive financial support and protection on behalf of their men. Indirect signs of hegemonic masculinity are not considered by them to be relevant.

In the article there are considered gender and social-psychological determinants providingsteady support and development of terrorist activity in the Russian Federation territory;involving of new social groups into extremist practices. ; В статье рассматриваются гендерные и социально-психологические детерминанты,обеспечивающие устойчивое поддержание и развитие террористической активности на территории Российской Федерации, вовлечение в экстремистские практики новых социальных групп.

A state's ability to maintain mandatory conscription and wage war rests on the idea that a "real man" is one who has served in the military. Yet masculinity has no inherent ties to militarism. The link between men and the military, argues Maya Eichler, must be produced and reproduced in order to fill the ranks, engage in combat, and mobilize the population behind war. In the context of Russia's post-communist transition and the Chechen wars, men's militarization has been challenged and reinforced. Eichler uncovers the challenges by exploring widespread draft evasion and desertion, anti-draft and anti-war activism led by soldiers' mothers, and the general lack of popular support for the Chechen wars. However, the book also identifies channels through which militarized gender identities have been reproduced. Eichler's empirical and theoretical study of masculinities in international relations applies for the first time the concept of "militarized masculinity," developed by feminist IR scholars, to the case of Russia.

Gender in the English language culture : collective monograph. The monograph focuses on the way gender as a cultural phenomenon is constructed in the modern English discourse practices. The authors analyze the dynamics of language and gender relation and examine the role of the cultural context in the (re)production of masculinity and femininity.

How did the concept of sex relations change through ages? Physical intimacy – heterosexual and homosexual – has been described in history from the antiquity. The social components of sexual behavior – taboos, regulations, the influence of society and politics – have had a profound impact on the world cultures, starting from the prehistoric times. ; Как менялось представление о сексе? Физическая близость – гетеросексуальная и гомосексуальная описывается в истории с незапамятных времен. Социальная составляющая сексуального поведения – табу, регуляция, влияние общества и политики оказывают глубокий эффект на различные мировые культуры, начиная с доисторических времен.

The article analyzes semantic and axiological transformations of the classical fairy-tale plot of «Cinderella» being observed in such verbal and creolized texts of the Runet distractive discourse as anecdotes, jokes, statuses, demotivators, memes. These anonymous variative speech products are regarded as samples of the so called «naive» gender knowledge. Being an inalienable part of Russian gender Internet discourse, they constitute valuable resourse of information about the Russian speaking Internet users spontaneous beliefs of the actual gender order. The author defines Russian gender Internet discourse as dynamically broadening formation Internet texts of gender theme and agenda having different nature, structural organization, linguostylistic specifics and genre parameters, containing implicit gender senses and producing its own discoursive semantic dominants, values and antivalues. The author specifies that the name of the fairy-tale heroine is a usual connotative literary anthroponym which plays an essential role in organization of the semantic space created in distractive Internet texts. The quantitative analysis results show that 75 % of the revealed text about Cinderella contain explicit gender senses, represent typical femininity and masculinity images and perform marriage and romance as antivalues. The author reveals that 93 % of all gendered Internet texts about Cinderella clearly express negative evaluation of the generalized feminine image (126 items, 57 % of the total number), masculine image (58 items, 26,2 %), marriage and romance (29 texts, 13,1 %), but some samples contain negative evaluation both marriage as a social institution and one of the gender categories. The vagrant fairy-tale plot with its key images, motives and axiologemes become an object of mocking and carnivalesque reinterpretaton of anonymous Internet users. The author shows that the classical source main components occurring in the semantic space of the modern Russian cyberlore artifacts suffer grotesque transformations. That leads to the concepts of «Love» and «Marriage» deaxiologization and creating generalized negatives images of femininity and masculinity.

The article presents the results of an empirical study on how managers and subordinate staff conform to prescribed gender characteristics. Materials on gender psychology and sociology written by both Russian and foreign authors were used. The meaning of the terms "gender" and "gender characteristics" were more clearly spelled out, while separating the concepts "sex" and "gender" from each other. The authors specified the characteristics of managers and subordinate personnel of either sex in the city of Tyumen, while defining the degree of femininity, masculinity and androgyny in each group using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. The respondents' answers concerning the role and place of gender stereotypes in the workplace were analyzed; generalized characteristics of managers of either sex were compiled based on the answers they provided, while taking into account the respondent's sex. When conducting research, the gender characteristics, qualities and skills inherent to each sex (regardless of whether they hold a managing or subordinate position) were ranked. Peculiarities inherent to managers from the city of Tyumen associated with handling a team of employees were determined. It was established that women more often than men possess and broadcast gender stereotypes based on traditional attitudes. Despite this, a tendency towards moving away from traditional gender mindsets and behavior was noticed among both subordinate staff and management, due to them conflicting with work conduct. Researchers recognized that in reality subordinate staff tends to fall in line with prescribed gender characteristics to a greater extent than management. An assumption was made that gender characteristics appear to be more pronounced among managers due to the fact that their personality has a more considerable effect on their actions than is the case with subordinate staff. A conclusion is drawn on the need to further study the phenomenon of androgyny among managers. A recommendation is given for applying the existing practical sociological methods, as well as an adapted socio-psychological set of instruments for each enterprise in particular, since one must consider the balance of androgyny, femininity and masculinity in any given team of employees when choosing the means and methods of administrative action when it comes to developing, approving and implementing management solutions, as well as appropriate conduct in conflict situations.

Given article is devoted the analysis of social representations of young men about man's roles. On sample of Russian and Byelorussians (334 persons) by means of a scale of cultural values (G.Hofstede) and the modified variant of a technique «Semantic differential» directed on studying of representations of young men about traditional man's roles (the getter, the defender, the professional figure, the head of the family, the husband, the father), social representations about man's roles depending on psychological measurements of culture on G.Hovstede are considered. As a result the personal characteristics attributed traditional man's roles in Russian and Belarus cultures are allocated. Are revealed as cultural – specific, and the general social representations of Russian and Byelorussians about the maintenance of man's roles. The received results can be used at carrying out of psychotherapy and the personal consultations connected with questions of mutual relation of floors, gender and family conflicts, crises masculinity, and as for working out training programs in the field of intercultural interaction.

The subject. The article reflects the progress and results of the study of the practice of applying the norms on responsibility for crimes against sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of the individual (Chapter 18 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). There are a large number of general and specific law enforcement problems that do not allow us to effectively counteract such crimes.Purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to confirm the scientific hypothesis about the presence of systemic problems in the practice of applying the norms of Chapter 18 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as to develop proposals for improving law enforcement.Methodology. The identification of law enforcement problems was carried out by analyzing published and unpublished materials of judicial practice and comparing them with the main categories and principles of criminal law. Access to the published materials was carried out through the legal reference systems and the State Automated System "Justice". Unpublished materials were obtained in the course of their own professional activities, as well as when studying the scientific works of other authors. The use of previously obtained results of their own scientific activities, the results of scientific research of modern criminologists and criminologists, as well as the study of the experience of foreign countries allowed us to formulate proposals for solving the identified problems.The main results. In the course of the study, the following systemic problems of law enforcement were identified. (1) The uncertainty of the content of other sexual actions. (2) The ambiguity of the legal assessment of the multiplicity of crimes against sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of the individual. (3) The blurring of the content and methods of committing depraved actions.These problems characterize the current state of the practice of applying the norms of Chapter 18 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.To solve these problems and improve law enforcement, the following proposals are justified and formulated.At the level of the resolution of the Plenum, it should be clarified that other actions of a sexual nature are contact forms of the perpetrator's influence on the victim's body that can satisfy sexual needs, with the exception of sexual intercourse, sodomy and lesbianism (for example, masturbation, fellatio, forced kisses, manual influence on the mammary glands or genitals and other ways of stimulating sexual arousal).On the issue of the qualification of continuing crimes, the Plenum of the Supreme Court should indicate that repeated sexual acts that form the objective side of one corpus delicti should be considered as a single continuing crime, if their commission was covered by a single intent. At the same time, such intent may be evidenced by the behavior of the perpetrator, in which he does not stop the violation of sexual freedom or sexual inviolability of a particular victim.The provisions of the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court concerning the qualification of depraved acts should be changed, indicating that depraved acts are other sexual acts that are not covered by the dispositions of Article 134 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, and actually depraved acts committed without direct physical contact in order to satisfy sexual needs or arouse the victim's interest in sexual acts. It is also important to emphasize that the acts provided for in the note to Article 131 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation should include only other actions of a sexual nature.Conclusions. In conclusion, it should be noted that the proposals formulated to solve the identified problems of law enforcement cannot completely eliminate them. The solution to these problems should be found through legislative changes. In this activity, it seems correct to focus on the positive experience of European legislators, which provides for a more detailed differentiation of responsibility depending on the features that objectively affect the nature and degree of public danger of the act. ; Отражаются ход и результаты исследования практики применения норм об ответственности за преступления против половой неприкосновенности и половой свободы личности (гл. 18 Уголовного кодекса РФ). Установлены следующие системные правоприменительные проблемы: 1) неопределенность содержания иных действий сексуального характера; 2) неоднозначность правовой оценки множественности преступлений против половой неприкосновенности и половой свободы личности; 3) размытость содержания и способов совершения развратных действий.В качестве возможного решения сформулированы предложения о внесении изменений в действующие постановления Пленума Верховного Суда РФ, способные минимизировать негативный эффект от означенных проблем. Например, на уровне постановления Пленума предлагается разъяснить, что иными действиями сексуального характера являются контактные формы воздействия виновного на тело потерпевшего, способные удовлетворить сексуальную потребность, за исключением полового сношения, мужеложства и лесбиянства (например, мастурбация, фелляция, форсированные поцелуи, мануальное воздействие на молочные железы или половые органы и другие способы стимуляции сексуального возбуждения).

The purpose of the article is to analyze the relationship and interaction between gender identity and power relations in society; to study specific features of gender identity's representation in the contemporary socio – cultural discourse; to examine the role of gender regimes in the process of reproduction of gender inequality. Methodology. For analysing the relationship and mutual influence of gender identity and power relations in society, and studying the mechanism of reproduction of gender inequality is methodologically important to use comparative and concrete – historical methods. Since many researchers noted that the content of gender identity in different historical and cultural contexts is changed, it sounds methodologically reasonable to study this problem on the dialectical position that allowed us to see that the basis of all social institutions is the «problem of ifference» justifying «the problem of domination». Paying attention with the nature of the process, it is extremely important to provide the principle of methodological pluralism. Variability both the substantial contest of elements of identity and their definitions warrants the use of comparative historical method that allows us to analyze the real social and cultural changes. Scientific novelty. The analysis given in the article demonstrates that social institutions have an impact on the formation of gender identity through gender regimes. It is revealed that the transformation of gender inequality is not an inevitable result of biological differences in gender identities. It is proved that biological difference is used to justify the authorities and legitimate the gender inequality. It is established that the biological difference is used to justify social and political inequality of gender identities. The mechanism of continuous reproduction of gender inequality through the work of gender regimes which legitimate the hierarchy of gender identities is described. Conclusions. Understanding how gender inequalities can serve as a starting point for understanding the causes of all kinds of inequalities. Social institutions such as work, education, family, are, in essence, is not neutral, but genderized and serve the reproduction of gender order a certain socio-cultural context as a standard. ; Цель. Осуществить анализ взаимосвязи и взаимодействия гендерной идентичности и властных отношений в обществе. Изучить особенности репрезентации гендерной идентичности в современном социо – культурном дискурсе. Исследовать роль гендерных режимов в процессе воспроизводства гендерного неравенства. Методология. Для анализа механизма воспроизводства гендерного неравенства методологически является важным использование компаративистского и конкретно – исторического методов. Отмечается, что содержание составляющих гендерной идентичности в разных исторических и культурных контекстах изменялось, поэтому обоснованным является изучение проблемы с диалектических позиций, что позволяет увидеть, что в основе функционирования социальных институтов лежит проблема различия, как проблема доминирования. Исходя из специфики рассматриваемого процесса, крайне важным является принцип методологического плюрализма. Изменчивость содержания элементов идентичности, так и их дефиниций служит основанием использования сравнительно–исторического метода, что позволяет осуществить анализ реальных социально– культурных изменений. Научная новизна. Определено, что социальные институты оказывают воздействие на формирование гендерной идентичности через гендерные режимы. Трансформация гендерного неравенства не является неизбежным результатом биологического различия гендерных идентичностей, обосновано, что биологическое различие используется властными структурами для легитимации гендерного неравенства. Биологическое различие используется для обоснования социального и политического неравенства гендерных идентичностей. Выявлен механизм постоянного воспроизводства гендерного неравенства через работу гендерных режимов, легитимирующих иерархию гендерных идентичностей. Выводы. Понимание механизма гендерного неравенства может служить отправной точкой для осмысления причин всякого рода социального неравенства. Такие институты как рынок труда, образование, семья являются, по сути своей, не нейтральными, а гендеризованными и служат воспроизводству такого гендерного порядка, который определен социально – культурным контекстом времени в качестве нормативного. ; Мета. Проаналізувати взаємозв'язок і взаємодію гендерної ідентичності та владних відносин у суспільстві. Вивчити гендерні особливості репрезентації гендерної ідентичності в сучасному соціо – культурному дискурсі. Дослідити роль гендерних режимів в процесі відтворення гендерної нерівності. Методологія. Для аналізування взаємозв'язку і взаємодії гендерної ідентичності та владних відносин у суспільстві, вивчення механізму відтворення гендерної нерівності методологічно важливим є використання компаративістського і конкретно – історичного методів. Оскільки багатьма дослідниками зазначалося, що зміст цих складових гендерної ідентичності в різних історичних і культурних контекстах змінюється методологічно обґрунтованим є вивчення цієї проблеми з діалектичних позицій, що дозволило побачити, що в основі всіх соціальних інститутів лежить «проблема відмінності», що обґрунтовує «проблему домінування». Виходячи зі специфіки розглянутого процесу, вкрай важливим є принцип методологічного плюралізму. Мінливість як змістовності основних елементів ідентичності, так і їх дефініцій служить підставою використання порівняльно історичного методу, що дозволяє проаналізувати реальні соціально-культурні зміни. Наукова новизна. Визначено, що соціальні інститути впливають на формування гендерної ідентичності через гендерні режими. Виявлено, трансформація гендерної нерівності не є результат біологічної відмінності гендерних ідентичностей. Доведено, що біологічні відмінності використовується владними структурами для виправдання і легітимації гендерної нерівності. Встановлено, біологічні відмінності використовуються для обґрунтування соціального і політичного нерівності гендерних ідентичностей. Виявлено механізм постійного відтворення гендерної нерівності через роботу гендерних режимів, що легітимують ієрархію гендерних ідентичностей. Висновки. Розуміння механізму гендерної нерівності може служити відправною точкою для розуміння причин всякого роду нерівності. Такі інститути як ринок праці, освіта, сім'я є, по суті своїй, не нейтральними, а гендерізованими і служать відтворенню гендерного порядку, визначеного соціально-культурним контекстом як нормативного.