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this article looks at the 1825 crisis affecting the English economy and the work of John Stuart Mill, Thomas Tooke and John Ramsay McCulloch devoted to his analysis. As McCulloch explained, Mill and Tooke deviated from the ricardian tradition, and probably more than it. McCulloch and Tooke argue that the organisation of the English banking system has played a remarkable role, if not at least in the development of the crisis. Mill, on the contrary, believes that the crisis is the effect of dangerous speculation and that it would have developed equally well in a system where currency would have consisted of cash. He puts forward ideas that will be taken up and developed by the Banking School. ; International audience This article studies the crisis which, in 1825, affected the English economy and the works that John Stuart Mill, Thomas Tooke and John Ramsay McCulloch dedicated to his analysis. While McCulloch refers, for explaining it, to the ricardian tradition, Mill and Tooke deviates from it and doubtless the former more than the latter. McCulloch and Tooke maintain that the organization of the English banking system played, if not in the origin at least in the development of the crisis, a remarkable role. Mill, on the contrary, thinks that the crisis is the effect of over-trading and that it would have developed as well in a system where the currency would have consisted in species. He advances ideas which will be taken back and developed by the Banking School. ; this article looks at the 1825 crisis affecting the English economy and the work of John Stuart Mill, Thomas Tooke and John Ramsay McCulloch devoted to his analysis. As McCulloch explained, Mill and Tooke deviated from the ricardian tradition, and probably more than it. McCulloch and Tooke argue that the organisation of the English banking system has played a remarkable role, if not at least in the development of the crisis. Mill, on the contrary, believes that the crisis is the effect of dangerous speculation and that it would have developed equally ...

Au cours des vingt dernières années, de nombreuses études savantes ont traité du rôle joué par le Corps expéditionnaire canadien (CEC) durant la Première Guerre mondiale. À de rares exceptions près, leur attention a principalement porté sur deux éléments : le premier étant le haut commandement et les relations qu'il avait avec les politiciens et les généraux, le second étant la guerre dans les tranchées. En revanche, l'étude du commandement et du contrôle tactiques a souvent été laissée de côté, peut-être parce qu'elle ne présente pas la charge émotive associée aux deux précédents domaines. En tentant de réparer cette lacune, cette étude vise à démontrer que l'histoire du commandement permet de faire apparaître que les vrais catalyseurs qui ont favorisé l'efficacité tactique du Canada, et qui ont amené la fin des guerres de tranchées de la Grande Guerre, étaient les réorganisations novatrices. Ce faisant, cette étude fait apparaître que c'est dans ce processus évolutif qu'est née l'armée canadienne moderne et professionnelle.

This thesis proposes a theoretical reconstruction of the monetary debate that took place during the U.S. Reconstruction period by studying the writings of Henry Charles Carey, Hugh McCulloch, Simon Newcomb, and John Sherman. It traces the links between the policy proposals of each writer, their political economy, and their vision of economic development. A prerequisite to tracing those links was a clear identification of the main money question of the period: the greenback – the fiat, legal-tender, paper money issued by the Union as a means to finance the Civil War. Also necessary was an explanation of how the monetary debate became an arena for expressing antagonistic political visions. The first chapter offers both an identification and explanation. The following chapters then analyze the writings of the main participants of the debate. Chapter 2 focuses on Carey's monetary theory and shows that his theory led him to deduce that maintaining both a greenback monetary standard and protectionism would make it possible to build a permanent union, while establishing national independence. On the opposite side of the debate were those who advocated for a resumption of specie payments, among them McCulloch, Newcomb, and Sherman. Chapter 3 examines McCulloch and Sherman's position in the debate and provides evidence that it was informed by their vision of economic development, a vision that aimed to promote U.S. international integration. The fourth chapter centers on Newcomb's methodology and the monetary theory that results from its application, a theory that offers an analytical framework to those who defended the resumption of specie payments. ; Cette thèse propose une reconstruction théorique des débats monétaires de la période de la Reconstruction aux États-Unis en se focalisant sur les travaux de Henry Charles Carey, Hugh McCulloch, Simon Newcomb et John Sherman. Elle s'efforce d'identifier les liens entre les positions respectives de chacun, les politiques économiques préconisées et leurs visions du ...

This thesis proposes a theoretical reconstruction of the monetary debate that took place during the U.S. Reconstruction period by studying the writings of Henry Charles Carey, Hugh McCulloch, Simon Newcomb, and John Sherman. It traces the links between the policy proposals of each writer, their political economy, and their vision of economic development. A prerequisite to tracing those links was a clear identification of the main money question of the period: the greenback – the fiat, legal-tender, paper money issued by the Union as a means to finance the Civil War. Also necessary was an explanation of how the monetary debate became an arena for expressing antagonistic political visions. The first chapter offers both an identification and explanation. The following chapters then analyze the writings of the main participants of the debate. Chapter 2 focuses on Carey's monetary theory and shows that his theory led him to deduce that maintaining both a greenback monetary standard and protectionism would make it possible to build a permanent union, while establishing national independence. On the opposite side of the debate were those who advocated for a resumption of specie payments, among them McCulloch, Newcomb, and Sherman. Chapter 3 examines McCulloch and Sherman's position in the debate and provides evidence that it was informed by their vision of economic development, a vision that aimed to promote U.S. international integration. The fourth chapter centers on Newcomb's methodology and the monetary theory that results from its application, a theory that offers an analytical framework to those who defended the resumption of specie payments. ; Cette thèse propose une reconstruction théorique des débats monétaires de la période de la Reconstruction aux États-Unis en se focalisant sur les travaux de Henry Charles Carey, Hugh McCulloch, Simon Newcomb et John Sherman. Elle s'efforce d'identifier les liens entre les positions respectives de chacun, les politiques économiques préconisées et leurs visions du développement économique. Répondre à cette ambition implique au préalable d'expliquer pourquoi la question monétaire centrale est celle des greenbacks – le papier-monnaie inconvertible ayant cours légal émis afin de financer la guerre de Sécession – et de préciser comment la question monétaire a été le lieu privilégié d'affrontement entre des visions politiques antagonistes (chapitre 1). Les chapitres qui suivent se focalisent sur l'analyse des écrits des principaux participants aux débats. Le chapitre 2 s'intéresse à la théorie monétaire de Carey et montre comment elle vise à réunifier les États-Unis tout en établissant leur indépendance nationale à travers l'industrialisation par le maintien du système monétaire des greenbacks et du protectionnisme. Face à Carey se trouvent ceux qui favorisent un retour à la convertibilité, parmi ceux-ci McCulloch, Newcomb et Sherman. Le chapitre 3 examine la position de McCulloch et Sherman et établit que leur position dans le débat était dictée par leur vision du développement économique qui promouvait l'intégration internationale des États-Unis. Enfin, le chapitre 4 porte sur l'auteur qui constitue la référence théorique commune à ceux qui défendent le retour à la convertibilité : tant la méthodologie que la théorie monétaire de Newcomb y sont analysées.

Cet article étudie la crise qui, en 1825, affecta l'économie anglaise et les travaux que John Stuart Mill, Thomas Tooke et John Ramsay McCulloch consacrèrent à son analyse. Alors que McCulloch et Tooke soutiennent que l'organisation du système bancaire anglais a joué, sinon dans l'origine du moins dans le développement de la crise, un rôle crucial, Mill pense qu'elle est l'effet de spéculations hasardeuses et qu'elle se serait tout aussi bien développée dans un système où la monnaie aurait consisté en espèces. La crise est pour lui une crise du crédit. Cette analyse, qui semble la mieux à même de rendre compte de la crise de 1825, est, de surcroît, la plus novatrice. L'article explicite ses implications pour la théorie monétaire et pour l'analyse des cycles économiques.

This article studies the crisis which, in 1825, affected the English economy and the works that John Stuart Mill, Thomas Tooke and John Ramsay McCulloch dedicated to its analysis. McCulloch and Tooke maintain that the organization of the English banking system played, if not in the origin at least in the development of the crisis, a remarkable role. Mill, on the contrary, thinks that the crisis is the effect of over-trading and that it would have developed as well in a system where the currency would have consisted in species. This crisis is for him a credit crisis. This analysis which seems the best to give a full account of this crisis is, besides, the most innovative. The article clarifies its implications for the monetary theory and for the analysis of business cycles. Adapted from the source document.

Couverture -- Titre -- Collection -- Copyright -- Remerciements -- SOMMAIRE -- INTRODUCTION -- Chapitre 1. WITTGENSTEIN ET LA NOTION DE « JEU DE LANGAGE » -- 1. - LES CRITIQUES QUI ÉMANENT DU PHÉNOMÉNOLOGUE PAUL RICŒUR ET LA CONCEPTION DU LANGAGE SELON LE LINGUISTE FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE. RÉPONSE ET JUSTIFICATION DONNÉES PAR WITTGENSTEIN -- 2. - APPROFONDISSEMENT DES VUES DE WITTGENSTEIN : LES NOTIONS D'USAGE ET DE GRAMMAIRE. LA MANIÈRE DONT LES JEUX PRENNENT FORME -- 3. - LES DIFFÉRENTES DÉFINITIONS DES JEUX DE LANGAGE SELON LE NIVEAU AUQUEL ILS SE SITUENT. UNE PREMIÈRE DESCRIPTION -- 4. - LA NOTION DE JEUX DE LANGAGE EN RAPPORT AVEC LES FORMES DE VIE. LE JEU DE LANGAGE COMME « MALADIE » -- 5. - MALADIES ET THÉRAPEUTIQUE DU LANGAGE SELON WITTGENSTEIN. LA POSSESSION PAR LES MOTS -- Chapitre 2. LA SENSATION ET LE JUGEMENT PERCEPTIF COMME MODES DE CODAGE DE LA RÉALITÉ POUR L'ANIMAL ET POUR L'HOMME -- 1. - LA SENSATION/PERCEPTION ENVISAGÉE DANS LES TRAVAUX DE HELMHOLTZ ANALYSÉS PAR JACQUES BOUVERESSE -- 2. - LA SENSATION/PERCEPTION COMME « MODE DE CODAGE » GÉNÉTIQUEMENT PRÉVU : LES TRAVAUX DE MCCULLOCH, DE VON UEXKÜLL ET LES RÉPERCUSSIONS QU'ONT CES MODES DE CODAGE AU NIVEAU DE L'AFFECT -- 3. - LE RAPPORT STIMULUS-SIGNAL DANS UN CADRE PLUS LARGE QUI RECOUVRE LE PROBLÈME AFFECTIF -- Chapitre 3. LE FONCTIONNEMENT DE LA PENSÉE CHEZ L'ANIMAL ET CHEZ L'HOMME DANS LEUR MANIÈRE D'AGIR. UNE POSSIBLE PRISE EN COMPTE DES « CONNAISSANCES » -- 1. - DE L'AGIR ANIMAL -- 2. - L'HOMME, SES PRISES DE CONNAISSANCE DANS L'AGIR -- 3. - UNE ÉTUDE DE CAS LIÉE À UNE INTER-RELATION DEVENUE PROBLÉMATIQUE -- 4. - UNE INTERPRÉTATION EN TERMES DE JEU DE LANGAGE ET L'EXEMPLE D'UNE ÉVENTUELLE PATHOLOGIE DU LANGAGE -- Chapitre 4. LA COMPRÉHENSION D'UN ACTE EN FONCTION DU JEU DE LANGAGE ET DE LA FORME DE VIE. LES LIMITES DE CETTE COMPRÉHENSION ET UNE DISSOLUTION DES JEUX.

This paper deals with the foundation of a Non-linear Threshold Logic as a significative extension of the classical Threshold Logic initiated by McCulloch and Pitts 50 years ago. The mathematical theory of this new logic is based on Heaviside a Non-linear argument of the Function. The determination of the parameters is made by an algebraic learning. For the first time, we introduced the so-called Heaviside Fixed Function.
The models of the Dubois' Fractal Neural Network and the Fukushima et al Neocognitron give the original framework of the new Non-linear Threshold Logic.
The Threshold Logic, using linear argument of the Heaviside function, is not capable of resolving all Boolean functions with only one neuron.
It is demonstrated that our Non-linear Threshold Logic resolved all the Boolean functions with one single neuron for any number of inputs, ie even the XOR problem.
This is a good test for our method. Moreover it is shown that the very difficult Parity problem has also a very elegant solution for obtaining the parity of any Boolean patterns from one single neuron with any number of inputs.
In the technology of neural networks, the back-propagation methods are based on hidden neurons to resolve the Boolean functions. There are some difficulties to obtain the global minimum as the number of neurons increases and the combinatorial explosion gives many problems for practical applications.
The Non-linear Threshold Logic will permit to diminish a great quantity of neurons in the neural networks with the back-propagation.
The possibilities of bigger practical applications are so given by this Non-linear Threshold Logic in the technology of neural machines due to the diminution of the necessary number of neurons and so to avoid some combinatorial explosion problems. Turbo Brain 1.0, a package for Personal Computers, has been developped from this Non-linear Threshold Logic with a Symbolic software.