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International audience ; The research is dedicated to the analysis of law enforcement civil aspects in legal regulation of public relations, determination of its character and value as security instrument of their effectiveness. It is set that law realization is considered in such forms as law fulfillment, law application, law enforcement, law fulfillment and law termination accompanying the motion of civil-law relations. It is proved that the reason for law enforcement in the course of civil-law relations realization is such character of their development, reality and affiliation of which in view of their social value is provided individually-legal instructions given by public authority. Realization of subjective civil rights and legal obligations in private relation is provided by the acceptance of individual legal act issued by governmental authority. Authority's activity in law enforcement mechanism is provided by the system of legal measures (mechanism elements), the total amount of which shall be naturally implemented in law realization mechanism the component of which is law enforcement mechanism in synchronically directed at provision of its effectiveness. To such elements of law enforcement mechanism each of which is specified within the appropriate law realization may be included: legal provision, legal relations and judicial fact. ; Правозастосування в правовому регулюванні суспільних відносин є формою забезпечення сталого розвитку цивільних правовідносин в Україні. Підставою його запровадження в процесі реалізації цивільних правовідносин є такий характер їх розвитку, реальність і належність якого, в силу їх соціальної цінності, забезпечується індивідуально-правовим приписом органу публічної влади. Він проявляється в разі необхідності державного впливу на розвиток цивільних правовідносин з метою забезпечення суспільного інтересу. Втілення його в життя забезпечується механізмом правового регулювання.Механізм правового регулювання складається з окремих складових частин, які забезпечують його ...

This essay aims to launch the proceedings of international law on a high note, and to suggest that many common impressions of it are wrong in general, and particularly wrong in the context of international environmental law. Even more particularly, multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) illustrate the maturation and sophistication of international environmental law. If anything, the diversity and flexibility of compliance approaches under MEAs highlight the limited purchase of simple dichotomies such as "binding vs. non-binding" or "enforcement vs. ineffectiveness". The essay begins by exploring the concept of "enforcement" in international law in general. It suggests that a concept of enforcement as imposition of legal sanctions, or penalties, is unduly narrow. The essay then canvasses some of the main theoretical assumptions about international law and compliance. An exploration of this theoretical context illuminates the reasons underlying common misconceptions about international law and its enforcement, and helps put in perspective the evolution of approaches to compliance in international environmental law. Finally, against the backdrop of these general considerations, the author examines key features of the approaches to compliance and enforcement in international environmental law and MEAs. The aim is to provide a 'bigger picture', a context for the detailed discussions of compliance mechanisms that make up the bulk of the conference proceedings.

The international criminal court (ICC) will serve as a permanent institution dedicated to the enforcement of international humanitarian law sixty days after the sixtieth state has deposited its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession to the Treaty of Rome with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.1 Pursuant to Article 11 of the ICC Statute, however, the ICC will have jurisdiction only with respect to crimes committed after the treaty comes into force.2 Consequently, when faced with allegations of violations of international humanitarian law in the period prior to the establishment of the ICC, the international community has five options if criminal prosecutions are desired.3 First, additional ad hoc international tribunals, similar to those established for the former Yugoslavia (International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY) and Rwanda (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, ICTR) could be established.4 Second, "mixed" international criminal tribunals, which would share certain attributes with the ad hoc Tribunals, could be created.5 Third, the international community could leave the prosecution of alleged offenders to national authorities, provided that the domestic courts are functioning and able to conduct such trials. Fourth, in those instances where the national infrastructure has collapsed, international resources could be made available to assist with the prosecution of the alleged offenders in domestic courts. Finally, the international community could simply do nothing in the face of alleged violations of international humanitarian law.

Cybercrimes, or offenses enabled by technology, affect computer systems and people and prove difficult to pursue through traditional criminal justice strategies due to jurisdictional challenges and legal hurdles. As a result, corporations and industry have begun to play a role in mitigating various forms of cybercrime. This article examines what constitutes cybercrime and the successes and limitations of law enforcement in combatting these offenses. I present a detailed discussion of efforts by industry and regulatory bodies to deter cybercrime. Finally, I consider and discuss the risks and challenges that traditional criminal justice system operations face moving forward.

Chapter 1: Policies and Modalities (Modalities of International Cooperation in Penal Matters; The Duty to Prosecute and/or Extradite: Aut Dedere Aut Judicare; Globalization of International Enforcement Mechanisms: The Problem of Legitimacy; Globalization of Law Enforcement and Intelligence Gathering and Sharing); Chapter 2: Jurisdiction (Extraterritorial Jurisdiction; Universal Jurisdiction; Competing and Overlapping Jurisdictions; Immunities and Exceptions; The European Union and the Schengen Agreement); Chapter 3: Extradition (Law and Practice in the United States; The European Approach; Commentary on the United Nations Draft Model Law on Extradition); Chapter 4:Judicial Assistance and Mutual Cooperation in Penal Matters (United States Treaties on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters; Commentary on the United Nations Draft Model Law on Mutual Legal Assistance; Inter-State Cooperation in Penal Matters in the Commonwealth; The Council of Europe and the European Union; European Perspective on International Cooperation in Matters of Terrorism; Freezing and Seizing of Assets: Controlling Money Laundering); Chapter 5: Recognition of Foreign Penal Judgments, Transfer of Criminal Proceedings, and Execution of Foreign Penal Sentences (Introduction to Recognition of Foreign Penal Judgments; Introduction to Transfer of Criminal Proceedings; Transfer of Criminal Proceedings: The European System; The Lockerbie Model of Transfer of Proceedings; International Perspective on Transfer of Prisoners and Execution of Foreign Penal Judgments; United States Policies and Practices on the Execution of Foreign Penal Sentences).

Abstract.The article outlines the prospects for improving the mechanism for ensuring the execution of laws in the internal affairs bodies. This includes the implementation of a wide range of political, economic, legal, organizational measures and legal monitoring throughout the country, the introduction of information and communication technologies and best practices in this area, the provision of the internal affairs bodies with qualified personnel, the openness of the activities of the internal affairs bodies, social partnership, legal awareness and legal culture, analyzed the relevant aspects and developed proposals and recommendations for the further improvement of this activity.

The article is based on the analysis of law enforcement practice concerning the legal mechanism of self-defense of labor rights by employees. Ensuring observance of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen guaranteed by the Constitution determines the importance of the implementation of independent actions of everyone to protect their rights and interests by any means established by law, including in the field of labor relations. Meanwhile, the current legal mechanism for the implementation of self-defense of labor rights of workers, established by the provisions of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, is currently characterized by insufficient development and inconsistency, creating significant difficulties in the field of its legal regulation. The object of the study was labor relations in general, as well as legal relations arising between the subjects of labor law regarding the protection of the labor rights of workers. The subject of the study includes the theoretical and practical foundations of various ways to protect the labor rights of workers. The goal is to analyze the methods of self-defense of labor rights of workers, as well as to identify problematic aspects of their practical application (based on an analysis of law enforcement practice). The methodological basis of the research is represented by general scientific (concrete historical, formal logical, structural and systemic) and private scientific methods of research (comparative legal, the method of legal analysis, etc.). The practical significance of the study is determined by the relevance of the developed proposals for improving the norms of general and special disciplinary responsibility, ensuring the effectiveness of their application.

This paper attempts to develop a formal economic framework to analyze the influences of domestic political considerations by democratic governments in shaping the WTO enforcement outcomes following a violation ruling against the defendant. Since a different mix of import and export sectors in the defendant and complainant country will benefit from the various potential enforcement outcomes, they become competing forces which steer the strategic interactions between the disputing governments. The results of the paper illustrate the complainant's strategy in selecting the retaliation list, and the likelihood of the defendant's compliance or compensation in response to the proposed or foreseeable retaliation, given the political and economic environments on both sides of the disputing parties. This paper also captures the possibility of enforcement failures under the current WTO dispute settlement procedure, where the complainant does not have enough retaliation capacity to induce compliance or some form of compensation from the defendant.

This paper attempts to develop a formal economic framework to analyze the influences of domestic political considerations by democratic governments in shaping the WTO enforcement outcomes following a violation ruling against the defendant. Since a different mix of import and export sectors in the defendant and complainant country will benefit from the various potential enforcement outcomes, they become competing forces which steer the strategic interactions between the disputing governments. The results of the paper illustrate the complainant's strategy in selecting the retaliation list, and the likelihood of the defendant's compliance or compensation in response to the proposed or foreseeable retaliation, given the political and economic environments on both sides of the disputing parties. This paper also captures the possibility of enforcement failures under the current WTO dispute settlement procedure, where the complainant does not have enough retaliation capacity to induce compliance or some form of compensation from the defendant.