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Today, the demand for transparency is omnipresent. In particular, transparency is considered a prerequisite for good governance, for political participation and democracy. On closer inspection, however, transparency proves to be ambivalent. For complete transparency has not yet been achieved anywhere. Moreover, measures to increase transparency can have the opposite effect and stir up mistrust. Historians are just beginning to discover this topic. The volume assembles contributions covering European history since the 19th century. The contributors focus on political and cultural history, but include also economic and media history as well as the history of ideas. They analyse publicly debated demands and efforts for transparency, conceived as the access to information or ist disclosure.

Este artigo apresenta uma leitura crítica do conteúdo de dois filmes que abordam o preconceito racial. Foram selecionados os filmes: Um grito de liberdade e Sarafina o som da liberdade, como fonte de pesquisa. O objetivo é investigar os aspectos culturais, econômicos, sociais e políticos da África, a fim de propor uma metodologia de análise fílmica, com base nos Estudos Culturais. De que maneira o cinema, ao mostrar os conflitos sociais gerados pelas leis raciais, pode contribuir para formar professores mais preparados e capazes de lidar com o racismo e o preconceito na sala de aula? No espaço escolar, esses filmes analisados na perspectiva de Douglas Kellner, Michel Foucault e Stuart Hall, podem ampliar a nossa compreensão sobre a lógica da dominação pela segregação racial e contribuir para mobilizar ações de valorização e de reconhecimento da história e cultura africana e afro-brasileiro.

This thesis focuses on the phenomenon of political tension in Spain during the presidency of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004-2011). This period began after a major episode in Spanish history at the beginning of the 21st century: the Madrid terrorist attacks of 11th March 2004, which occurred just three days before the legislative elections. The shockwaves of this terrorist attack, the deadliest in the country's history, reverberated far beyond the event and deeply divided the Spanish society. This is reflected in the polarisation of several media on the right of the political spectrum, which mobilise, among others, a conspiracy discourse to question the legitimacy of the socialist government. The in-depth analysis of these media allowed us to identify their communication groups and, thus, to scrutinise a vast network of influences that range from the business world and the Catholic Church to the political sphere. These multiple ramifications form a nebula that is difficult to identify at first glance. From a double perspective of political and media history, the observation of these communication groups, within various informational environments (radio, internet, TDT), has revealed the pioneering aspect of their communication model, based on the appropriation of new technologies to increase the visibility of their political positions in the public debate. In the age of social media, these networks are reconfiguring themselves and are now gravitating around the emerging far-right party, Vox, for whom this notion of crispation remains a political strategy. ; Ce travail de thèse porte sur le phénomène de crispation dans la vie politique en Espagne lors de la présidence de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004 -2011). Cette période débute après un épisode majeur de l'Histoire espagnole de ce début du XXIe siècle, les attentats du 11 mars 2004 à Madrid, survenus trois jours seulement avant les élections législatives. L'onde de choc de cette attaque terroriste, la plus meurtrière qu'ait connue le pays, se répercute ...

This thesis focuses on the phenomenon of political tension in Spain during the presidency of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004-2011). This period began after a major episode in Spanish history at the beginning of the 21st century: the Madrid terrorist attacks of 11th March 2004, which occurred just three days before the legislative elections. The shockwaves of this terrorist attack, the deadliest in the country's history, reverberated far beyond the event and deeply divided the Spanish society. This is reflected in the polarisation of several media on the right of the political spectrum, which mobilise, among others, a conspiracy discourse to question the legitimacy of the socialist government. The in-depth analysis of these media allowed us to identify their communication groups and, thus, to scrutinise a vast network of influences that range from the business world and the Catholic Church to the political sphere. These multiple ramifications form a nebula that is difficult to identify at first glance. From a double perspective of political and media history, the observation of these communication groups, within various informational environments (radio, internet, TDT), has revealed the pioneering aspect of their communication model, based on the appropriation of new technologies to increase the visibility of their political positions in the public debate. In the age of social media, these networks are reconfiguring themselves and are now gravitating around the emerging far-right party, Vox, for whom this notion of crispation remains a political strategy. ; Ce travail de thèse porte sur le phénomène de crispation dans la vie politique en Espagne lors de la présidence de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004 -2011). Cette période débute après un épisode majeur de l'Histoire espagnole de ce début du XXIe siècle, les attentats du 11 mars 2004 à Madrid, survenus trois jours seulement avant les élections législatives. L'onde de choc de cette attaque terroriste, la plus meurtrière qu'ait connue le pays, se répercute bien au-delà de l'événement et divise profondément la société espagnole. Cette tendance se manifeste notamment par la polarisation de plusieurs médias situés à droite du spectre politique qui mobilisent, entre autres, un discours complotiste afin de remettre en question la légitimité du gouvernement socialiste. L' analyse approfondie de ces médias a permis d' identifier leurs groupes de communication et de scruter ainsi un vaste réseau d'influences issu du monde des affaires, de l'Église catholique et de la sphère politique. Ces multiples ramifications forment une nébuleuse difficile à cerner au premier abord. Dans une double perspective d'histoire politique et médiatique, l'observation de ces groupes de communication, au sein d'environnements informationnels divers (radio, internet, TDT), a révélé le caractère pionnier de leur modèle de communication basé sur l'appropriation des nouvelles technologies pour accroître la visibilité de leurs prises de positions politiques dans le débat public. À l'ère des médias sociaux, ces réseaux se reconfigurent et gravitent désormais autour du parti émergent d'extrême-droite Vox dont l'une des stratégies reste cette notion de crispation.

This thesis looks back on the political and media history of Senegal from independence to the present. However, given the specific political dynamism of the colonial era in this country, we will also discuss this period because it can help us better understand the coming "early" multiparty in Senegal compared to the rest of Africa, or unless much of the continent. Since it is from this period that the voting appeared to Senegal. And after independence, the media situation will undergo significant changes, with the emergence of single parti system and what Mor Faye calls "institutional journalism of reviews." The break with political pluralism, caused by the 1962 crisis marks the end of the two-headed executive in Senegal, that will gradually reduce the freedom of opinion to impose a single newspaper, a State press. With the creation of a press law in 1979 and the nascent or reborn multiparty, start to root the basics of media pluralism that will, as and as the country becomes more democratic, revolutionize speech political and ideological monism upset. Thus developed in the early 1990s, in Senegal and in many French-speaking African countries, a form of "médiactivisme" which will play a key role in the questioning of the information published by state media. However, the development of pluralism of the press in Senegal raises, especially after the political change in 2000 Abdoulaye Wade to lead the country, huge questions on journalistic practices and spirit of responsibility necessary to exercise this job ; Cette thèse se propose de revenir sur l'histoire politique et médiatique du Sénégal de l'indépendance à nos jours. Mais, vu le dynamisme politique spécifique de l'ère coloniale dans ce pays, nous aborderons également cette période car elle peut nous aider à mieux comprendre l'avènement « précoce » du multipartisme au Sénégal par rapport au reste de l'Afrique, ou du moins d'une bonne partie du continent. Car c'est à partir de cette période que le droit de vote est apparu au Sénégal. Puis à l'indépendance, la ...

This thesis looks back on the political and media history of Senegal from independence to the present. However, given the specific political dynamism of the colonial era in this country, we will also discuss this period because it can help us better understand the coming "early" multiparty in Senegal compared to the rest of Africa, or unless much of the continent. Since it is from this period that the voting appeared to Senegal. And after independence, the media situation will undergo significant changes, with the emergence of single parti system and what Mor Faye calls "institutional journalism of reviews." The break with political pluralism, caused by the 1962 crisis marks the end of the two-headed executive in Senegal, that will gradually reduce the freedom of opinion to impose a single newspaper, a State press. With the creation of a press law in 1979 and the nascent or reborn multiparty, start to root the basics of media pluralism that will, as and as the country becomes more democratic, revolutionize speech political and ideological monism upset. Thus developed in the early 1990s, in Senegal and in many French-speaking African countries, a form of "médiactivisme" which will play a key role in the questioning of the information published by state media. However, the development of pluralism of the press in Senegal raises, especially after the political change in 2000 Abdoulaye Wade to lead the country, huge questions on journalistic practices and spirit of responsibility necessary to exercise this job ; Cette thèse se propose de revenir sur l'histoire politique et médiatique du Sénégal de l'indépendance à nos jours. Mais, vu le dynamisme politique spécifique de l'ère coloniale dans ce pays, nous aborderons également cette période car elle peut nous aider à mieux comprendre l'avènement « précoce » du multipartisme au Sénégal par rapport au reste de l'Afrique, ou du moins d'une bonne partie du continent. Car c'est à partir de cette période que le droit de vote est apparu au Sénégal. Puis à l'indépendance, la ...

O presente trabalho foi originado a partir das reflexões suscitadas por uma pesquisa de pós-doutorado que investiga como os jogos eletrônicos podem contribuir para a produção e o compartilhamento de representações, de imagens e de um imaginário sobre o passado, atuando como suporte para a memória coletiva. O artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre as relações entre simulação digital, o conhecimento do passado e a história pública com base na discussão da produção bibliográfica recente de historiadores norte-americanos que tratam do tema. O artigo critica a dicotomia entre jogos digitais educativos comerciais conclui que os elementos ficcionais presentes em simulações e jogos digitais oferecem a oportunidade para o exercício de exploração da história contrafatual. Essa característica, aliada à possibilidade de expressão de dados e conhecimentos históricos complexos, tornam as simulações e jogos digitais valiosas para o campo da história pública.

This paper tries to provide a brief analysis of the history of changing media space and the evolution of digital culture, with a special focus on the comparative analysis of pros and cons. It highlights the power of new media and that how it helps institutions, government apparatus and the scientific communities, for example, universities in making a participatory environment among citizens and in the dissemination of knowledge and scientific thoughts in a best possible way. In addition, it also provides opportunities to learn with peers without geographical boundaries famously known as: Peer-to-peer learning and helps to develop new skills required in the modern age. But at the same time there are some concerns that need for policy and pedagogical interventions like participatory gap, Transparency and ethical challenges. This is the problem statement of this paper. الملخص:سيحاول هذا المقال أن يقدم تحليلا وجيزا في مساحة وسائل الإعلام المتغيرة عبر التاريخ وتطور الثقافية الرقمية مع التركيز على الدراسة المقارنة في الجانب الإيجابي والسلبي ويلقي الضوء على قوة وسائل الإعلام الجديدة وعلي أنه كيف يساعد الهيئات والمؤسسات الحكومية والدوائر العلمية مثلا الجامعات في جعل بيئة تشاركية فيما بين السكان في نشر العلوم والمعرفة بصورة أحسن وبأسرع وقت ممكن وفي توفير الفرص للتعلم مع الأقران بلا حدود الجغرافية ما يقال: Peer-to-peer learning وتنمية المهارات الحديثة المطلوبة في عصر الحديث. ولكن في وقت نفسه هناك بعض الاهتمامات تحتاج التدخلات السياسية والتربوية مثلا تعبية الفجوة التشاركية، الشفافية، والتحديات الخلقية. وهذه هي إشكالية هذا المقال.

Este artigo procura discutir o conceito de história pública digital e sua importância, por meio da apresentação do portal Memória Massacre Carandiru. Inicialmente, como pesquisadores do filme O Homem da Grade de Ferro (2003), que trata de narrativas orais e imagéticas de presos do complexo Carandiru, entramos em contato com as criadoras e organizadoras do site, cujo objetivo é reunir o maior número de documentos -iconográficos, judiciais, jornalísticos, fílmicos e orais- relativos ao massacre ocorrido no Complexo Penitenciário de São Paulo, no ano de 1992, e disponibilizá-los a uma audiência e debate público. O projeto pretende, ainda, criar um acervo de narrativas orais dos sujeitos envolvidos no evento, valorizando a memória esquecida/impedida sobre o trauma histórico, ainda hoje não devidamente enfrentado.

This thesis seeks to analyse the historical interpretations produced by societies in order to interpret and understand their past events, thus being capable of creating and rebuilding their collective imagination and their identity. In this sense, this study will particularly focus on the meanings that "collective imagination(s)" give to recent historical events and battles that are emerging from the social conflict to control "historicity" and "memory".It will start from the study of a political process of the Spanish transition. This event, controversial in the Spanish society, is subject to constant review both by historiography and literature, but most particularly by the media. Therefore, the analysis of the social and media representations of the Spanish transition proves to be, from our perspective very interesting, because they are historical productions with a strong influence on the construction of the Spanish "social memory".This research is therefore part of the disciplinary field of "history of present time" and is interested in the "memory" and "the public uses of history", including the historical representations that contribute to the creation of the "social memory". Within this context, our study will address the construction of this social memory by starting to analyse the role played by mass media as instruments of transmission of "memory" and historicity. Therefore, this research will dedicate a particular attention to the historical storytelling that forms what some authors have called "media historiography" and that has been an important contribution to the social construction of the interpretation of the past and then the present time.In order to do so, we propose to examine the official storytelling that arises from public institutions and that has been conveyed by the media through different generic forms: informative productions, reports and documentary shows. Later, we will undertake the analysis of historical productions, as well as the contributions of historiography, in the ...

This thesis seeks to analyse the historical interpretations produced by societies in order to interpret and understand their past events, thus being capable of creating and rebuilding their collective imagination and their identity. In this sense, this study will particularly focus on the meanings that "collective imagination(s)" give to recent historical events and battles that are emerging from the social conflict to control "historicity" and "memory".It will start from the study of a political process of the Spanish transition. This event, controversial in the Spanish society, is subject to constant review both by historiography and literature, but most particularly by the media. Therefore, the analysis of the social and media representations of the Spanish transition proves to be, from our perspective very interesting, because they are historical productions with a strong influence on the construction of the Spanish "social memory".This research is therefore part of the disciplinary field of "history of present time" and is interested in the "memory" and "the public uses of history", including the historical representations that contribute to the creation of the "social memory". Within this context, our study will address the construction of this social memory by starting to analyse the role played by mass media as instruments of transmission of "memory" and historicity. Therefore, this research will dedicate a particular attention to the historical storytelling that forms what some authors have called "media historiography" and that has been an important contribution to the social construction of the interpretation of the past and then the present time.In order to do so, we propose to examine the official storytelling that arises from public institutions and that has been conveyed by the media through different generic forms: informative productions, reports and documentary shows. Later, we will undertake the analysis of historical productions, as well as the contributions of historiography, in the understanding of this determinant event. Finally, with deep attention, we will tackle the study of audiovisual productions that are fictional and have historical material. Hence, by starting from the analysis of representations produced by this historical event, and the study of politico-cultural connections established between the present and the past told by these historical productions, our work seeks to understand the function of these in the construction of the "social memory". This work also tries to understand the role played by audiovisual storytelling, or historical fictions, as connectors to memory and tools that created the history of Spanish society.We hope then to be able to verify the existence of a "media historiography" that contributes in a decisive manner to the construction of the "social memory". In this sense, concerning the Spanish Transition, we aspire to answer the questions that the control of this "media historiography" imposes. We will do so first through the hegemony of the official storytelling, then by overtaking the State's imposed frame and the resulting development of a conflict for the "memory" and control of "historicity". ; Cette thèse cherche à analyser des représentations historiques produites par les sociétés afin d'interpréter et comprendre leurs événements passés et ainsi pouvoir construire et recomposer leur imaginaire collectif et leur identité. Dans ce sens, ce travail consacrera une attention toute particulière aux significations que la ou les « mémoire(s) collective(s) » donnent aux événements historiques récents et aux luttes qui se développent autour de ce conflit social pour le contrôle de « l'historicité » et de la « mémoire ».Elle partira de l'étude du processus politique de la Transition espagnole. Cet événement, de nature polémique au sein de la société espagnole, est soumis à une révision constante aussi bien par l'historiographie que par la littérature, mais surtout par les médias. De ce fait, l'analyse des représentations sociales et médiatiques de la Transition s'avère de notre point de vue très intéressant, car elles sont des productions historiques avec une forte influence dans la construction de la « mémoire social » espagnole.Ce travail de recherche s'insère donc dans le champ disciplinaire de « l'histoire du temps présent » et s'intéresse à la « mémoire » et aux « usages publics de l'histoire », notamment aux représentations historiques qui contribuent à la formation de la « mémoire sociale ». Dans ce cadre, notre étude abordera la construction de cette « mémoire sociale » en partant de l'analyse du rôle joué par les mass média en tant qu'instruments de transmission de « mémoire » et d'historisation. Par conséquent, cette recherche consacrera une attention toute particulière aux récits historiques qui forment ce que certains auteurs ont appelé « l'historiographie médiatique » et qui a une si importante contribution dans la construction social de l'interprétation du passé depuis le présent.Pour ce faire, nous nous proposons d'examiner tout d'abord le récit officiel surgit des institutions publiques et véhiculé grâce aux médias par le biais de différentes formes génériques : des productions informatives, des reportages et des émissions documentaires. Ensuite, nous entreprendrons d'analyser les productions historiques ainsi que les apports de l'historiographie à la compréhension de cet événement déterminant et, finalement, avec une attention toute particulière, nous nous attèlerons à étudier les productions audiovisuelles fictionnelles à caractère historique. Ainsi donc, en partant de l'analyse des représentations produites autour de cet événement historique et de l'étude des connexions politico-culturelles qui s'établissent entre le présent et le passé raconté par ces productions historiques, notre travail cherche à comprendre la fonction de celles-ci dans la construction de la « mémoire sociale », ainsi que le rôle tenu par les narrations audiovisuelles ou fictions historiques en tant que véhicules de mémoire et outils d'historisation de la société espagnole.Nous espérons ainsi pouvoir vérifier l'existence d'une « historiographie médiatique » qui contribue de façon décisive à la construction de la « mémoire sociale ». De la même façon, en ce qui concerne la Transition espagnole, nous aspirons à répondre aux questionnements que le contrôle de cette « historiographie médiatique » impose. Dans un premier temps, par le biais de l'hégémonie du récit officiel et, dans un second temps, à partir du dépassement du cadre imposé par l'État et le développement conséquent d'un conflit pour la « mémoire » et pour le contrôle de « l'historicité ».

This article discusses how the concept of social class was studied in communication research between the 1970s and 1980s, highlighting a trajectory of the concept from pioneering studies, with a focus on Brazilian research and on understanding their theoretical and epistemological meanings and considering positive and negative aspects. On the one hand, there are works close to the political economy of communication, Marxism and popular communication. On the other, there is the emergence of cultural and reception studies, which emphasize symbolic issues and the relation of the subjects of different classes with the media. In addition, there are studies focusing on journalism and public relations. Thus, this article shows the relevance of studying classes and class struggles in communication. ; O artigo discute como o conceito de classe social foi trabalhado na pesquisa em comunicação nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, buscando evidenciar uma trajetória do conceito a partir de estudos considerados pioneiros. O foco esteve na pesquisa brasileira, procurando observar sentidos teóricos e epistemológicos e suas potencialidades e limites. Em geral, as pesquisas eram próximas à economia política da comunicação, ao marxismo e à comunicação popular. Há também outras mais ligadas aos estudos culturais e de recepção, que ressaltam questões simbólicas e relações de sujeitos de diferentes classes com as mídias. Além dessas, também foram encontradas pesquisas enfocando jornalismo e relações públicas. Ao traçar essa trajetória, mostramos a pertinência de estudar as classes e suas lutas na comunicação.