Suchergebnisse

Alternativni načini rješavanja sporova danas su prepoznati kao dobrodošlo sredstvo za ublažavanje međustranačke napetosti, ubrzanja postupka, kao i smanjenja parničnih troškova. Europska je komisija usvojila niz mjera koje predviđaju primjenu određenog oblika izvansudskih načina rješavanja sporova. U Republici Hrvatskoj cjeloviti pravni okvir za nesmetano odvijanje alternativnih načina rješavanja sporova prvi put je izrađen 2003. godine, kada je donesen Zakon o mirenju. Osim tim Zakonom, mirenje, kao postupak koji prethodi parnici, u Republici Hrvatskoj predviđa i niz drugih zakona, a neki od njih propisuju i obvezatnost njegove provedbe. Međutim, iako je postojanje pozitivnih iskustava stranaka postupkom mirenja značajno, programi dobrovoljnog mirenja i dalje pokazuju nisku stopu njegove iskorištenosti. S druge strane, iako obvezno mirenje može biti korisno, prema njemu se iznose i značajne kritike, stoga je cilj ovog rada istražiti u kojim će to slučajevima prethodna provedba postupka mirenja biti obvezatna te može li jedno takvo obvezivanje, s obzirom na svrhu samog postupka mirenja, uopće biti u skladu s pravom na pristup sudu. ; Alternative dispute resolutions are perceived as a useful means for mitigating inter-party tensions, speeding up the procedures and reducing litigation costs. The European Commission has adopted a series of measures aimed at implementation of a particular form of non-judicial means of dispute resolution. Comprehensive legal framework for stable functioning of alternative dispute resolution in the Republic of Croatia was created in 2003 when the new Mediation Act was passed. In addition to this law, dispute resolution as a procedure that precedes the trial is regulated by a number of other laws, some of them stipulating its obligatory enforcement. The rate of the cases solved in voluntary mediation in Croatia is still low. There is no doubt that mandatory mediation may be useful but on the other hand the question arises if rules on mandatory mediation have the capacity to prevent equitable access to justice. The primary aim of this paper is to examine different legal situations in which mediation is mandatory and ratio which stands behind it. The author will also analyse the extent to which rules on mandatory mediation are in accordance with the right of access to court. ; Alternative Weisen der Konfliktlösung sind heute als willkommene Mittel zur Milderung der Animosität zwischen den Parteien, zur Beschleunigung des Verfahrens und Verminderung von Verfahrenskosten erkannt. Europäische Kommission hat eine Reihe von Maßnahmen getroffen, die die Anwendung einer bestimmten Form der außergerichtlichen Lösung von Streitigkeiten anordnen. Zum ersten Mal wurde in der Republik Kroatien ein einheitlicher Rechtsrahmen für ungestörte Entwicklung der alternativen Weisen von Konfliktlösung im Jahr 2003 geschaffen, als das Mediationsgesetz erlassen wurde. Als einem Gerichtsverfahren vorläufendes Prozess wurde die Mediation außer von diesem Gesetz auch durch eine Reihe anderer Gesetze in der Republik Kroatien vorgesehen. In einigen dieser Gesetze wird auch die Verbindlichkeit der Durchführung des Mediationsprozesses geregelt. Obwohl positive Erfahrungen der Parteien in Bezug auf das Mediationsverfahren beträchtlich sind, weist die Analyse von Programmen der freiwilligen Mediation noch immer auf eine niedrige Stufe ihrer Nutzung hin. Andererseits wird die verbindliche Mediation trotz ihrer Nützlichkeit auch heftig kritisiert. Aus diesem Grunde ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit, zu untersuchen, in welchen Fällen die vorläufige Durchführung des Mediationsverfahrens verbindlich sein sollte und ob die Verbindlichkeit mit Rücksicht auf den Zweck des Mediationsprozesses mit dem Recht auf Beitritt zum Gericht überhaupt im Einklang steht.

U radu je prikazano iskustvo medijatora u procesu obiteljske medijacije u slučajevima partnerskog nasilja na temelju rezultata istraživanja provedenog u sedam centara za socijalnu skrb u kojem je sudjelovalo dvanaest stručnih radnika s odgovarajućom edukacijom za provođenje obiteljske medijacije. Svrha istraživanja je bila opisati i analizirati iskustva medijatora u procesu obiteljske medijacije s partnerima koji su imali iskustvo nasilja te utvrditi mogućnost njene primjene u takvim slučajevima. Korišten je kvalitativni pristup, a pri analizi prikupljenih podataka primijenjen je postupak tematske analize. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da medijatori ističu neke specifičnosti upravljanja procesom medijacije s partnerima koji su imali iskustvo nasilja po pitanju sigurnosti procesa, uspostave ravnoteže moći i konstruktivnog dijaloga strana u medijaciji, što zahtijeva od medijatora primjenu određenih tehnika i vještina. Također, rezultati istraživanja govore u prilog tome da medijatori percipiraju mogućnost provođenja obiteljske medijacije s partnerima koji su imali iskustvo nasilja pri čemu pored temeljnih pretpostavki za provođenje medijacije ističu nužnost uvažavanja i specifičnih pretpostavki poput vremenske distance od nasilja, utjecaja nasilja na žrtvu, stvaranja sigurnih uvjeta, dobre educiranosti medijatora te primjene nekih procedura koje bi trebalo provesti po pitanju procjene nasilja, sigurnosti i odabira modela medijacije. ; The paper presents the experience of mediators in the family mediation process in the cases of violence in partner relationships based on the results of a research conducted in seven social welfare centres in which twelve experts adequately trained for the implementation of family mediation participated. The aim of the research was to describe and analyse the experience of the mediators in the family mediation process with the partners who had experienced violence and to determine the possibility of its application in such cases. The qualitative approach was used, and the procedure of topic analysis was used. The research results show that the mediators point out some specific features of the management of the mediation process with the partners who have experienced violence with regard to the safety of the process, establishment of the balance of power and a constructive dialogue of the parties in mediation, which demands the mediators to apply certain techniques and skills. Additionally, the results of the research indicate that the mediators perceive the possibility to implement family mediation with the partners who have experienced violence and that, apart from the basic prerequisites for the implementation of mediation, they emphasise the necessity to recognise the specific prerequisites, such as the time distance from violence, the influence of violence on the victim, creation of safe conditions, good level of the mediators' education and the application of some procedures which should be conducted in terms of the assessment of violence, safety and selection of the mediation model

Environmental supervision and government subsidy are important tools for government to promote green innovation. The influence of these two policy orientations on green innovation performance is spreading widely, but the specific indirect mechanism of policy orientation inducing green innovation needs further exploring. This paper introduces the knowledge-dynamic ability (knowledge production ability, knowledge acquisition ability, knowledge integration ability) into the analysis framework of enterprise green innovation, and studies the mediating effect of the knowledge-dynamic ability on policy orientation and green innovation. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2015, the empirical findings are as follows: Firstly, the knowledge-dynamic ability plays a remarkable mediating role in promoting between policy orientation and green innovation, which indicates that improving the knowledge-dynamic ability is a core mechanism of policy orientation to induce enterprise green innovation. Secondly, the knowledge-dynamic ability plays a complete mediating role in the relationship between environmental supervision and green innovation. Environmental supervision promotes green process innovation by enhancing knowledge acquisition ability and induces green product innovation by enhancing knowledge production ability. Thirdly, the knowledge-dynamic ability plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between government subsidy and green innovation. Government subsidy improves enterprise green process innovation by enhancing knowledge acquisition ability and knowledge integration ability, and induces enterprise green product innovation by enhancing knowledge production ability and knowledge integration ability. ; Nadzor okoliša i vladine subvencije važni su alati vlade za promicanje zelenih inovacija. Utjecaj tih dviju smjernica politike na rast zelene inovacije se širi, ali potrebno je dodatno istražiti specifične neizravne mehanizme usmjerenosti politike koje potiču zelene inovacije. U ovom radu uvodi se dinamička sposobnost znanja (sposobnost proizvodnje znanja, sposobnost stjecanja znanja, sposobnost integracije znanja) u okvir analize poduzeća zelenih inovacija i proučava posrednički učinak sposobnosti dinamike znanja na usmjerenost politike i zelene inovacije. Empirijski nalazi koji se temelje na panel podacima 30 kineskih provincija za razdoblje od 2000. do 2015. su slijedeći: Prvo, dinamička sposobnost znanja ima značajnu posredničku ulogu između promicanja usmjerenosti prema politici i zelenih inovacija, što ukazuje na to da je poboljšanje dinamičke sposobnosti znanja temeljni mehanizam usmjeravanja politike za poticanje zelenih inovacija u poduzeću. Drugo, dinamička sposobnost znanja igra potpunu posredničku ulogu u odnosu između nadzora okoliša i zelenih inovacija. Nadzor okoliša promiče inovacije zelenih procesa povećavajući sposobnost stjecanja znanja i potiče inovacije zelenih proizvoda poboljšanjem sposobnosti proizvodnje znanja. Treće, dinamička sposobnost znanja ima djelomično posredničku ulogu između državnih subvencija i zelenih inovacija. Državne subvencije poboljšavaju inovacije zelenog procesa u poduzeću povećavanjem sposobnosti stjecanja znanja i sposobnosti integracije znanja, te potiču inovacije zelenih proizvoda u poduzeću povećavanjem sposobnosti proizvodnje znanja i sposobnosti integracije znanja.

U radu autori analiziraju korijene, donošenje i neposredne učinke prvog posredničkog napora Europske zajednice u jugoslavenskoj krizi, odnosno Zajedničke deklaracije o mirnom rješavanju jugoslavenske krize, usvojenoj na Brijunima 7. srpnja 1991. Autori utvrđuju kako je djelovanje posredničke misije Europske zajednice, ministarske trojke, oformljene kao posebna ad hoc interventna skupina, bilo obilježeno brojnim nedosljednostima i drugim postupcima koji nisu bili u skladu s nužnom nepristranošću međunarodnog posredništva. ; The authors analyze the roots, enactment and immediate effects of the first mediation efforts by the European Community in the crisis of the former Yugoslavia, i.e., the Joint Declaration on seeking a peaceful solution to the Yugoslav crisis, signed on the Brioni Islands on July 7, 1991. The authors have determined that the intermediary mission of the European Community, the Ministerial Troika, formed as a special ad hoc intervention group, was marred by numerous inconsistencies and other behavior incompatible with the necessary impartiality of international mediation.

Procesi pristupanja Republike Hrvatske u punopravno članstvo EU-a iznimno su kompleksni i vrlo specifični u odnosu na većinu država srednjoeuropskog i jugoistočnoeuropskog prostora. U usporedbi sa svim državama članicama koje su EU-u pristupale u veliku proširenju 2004. te 2007. RH susretala se s mnogim bitno drukčijim izazovima, pa nije rijetko da su se u brojnim napisima pristupanja RH EU-u upotrebljavali najrazličitiji atributi kao 'dugo putovanje' (M. Staničić) ili 'kamenito putovanje – Steiniger Weg' (G. Sander, B. Vukas, ml.) i drugi. Pristupanje RH euroatlantskim integracijama i njezin povratak u zapadnoeuropski civilizacijski krug bio je cilj gotovo svih novoformiranih političkih stranaka i intelektualnih krugova 1990., kao i novog vodstva Republike Hrvatske izabrana na prvoj sjednici višestranačkog Sabora 30. svibnja 1990. Jugoslavenska kriza te sve otvorenija velikosrpska agresija i rat protiv Republike Hrvatske bitno će determinirati odnose RH i tadašnjeg EEZ-a. Tako će sadržaj njihovih početnih odnosa biti poglavito uvjetovan pokušajima EEZ-a i drugih europskih organizacija za ublažavanje krize, nastojanjima posredovanja u prvim oružanim sukobima i doprinosima uspostavi mira u vremenu otvorene agresije koja će prijetiti opstanku same države. Autori ovog rada preko pravnih izvora institucija EEZ-a, odredaba tadašnjega europskog prava te međunarodnog prava pokušat će pokazati početke odnosa RH i EEZ-a, napose nakon proglašenja državne neovisnosti 8. listopada 1991. Cilj je navedena istraživanja predstaviti ulogu EEZ-a u tim vrlo specifičnim bilateralnim odnosima i važnost svih tih zbivanja za kreaciju daljnjih odnosa, osobito nakon međunarodnog priznanja RH. ; The Republic of Croatia's accession to full membership of the EU has been an extremely complex and specific process compared to most Central European and South-Eastern European countries. Compared to all the member states that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007, the Republic of Croatia has encountered numerous different challenges, hence the ...

In this study, the author analyzes the relationship between general culture & its particularistic segments within the integral political community & concludes that as long as there are citizens, there will be a conflict between the general & the singular; also, the mediation between these two categories is never final; instead, one should repeatedly define what is appropriate, right, & compulsory. This is the strength of the type of reasoning to which the schematic landmarks such as universalism & particularism are necessary only as reminders of what is missing in order to fill in the gaps. Adapted from the source document.

The context of the development of the Croatian society after the decay of the socialist structures is burdened not only with the processes specific for all postsocialist countries, such as the loss of traditional securities or the renaissance of "disintegrating capitalism" (Beck, 1994, 479), but also with specific postwar processes. Since this has resulted in complex mediation between individual & collective behaviors, the youth of the 1990s in Croatia have found themselves in an ambivalent situation; with the gap between the wish for security & the possibilities for development, they can hardly develop self-functioning ways of achieving material, cultural, & biographical resources. Skeptical about their own future, they tend primarily to provide for their everyday basic needs & declare themselves as nonpolitical, interested only in themselves, their private space, & free time. 66 References. Adapted from the source document.

The context of the development of the Croatian society after the decay of the socialist structures is burdened not only with the processes specific for all postsocialist countries, such as the loss of traditional securities or the renaissance of "disintegrating capitalism" (Beck, 1994, 479), but also with specific postwar processes. Since this has resulted in complex mediation between individual & collective behaviors, the youth of the 1990s in Croatia have found themselves in an ambivalent situation; with the gap between the wish for security & the possibilities for development, they can hardly develop self-functioning ways of achieving material, cultural, & biographical resources. Skeptical about their own future, they tend primarily to provide for their everyday basic needs & declare themselves as nonpolitical, interested only in themselves, their private space, & free time. 66 References. Adapted from the source document.

The author summarizes several years of debate between liberal & communitarian philosophers. The wrangle between those two major lines of political philosophy in the 1980s concentrated on two issues: the foundation & the justification of a political community & the preservation of a system of political community & the motivation of its members to support it actively. Regarding the first issue, liberalism has defended successfully its universalistic attitude towards human rights. Partly it took into consideration communitarian critique, admitting that the universal validity of human rights need not be justified by abstract & rational contractual structure but by the fact that liberal values have become an unavoidable element of the tradition of modern political communities. Regarding the second issue, liberalism had to accept the communitarian attitude towards the importance of republican virtues for the preservation of a political community. The proposals for such mediation of liberalism & communitarianism are included in the concepts of constitutional patriotism & communitarian participative democracy. Adapted from the source document.

The author claims that in Hegel's Philosophy of Law there are two convergent, overlapping, & concurrent tendencies. The first asserts that the state is such a condition of society in which the universal will of citizens is paramount. It is the sole source of positive law, since only the state warrants the laws that do not do injustice to its subjects. In this theory, the state is considered an ideal universal entity, adjusted to the speculative shifts of auto-reflection. The second claims that as the rational state, the state is a union of different interests, providing good life for its citizens. The principle of their union is a particular benefit; not self-determination as the absolute principle but mutual compromise, mutual achievement & relatively equal contribution that creates interdependence. These two tendencies have entirely defined the understanding of the state in the German cultural space: at one time it is an ideal association among reflective individuals, & at other an apparatus of power. These two abstract solutions may only be overcome via a forceful democratic mediation of the civil society. Adapted from the source document.

The author analyzes the crux of the Christian social creed & its relevance for the issue of the organization of a modern society. Christian tenets are universal & thus above party politics. The starting point of the Christian vision of society & the precepts of natural order & natural right are the cornerstones of the demand for the inviolability of individuals. Human rights imply ethical consideration: an interdiction against exploitation & hypocrisy & recognition of the quality of people. Unlike an individual, a society is a fortuity having no substantial reality: it is but a set of relationships among individuals. A society is nevertheless recognized as autonomous & pluralistic. It develops its own dynamics & contradictions, which call for studied efforts to maintain social balance. That is why the mediation of state in a society is requisite. The state is defined by the contemporary Christian canon (in line with Thomas Aquinas) as an institution fundamental in establishing a consummate human community. The scope of a state's activities is restricted: state intervention must take into consideration individual & collective rights & be in the service of achieving the common good. Adapted from the source document.

The author analyzes the crux of the Christian social creed & its relevance for the issue of the organization of a modern society. Christian tenets are universal & thus above party politics. The starting point of the Christian vision of society & the precepts of natural order & natural right are the cornerstones of the demand for the inviolability of individuals. Human rights imply ethical consideration: an interdiction against exploitation & hypocrisy & recognition of the quality of people. Unlike an individual, a society is a fortuity having no substantial reality: it is but a set of relationships among individuals. A society is nevertheless recognized as autonomous & pluralistic. It develops its own dynamics & contradictions, which call for studied efforts to maintain social balance. That is why the mediation of state in a society is requisite. The state is defined by the contemporary Christian canon (in line with Thomas Aquinas) as an institution fundamental in establishing a consummate human community. The scope of a state's activities is restricted: state intervention must take into consideration individual & collective rights & be in the service of achieving the common good. Adapted from the source document.

The text deals with Hegel's theory of political representation which is founded on the estate-corporative representation of major interests of civil society in the political state. Such a form of representation is contrary to the modern concept of representation; according to the latter, the object of representation is always the people as community of free and equal citizens which the representative is yet to shape into a unique subject capable of activity. In order to value adequately Hegel's theory of representation and its potential in contemporary representative democracies, the text begins by analyzing Hegel's idea of the constitution as a wider institutional mechanism of mediation between the social and political spheres. This is followed by an overview of Hegel's criticism of representative democracy, which he perceived as a form of representation inadequate for the modern state. Namely, in Hegel's judgment, representative democracy, with its starting point of the people as a community of free and equal citizens and its reduction of their political activity to voting in the elections, excludes representation of particular social interests and true participation of citizens in political affairs, which is why it results in a formalistic determination of the state. The basic insight that enables Hegel to overcome those contradictions of representative democracy is the insight regarding modern civil society as the locus of historical emancipation of man. Thus precisely the "estates" -- formations resulting from the division of labour -- and "corporations" -- interest associations of individuals -- become the instrument of mediation between the social and political spheres in The Philosophy of Right. This very insight, however, is the core problem in Hegel's theory of representation, since it makes Hegel overlook entirely the political potential of democratic establishment of state authority. Still, Hegel's "interest" representation is not inapplicable to contemporary representative democracies -- indeed, it is a necessary functional corrective to the modern concept of representation, the element which equally belongs to the reality of the modern state. The final part of the text strives to show that it plays such a role precisely if observed from the viewpoint of Hegel's teachings on the constitution. In Hegel, namely, the estate assembly does not occupy the place which, in modern representative systems, belongs to the parliament -- in Hegel's constitutional model, that place is occupied by the monarch -- but is instead conceived as a mediatory organ positioned between the supreme state authority and the people. In other words, the estate assembly is the second instance of representation in which the plurality of civil society and the subjective freedom of individuals come into political prominence. Adapted from the source document.