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Many statistical analyses aim at a causal explanation of the data. When discussing this topic it is important to specify the exact query we want to talk about. A typical causal question can be categorized in two main classes: questions on the causes of observed effects and questions on the effects of observed causes. In this dissertation we consider both EoC and CoE causal queries from a particular perspective that is Mediation. Mediation Analysis aims to disentangle the pathway between exposure and outcome on a direct effect and an indirect effect arising from the chain exposure-mediator-outcome. In the EoC framework, if the goal is to measure the causal relation between two variables when a third is involved and plays the role of mediator, it is essential to explicitly define several assumptions among variables. However if any of these assumptions is not met, estimates of mediating effects may be affected by bias. This phenomenon, known with the name of Birth Weight paradox, has been explained as a consequence of the presence of unmeasured confounding between the mediator and the outcome. In this thesis we discuss these apparent paradoxical results in a real dataset. In addition we suggest useful graphical sensitivity analysis techniques to explain the potential amount of bias capable of producing these paradoxical results. From a CoE perspective, given empirical evidence for the dependence of an outcome variable on an exposure variable, we can typically only provide bounds for the "probability of causation" in the case of an individual who has developed the outcome after being exposed. We show how these bounds can be adapted or improved if further information becomes available. In addition to reviewing existing work on this topic, we provide a new analysis for the case where a mediating variable can be observed. In particular we show how the probability of causation can be bounded in two different cases of partial and complete mediation.

The crisis resulting from the pandemic had immediate and long-term consequences. Distance teaching has been fundamental for the maintenance of continuous training. In the didactic integration, the mediation of the musical language is a fundamental element for a better outcome of the educational and didactic intervention. It is a truly universal language, capable of overcoming linguistic and cultural barriers. Even more it can be said: it offers an idea of itself to each listener, who interprets it according to their sensitivity. Fair, inclusive and quality education must take into account several elements. We believe that training for beauty and aesthetic taste is one of the cornerstones of effective training. The so-called Via Pulchritudinis can be a valid tool for lifelong learning and becomes good practice of civil coexistence and democracy. ; La crisi scaturita dalla pandemia ha avuto conseguenze immediate e di lungo termine. La didattica a distanza è stata fondamentale per la tenuta della formazione continua. Nell'integrazione didattica la mediazione del linguaggio musicale è un elemento fondamentale per una migliore riuscita dell'inter- vento educativo e didattico. Essa è un linguaggio veramente universale, ca- pace di superare barriere linguistiche e culturali. Ancor più si può dire: offre un'idea di sé a ciascun ascoltatore, che la interpreta secondo la propria sensibilità. Un'istruzione equa, inclusiva e di qualità deve tener conto di diversi elementi. Riteniamo che formare al bello ed al gusto estetico sia uno dei cardini di un'efficace formazione. La cosiddetta Via Pulchritudinis può essere un valido strumento per un apprendimento che dura tutta la vita e diviene buona pratica di convivenza civile e di democrazia.

This paper aims to analyse the possible convergence between the scouting educational movement founded by Baden Powell in 1908, and the Capability Approach. The general purpose of this paper is to verify how scouting, through the game in the educational mediation, can guarantee the basis for the capability discernment of self-education. To same extent is to understand how the self-educating proposal can become a way for the implementation of sustainable development, wished by the objectives of Agenda 2030. Scouting, based on micro-organization for patrols, becomes the receptacle for capability-actions, for possibility of shared governance. It is a true environment to implementation of lucky and generative synthesis between global targets and educational emergencies, thanks to the possibility of giving happiness to others and the development of a concretely democratic conscience. ; Il presente lavoro intende analizzare la possibile convergenza tra il movi- mento educativo scoutistico, fondato da Baden Powell a partire dal 1908, e il Capability Approach. Si vuole provare a verificare come lo scoutismo, attraverso il dispositivo del gioco nella mediazione educativa, possa garantire la base per l'intendimento capacitante dell'autoeducazione e comprendere come la proposta autoeducante possa divenire strada per l'attuazione dello sviluppo sostenibile, augurato dagli obiettivi dell'Agenda 2030. Lo scoutismo, in forza della sua micro-organizzazione per pattuglie, diventa il ricettacolo di capacit-azioni, di possibilità di governance condivise; vero ambiente per attuare la fortunata e generativa sintesi tra gli obiettivi mondiali e le emergenze educative, grazie alla procura della felicità per gli altri e alla formazione di una coscienza concretamente democratica.

Lo scopo della ricerca qui presentata è comprendere e tentare di spiegare, utilizzando due studi di caso, il Tribunali per i Minorenni dell'Emilia Romagna e del New Jersey, come la cultura della mediazione, e quella di riferimento del Restorative paradigm, possa essere legata alla discrezionalità soggettiva (favorevole o meno) degli operatori del sistema di giustizia minorile. In tale prospettiva, si cercherà di cogliere, all'interno del più ampio discorso sulla discrezionalità degli attori del processo penale minorile, l'importanza di fattori peculiari (quali la socializzazione lavorativa degli operatori, le prassi consolidate nei Tribunali e negli USSM, la collaborazione o mancata coordinazione tra gli attori stessi) negli orientamenti delle scelte di strumenti alternativi propri della restorative justice entro misure di intervento per giovani autori di reato. Trattandosi di un case study, non vi è alcuna pretesa di esaustività o generalizzabilità dei risultati ottenuti; essi, tuttavia, potrebbero rappresentare un significativo ed utile momento di riflessione dal quale (ri)partire per definire nuove procedure da attivare in questo ambito come, peraltro, da richiesta degli Organismi Comunitari, Europei e sovranazionali. A tal fine, si è scelto di individuare uno specifico istituto giuridico – peculiare del processo penale minorile – la messa alla prova (MAP) che, meglio di altri, permette la concreta applicazione di uno strumento della giustizia riparativa quale è la mediazione penale fra vittima e autore di reato. La comparazione con la realtà statunitense, nello specifico, mira ad arricchire l'analisi ponendo a confronto l'impiego di strumenti di giustizia riparativa – con particolare attenzione alle pratiche mediative – nei due contesti considerati. Il Nord America, patria natia dei programmi di diversion e della restorative justice, si configura come termine di paragone ideale per sviluppare una riflessione approfondita rispetto all'attenzione rivolta alle vittime e al consolidamento di una cultura della giustizia riparativa. ; The aim of the research is to understand and attempt to explain, using the case study of Juvenile Courts in Emilia Romagna and New Jersey how the mediation culture could be shaped according to the personal discretion of the professional of the juvenile justice system. In this perspective, the research wants to demonstrate the importance, within the wider prospect of the high discretion of the Juvenile Justice System operators, that some specific factors (socialization in the work environment, well-established procedures in the Court and among the social services, collaboration or lack of cooperation of the workers) can contribute to the choice of alternative sanctions for juveniles. Using a case study approach doesn't allow to gather quantitative data and obtain general results, but it will represent a significant and useful consideration from which we can (re)start to define new procedure in the field of Juvenile Justice, as required by the major European and International Organization [i.e."Directive 2012/29/UE of the European Parliament and the Council, establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA]. The selection of one specific legal institution, probation, – related particularly to the Juvenile criminal procedure – seems to be the best choice in order to understand the concrete application of the mediation between the young author and his victim. The connection with the US aims to enrich the entire analysis and to make a comparison of the use of restorative justice instruments – focusing specifically on mediation – between the two Countries considered. The US is the birthplace of diversion programs and restorative paradigm, therefore it represents an important element of reflection regarding the attention of the system towards victims (their needs and feelings, for example) and the possible creation of a new restorative justice culture.

L'articolo riguarda l'antimachiavellismo gesuitico, soffermandosi sui suoi autori più significativi, da Ribadeneyra a Bellarmino a Gracián, ed evidenziando come la cultura della Compagnia di Gesù, anche dal punto di vista politico, si incentri sul paradigma della mediazione, che le consente di assimilare, pur nella sostanziale antitesi, diversi aspetti del machiavellismo per potere esplicare la propria azione nel saeculum. ; This paper is a study on the jesuitic antimachiavellism, especially about Ribadeneyra, Bellarmino and Gracián. The main argumet is the paradigm of the mediation, that makes possible to the Societas Jesu, at the begenning of Modern Age, a relation between machiavellism, notwithstanding the condamnation, and his mission in the saeculum.

A fronte dell'ampia messe di ricerche consacrate, in anni recenti, alle contabilità medievali e al ruolo rivestito dai notai come redattori di scritture amministrative, tutto da approfondire rimane il peso del notariato nella gestione delle contabilità dei poteri bassomedievali. Muovendo da una comparazione estesa (che prende in considerazione la Francia sud-orientale e l'Italia settentrionale, e una varietà di soggetti istituzionali laici ed ecclesiastici), questo contributo propone una serie di riflessioni utili a valutare incidenza e contenuti specifici della mediazione notarile nell'elaborazione delle prassi documentarie contabili dei poteri dell'epoca. Ne emerge un quadro assai articolato e dagli esiti non scontati. ; In recent years, many studies have been dedicated to the accounting documentation of the medieval period and to the role played by notaries as producers of records. However, the crucial function that notaries engaged with the accounting management of the late medieval political powers has been neglected. Starting from a large-scale comparison between cases documented for South-eastern France and Northern Italy, and also taking into account a variety of documents produced by secular and ecclesiastical institutional subjects, this essay analyses the occurrence and specific contents of notarial mediation in the unfolding of documentary accounting practices.

Within the Italian criminal justice system, the role of the victim has become increasingly important. Despite this trend, the victim still stands on the edge of the post-sentencing stage. This is reflected in the fact that the topic of the victim-offender mediation has been analysed deeply as a kind of diversion to the trial but not, or at least far less, in relation to the issues concerning the enforcement of penalty. The paper is aimed at filling this gap. As a starting point, it is to be highlighted that the irrevocability of the conviction poses advantages but also critical aspects in the perspective of reconciliation. In this context, surely the effort of the convicted person to review his/her criminal past critically and rebuild his/her relationships with the victim plays a central role. However, according to the restorative justice model, an interaction between the victim and the offender shall take place. This means that both parties have to assume a proactive role in the attempt of mutually rectifying, with the assistance of a mediator, the conflict originated by the commission of the offence. The analysis of both the provisions and the case law on probation (article 47 comma 7 ord. penit.) and volunteer work (art. 21 comma 4-ter ord. penit.) points out that the mentioned key-principles are not abided. Against this background, a radical change is proposed in order to introduce a mediation model based on individualized and relational elements in the post-sentencing stage. ; Nel sistema italiano, la vittima, sebbene abbia assunto un ruolo di crescente importanza, resta ai margini della fase di esecuzione della pena. All'indifferenza legislativa se ne aggiunge un'altra: il tema della mediazione – al centro di diffuse analisi sul piano delle possibili alternative al rito ordinario – risulta esaminato in modo superficiale nel quadro delle dinamiche esecutive. L'articolo intende offrire un contributo utile a colmare questa lacuna. Nelle linee di fondo, il tratto distintivo della mediazione in executivis è ...

The following article starts from the idea that, nowadays, the media processes that take place daily on social media can be seen as a performative act that sometimes comes to redefine the relationship between event and image.Production and circulation of images are not limited to documenting an event, but sometimes they end up modifying its course.Thus, the concept of "radical mediation" theorised by Richard Grusin will provide fundamental theoretical tools for the analysis of a case study that we will use as a starting point: the Munich terrorist attack of 22 July 2016.The redefinition of the role and function of the images that derives from the processes discussed in the first part of the article will establish the basis for the construction and sharing of a media identity with social, cultural and political implications that will be analysed through the concept of "psychopolitics" theorized by Byung-Chul Han. ; Il presente articolo muove dall'idea che oggi i processi di mediazione che quotidianamente hanno luogo sui social media vadano intesi come un atto performativo che giunge, talvolta, a ridefinire la relazione tra evento e immagine. I processi di produzione e circolazione di immagini non sono volti soltanto alla documentazione di un evento, ma finiscono per alterarne talvolta il corso. In tal senso, il concetto di "mediazione radicale" teorizzato da Richard Grusin fornirà degli strumenti teorici fondamentali per l'analisi di un caso di studio dal quale sarà avviata la riflessione: l'attentato di Monaco di Baviera del 22 luglio 2016. La ridefinizione del ruolo e della funzione delle immagini che deriva dai processi illustrati nella prima parte dell'articolo sarà considerata come la base su cui poggiano la costruzione e la condivisione di un'identità mediale con implicazioni sul piano sociale, culturale e politico che saranno analizzate a partire dalla riflessione sulla "psicopolitica" del filosofo Byung-Chul Han

The global landscape of mediation could be observed as an uneven picture represented by the variety of denominations, styles and approaches, modes of access and the varied nature of the institution of mediation. These differences have an impact on the way mediation is considered and applied in both theory and practice. National legal and political structures, cultural attitudes towards conflict and dispute resolution, and the solutions adopted vary greatly from one nation to another. Despite the path towards universality and recognition of the benefits of mediation at national and international levels, it is too early to say what the future of mediation will be and whether it will be possible to ensure a synergistic implementation of mediation in the global context. The relationship of mediation with the courts and its integration into the justice system, although an issue subject to much debate and evaluation, does not constitute a common framework and remains a point of reference for ongoing scientific research aimed at developing the best strategies and practices best suited to the needs of the parties. Despite criticism of the legitimacy of compulsory referrals to mediation, the reality today is that compulsory mediation cases make up the majority of mediation initiated through the judicial system. The last two decades can be characterised as a continuous encouragement for the use of mediation coming from international organisations that attempted, and still attempt, to provide a basic legal framework, based on the values and potentials of mediation encapsulated in its ability to reform a legal system of justice. Mediation, being a little-known method of dispute resolution, has received considerable attention from the main "players" in the international market (UNCITRAL, EU, WIPO, Council of Europe) which has influenced the national path of mediation towards "mobilisation". The revival of mediation, as well as the method of dispute resolution, has attracted my attention focusing on a subject that has often challenged the problems and effectiveness of civil law and common law systems in the development of the European and international internal market. The structures and environment, the practical (the nuances of the language of the norm used) and legal context of mediation, as well as the results of mediation have yet to be explored from a global and comparative perspective. At the same time, many critical or undefined issues remain on the mediation process. Post-Soviet countries (Ukraine, Georgia, Russian Federation) have been my primary interest in identifying strengths and weaknesses of the regulatory regime for national and cross-border mediation and have become a starting point for further research. I used a benchmarking methodology within a system called "Regulatory Robustness Rating System" ("Regulatory Robustness Rating – RRR", Kluwer Law International, 2017). The RRR system is elaborated in a detailed and explanatory manner by N. Alexander and is aimed at providing potential legal advisors and other actors in cross-border/international mediation processes with a quicker knowledge of the main features of the regulatory environment in which mediation will take place, stressing the importance of accessibility and predictability of the Mediation Law. Part I of the Thesis discusses the approaches of the regulative regimes and the principal foundations of mediation process and its increase popularity Part II describes the dimensions of legal mediation's in Russian Federazione, and in the alternative and comparative perspective Part III and part IV analized the mediation regimes and principle in Georgia and Ucraine.

Dopo aver analizzato il conflitto, le sue funzioni e le modalità di gestione, l'autore si sofferma dapprima sulle varie tipologie di mediazione per poi focalizzare l'attenzione sulla mediazione civile e commerciale evidenziando i dati disponibili dall'entrata in vigore del tentativo obbligatorio come condizione di procedibilità della domanda giudiziale per le materie civili, alla fine del 2013. ; After analyzing the conflict, its functions and how to manage, the author dwells on the various types of mediation first and then focus on civil and commercial mediation highlighting the data available from the entry into force of the mandatory attempt as condition of admissibility of the claim for civil matters, at the end of 2013.

Abstract – The huge increase in migration flows through the Afro-Mediterranean routes during recent decades has shaped previously homogeneous populations into linguistically and culturally diverse ethnoscapes. Migration has therefore made a notable contribution to the acquisition and the use of English as a first, second and foreign language and to the burgeoning of new Englishes all over the world (Crystal 1997; Trudgill et al. 2002; Jenkins, 2003) thus questioning our traditional knowledge of language as a social projection of territorial unity held together by shared behavioral norms, beliefs and values. Specifically, by examining the communicative and translation processes which twelve interviewed interpreters, translators and language mediators were involved in during their interaction with newly-arrived migrants in Southern Italy, this paper addresses three main research issues concerning: a) the use of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) in the practice of language and cultural mediation and the extent to which this language may be perceived either as a barrier or as a bridge, thus affecting the relationship between the mediator and the migrant and the shaping of the politics of hospitality in the Mediterranean; b) the different linguistic and extra-linguistic strategies which mediators can adopt in the field of migration emergencies not only to serve communicative purposes, but also to humanize the migrants' transfer to, and stay at the different camps across Italy; c) the interviewed language mediators' narratives as a testimony of negotiation, activism and resistance to the strict institutionalized protocols of Italian immigration policies. Finally, in this chapter, we also intend to investigate the extent to which the interviewed mediators form not a mere aggregation of individuals achieving the task of translation as a mere linguistic transfer, but a community of practice held together by a conscious and critical sense of the performative power of their words and their mediation conceived as a way to create meanings which form and transform human reality.

OBJETIVO: la reconciliación asegurada por el Derecho se demuestra a menudo insuficiente y lenta en la efectiva solución del conflicto. La mediación, como nueva forma democrática del "hacer justicia" en los conflictos sociales, es un nuevo proyecto para la contención de los tiempos, de los costes, del formalismo y de la rigidez del juicio ordinario y que al mismo tiempo puede llevar a cabo una justicia psicológica cercana a los individuos. MÉTODO: investigaciones en los Tribunales, en los Organismos de mediación y comparación de análisis estadísticos nacionales sobre la mediación y sobre juicios pendientes del 2012 al 2015. RESULTADOS: las indagaciones estadísticas y las investigaciones enfatizan que la mediación en Italia, desde el momento de entrada en vigor (marzo 2011) de la Ley 28/2010 a hoy, es un organismo utilizado cada vez más como sistema de gestión de conflictos mejorando, por tanto, las relaciones sociales y reduciendo los tiempos y costes de la justicia. Desde el 2014 al 2015 las causas han disminuido un 9,5% y el porcentaje de los intentos obligatorios de mediación respecto al total de los procedimientos de mediación, en el 2015, ha sido del 81,6%. Es más, las estadísticas demuestran cómo con la participación directa de las partes, aumentan las resoluciones de controversias. De hecho, cuando la parte invitada comparece, lo que sucede en el 44,9% de los casos, el éxito positivo de las mediaciones es del 43,5%. CONCLUSIONES: la mediación no es una simple técnica para resolver conflictos, sino un proyecto de sociedad nueva que está contribuyendo a pasar de un orden antiguo, pensado como sometimiento del ciudadano a las decisiones superiores, a un orden innovador, útil en el tercer milenio, basado en la participación real y activa del individuo en la gestión de la vida cotidiana colectiva. La mediación es una bisagra fundamental para poder llevar a cabo un salto de cualidad en la gestión de conflictos. Sería oportuna una masiva campaña mediática que hiciera conocer a los ciudadanos la verdadera cara y potencialidad de la mediación. ; OBJECTIVE: the pacification ensured by law it is often inadequate and slow for the effective solution of the conflict. Mediation, as a new democratic form of "justice" in social conflicts, is a new project to save time, costs, the formality and rigidity of the ordinary proceedings and at the same time it can implement a psychological justice nearby individuals. METHOD: researches in the Courts, in mediation systems and comparison of national statistical surveys on mediation and on pending cases from 2012 to 2015. RESULTS: statistical surveys and researches put in evidence that mediation in Italy, since the entry into force (March 2011) of the Law 28/2010 to date, is increasingly used as a party-sharing system institution and no more as order imposed for conflict management improving, therefore, social relationships and reducing time and costs of criminal proceedings. From 2014 to 2015 the causes decreased by 9.5% and the percentage of mandatory mediation efforts compare to the total of the mediation processes, always in 2015, was equal to 81.6%. And yet, statistics show that, with the direct participation of the parties, increase the solution of the disputes. In fact, when the referred persons appear, and what it happens in 44.9% of cases, the positive outcome of mediations is about 43.5%. CONCLUSION: mediation is not a simple technique to resolve conflicts, but a project of a new society that is helping to pass from the ancient order as submission of the citizen to superior decisions towards an innovative order, to be used in the third millennium, based on real and active participation of the individual to the collective management of everyday life. Mediation is an unbreakable key to make a quantum leap in conflict management. It would be opportune massive media campaign to make citizens aware of the true face and the potential of mediation.

Mediation of violent political conflicts in Africa: "A niche diplomacy" for Burkina FasoOne of the main obstacles to the development of African countries is the recurring presence of political conflicts of different intensity. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the way to resolve conflicts has changed by favouring an approach closer to the mediation model. Specifically, in this article we will examine the idea of "niche diplomacy" linked in particular to the country's international experience in neighbouring conflict theatres, in order to explain the strategic reasons of such mediation activity by outlining its potential and contradictions.

This article intends to reflect on the complex role, on the dynamics and on the main issues of intercultural mediation, especially concerning the access to health services by female immigrants, focusing on the experience connected with clinics based in significantly different areas when health and social policies are concerned: Pisa and Naples. This paper arose from a research carried out between 2015 and 2017, during which difficulties, usually connected with political choices or health-related budget cuts, emerged, together with the worth of professionals in that sector.

Reconstruction by 'scattered fragments' of the history of Europe, from myth to contemporary political philosophy, following the concept of the Polis as the mediation place in the conflict between law and violence. Mediation impossible, because the very origin of the law is just the violence, that it should regulate. Of this impossibility the contemporary nihilism is the awareness; the modern Metropolis – of which Vitiello depicts the 'peculiar' logic – is the actual experience. The conflicts of our time testify with the evidence of facts the great difficulty in accepting this 'new' logic. ; Reconstruction by 'scattered fragments' of the history of Europe, from myth to contemporary political philosophy, following the concept of the Polis as the mediation place in the conflict between law and violence. Mediation impossible, because the very origin of the law is just the violence, that it should regulate. Of this impossibility the contemporary nihilism is the awareness; the modern Metropolis – of which Vitiello depicts the 'peculiar' logic – is the actual experience. The conflicts of our time testify with the evidence of facts the great difficulty in accepting this 'new' logic.