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The right to strike action is one of the fundamental human rights and trade union freedoms. Strike, as a form of protest against broadly understood injustice is one of the most important measures of trade union protection of workers' interests. However, the right to strike is not absolute and its legal use must often take into account the interests of the employer and third parties. The aim of the article is to assess – basing on a review of the literature and the case-law – the doctors' right to strike from a legal, ethical and moral perspective. The issue of medical practitioners' right to participate in a strike is ambiguous in view of the legislation currently in force, and two opposing positions have developed in the collective labour law literature. The problem of the legality of this form of protest of medical practitioners is nowadays left to the assessment of the parties to a collective bargaining dispute, carried out based on the general clause of a possible "threat to human life and health or national security", with the lack of appropriate judicial review in this regard. It is, therefore, undoubtedly necessary for the legislature to take appropriate pro futuro legislative action. ; Prawo do strajku należy do podstawowych praw człowieka oraz wolności związkowych. Strajk, jako jedna z form protestu przeciwko szeroko rozumianej niesprawiedliwości, należy do najistotniejszych środków związkowej ochrony interesów pracowniczych. Prawo do strajku jednak nie ma charakteru bezwzględnego, a korzystanie z niego w sposób legalny musi niejednokrotnie uwzględniać interes pracodawcy i osób trzecich. Celem artykułu jest ocena legalności strajku lekarzy z punktu widzenia regulacji ustawowych oraz zasad etycznych i moralnych, przy uwzględnieniu poglądów literatury i orzecznictwa. Kwestia prawa lekarzy do udziału w strajku jest na gruncie aktualnego stanu prawnego niejednoznaczna, a w literaturze zbiorowego prawa pracy wykształciły się dwa przeciwstawne stanowiska w tym zakresie. Problem legalności tej formy protestu lekarzy pozostawiony jest obecnie w zasadzie jedynie ocenie stron sporu zbiorowego, dokonywanej przez pryzmat ogólnej klauzuli ewentualnego "zagrożenia życia i zdrowia ludzkiego lub bezpieczeństwa państwa", przy jednoczesnym braku odpowiedniej kontroli sądowej w tym zakresie. Niewątpliwie zatem wymagane jest podjęcie przez ustawodawcę odpowiednich działań legislacyjnych pro futuro.

The aim of this study is to determine the legal status of the Medical Fund as a state special-purpose fund, the sources of its financing and the rules of the disposal of public funds, as well as its place in the public finance sector. The article uses the formal-legal method, applicable to legal scholarship. The introduction to the Polish public finance sector of a new unit responsible for financing health care seems to be an expression of the legislator's care for this sector of activity of public authorities. However, the introduction of the Medical Fund as an additional resource did not significantly increase the financial outlays for the implementation of public tasks in the area of health care incurred by the state and local government units. There was only a change in the structure of public expenditure in the health sector. ; Celem niniejszego opracowania jest ustalenie statusu prawnego Funduszu Medycznego jako państwowego funduszu celowego, źródeł jego finansowania i zasad dysponowania środkami publicznymi oraz jego miejsca w sektorze finansów publicznych. W artykule wykorzystano metodę dogmatyczno-prawną, właściwą dla nauk prawnych. Wprowadzenie do polskiego sektora finansów publicznych nowej jednostki odpowiedzialnej za finansowanie ochrony zdrowia wydaje się być wyrazem dbałości ustawodawcy o ten sektor działalności organów władzy publicznej. Wprowadzenie Funduszu Medycznego jako dodatkowego zasobu środków jednak nie zwiększyło istotnie nakładów finansowych przeznaczanych na realizację zadań publicznych z zakresu ochrony zdrowia ponoszonych przez państwo i jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Dokonano jedynie zmiany w strukturze wydatków publicznych w sektorze zdrowotnym.

The article analyzes the sanitary and hygienic conditions of living and medical care at Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz — a branch of the Stutthof central camp. The sub-camp in Police was created with a view to supplying cheap labour to a synthetic gasoline fac-tory, which was a strategic plant of the German war economy. The health condition of prisoners in concentration camps always remained bad, but the health problems of the prisoners in Police resulted not only from terrible sanitary, hygienic, and living conditions, but also from the difficult working conditions in the factory. So far, the issues of interest to us have not found wider interest among researchers who focused on the so-called "Camps", apart from the so-called small — affiliate camps. The following research questions were asked: How did medical care function in the German (Nazi) sub-camp Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz? What were the sanitary, living and hygienic conditions in the German (Nazi) sub-camp Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussen-lager Pölitz? In preparing this article the author used research methods characteristic for historical sciences, such as external and internal evaluation of sources; the dogmatic method, which seeks casual connections of a more complex nature than simple time-related connections, and comparative research. The analysis was based on archival materials of the Institute of National Remembrance, es-pecially the Archives of the Branch Office of the Commission For the Prosecution of Crimes Against The Polish Nation of the Institute of National Remembrance in Szczecin (primarily testimony re-ports and witness accounts, factual documentation), memories and literature of the subject (Polish, German, and English). Based on the source material and subject literature it was proved that: 1) The way the sub-camp in Pölitz operated depended on the requirements of the German arms industry. It was created to provide cheap labor for a synthetic fuel factory (Chemische Werke Hydropetroleum Industrie Gesellschaft), a strategic plant for the German war industry. 2) Prisoners of concentration camps were never in good health, but health problems of prisoners in Pölitz were caused not only by poor sanitation, hygiene, and living conditions, but also by harsh working conditions in the factory. 3) The health conditions developed by prisoners from the KL Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz could be divided into 4 groups: a) illnesses related to the living conditions in the camp, typical for most concentration camps, b) illnesses resulting from hunger and total exhaustion, c) injuries caused by beating, and d) illnesses resulting from workplace contamination. The operation of the Pölitz camp could be divided into two periods: one when the camp (at that time "the summer camp") was still under construction, and the other — its actual operation — when the winter camp was established with extended camp infrastructure. However, regardless of the time, prisoners always suffered from hunger, exhausting work beyond their capabilities and various illnesses.

The aim of this paper is to indicate how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic may determine the key directions of urban spatial policy in Poland. Therefore, the following aspects have been analyzed: the guidelines arising from the medical point of view (in terms of health policy priorities) and the key theses of the international scientific discussion on changes in urban spatial policies. Based on the above analysis as well as on the indicated current possibilities of planning solutions in Poland, recommendations will be developed on the directional issues of urban spatial policy. The paper will determine to what extent individual postulates can be implemented in the Polish reality. Recommendations developed in this way will reflect a universal dimension - making it possible to refer to the majority of development and spatial documents of Polish cities (in particular development strategies and studies of spatial development conditions and directions). An important contribution of the paper will also be an attempt to take an interdisciplinary approach to the medical and urban planning perspective and translate it into concrete postulates.

The article has an investigative nature and analyzes new preventive measure introduced by the Act of 31 March 2020, applicable to the accused of crime committed towards member of medical staff or to the person cooperating with medical staff in relation to the medical care activity performed. The main scientific goal of the article is to prove that such measure, besides critical opinions, can have an important role in assuring safety to medical staff, although such goal is not adequate to main goals of preventive measures, as well as to indicate necessary legislative modifications which should eliminate discrepancies due to its defective regulation. The result of investigation is original, because demonstrates the need of intervention of the legislator, despite the regulation is pretty recent. The investigation has been conducted on national level, but can be useful for other states, as it relates to the original preventive measure which exceed the traditional understanding of such measures. It is important for science, because it contains profound dogmatic analyses, presents an important load of theory. It is also important for the practice, as it indicates the interpretative direction of premises of this measure and other its elements, which can be helpful for its homogenous application. ; Artykuł ma charakter naukowo-badawczy, a jego przedmiotem jest wprowadzony ustawą z dnia 31 marca 2020 r. nowy środek zapobiegawczy stosowany wobec oskarżonego o przestępstwo popełnione w stosunku do członka personelu medycznego w związku z wykonywaniem przez niego czynności opieki medycznej lub osoby przybranej personelowi medycznemu do pomocy w związku z wykonywaniem tych czynności. Podstawowym celem naukowym była ocena zasadności jego wprowadzania do procesu karnego i poprawności określenia dodatkowych przesłanek jego stosowania, a także jego zakresu przedmiotowego. Celem głównych tez badawczych było wykazanie, że środek ten, mimo negowania w doktrynie jego wprowadzenia do Kodeksu postępowania karnego, może odegrać istotną rolę w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa członkom personelu medycznego, chociaż ten cel nie jest adekwatny do ogólnych celów środków zapobiegawczych, a także wskazanie koniecznych zmian legislacyjnych, mających usunąć niespójność kodeksową wywołaną jego błędnym unormowaniem. Wyniki badania mają oryginalny charakter, gdyż mimo krótkiego obowiązania analizowanej regulacji wykazały potrzebę interwencji ustawodawcy. Badania mają przede wszystkim zasięg krajowy, ale mogą być przydatne również w innych państwach ze względu na to, że dotyczą oryginalnego środka zapobiegawczego, który wykracza poza tradycyjne rozumienie tego rodzaju środków. Opracowanie ma istotne znaczenie dla nauki, gdyż zawiera pogłębioną analizę dogmatyczną i duży ładunek myśli teoretycznej, a także dla praktyki, wskazuje bowiem kierunki interpretacji przesłanek stosowania środka zapobiegawczego i innych jego elementów, a tym samym może przyczynić się do jego jednolitego stosowania.

Progress in medical sciences, biomedical engineering and medical robotics provided rehabilitation robots – novel solution regarded as more effective than traditional forms of rehabilitation. Use of rehabilitation robots, despite they are at the beginning of their development, is wide discussed from medical, social, economical and ethical points of view. Paper aims at analysis the extent to which current possibilities in this area are exploited, including chances and threats.

Disorders of consciousness belong to the most severe impairments, especially in patients with neurological deficits. Scientists look for novel solution making the breakthrough in contemporary approaches to aforementioned patients. Article aims at assessment of medical, social, economical and ethical result of introduction brain-computer interfaces to the diagnosis and therapy in patients with disorders of consciousness.

Poland has been a member of the European Union since 1 May 2004 under the Accession Treaty signed on 16 April 2003 in Athens, the legal basis for Poland's accession to the European Union. Thanks to this move we get help in the form of EU grants to improve our economy. Since then we have seen the effects of this help, such as motorways, stadiums. And what contribution does the EU have for the health of Poland? Thanks to participation in the European Union, our health care has improved. Thanks to numerous subsidies, the conditions in hospitals and outpatient clinics have improved and new medical equipment has become available. The modernization of medical rescue services, including the purchase of new emergency ambulances, the construction, reconstruction or repair of provincial emergency notification centers, will result in the reduction of mortality in emergency situations in the near future. Thanks to subsidies from the European Union, there have been many positive changes in the Polish health service. Thanks to the good use of funds, people are tested with state-of-the-art equipment by qualified medical personnel, brought by specialized ambulances to an appropriately-organized and well-equipped healthcare facility.

Poland has been a member of the European Union since 1 May 2004 under the Accession Treaty signed on 16 April 2003 in Athens, the legal basis for Poland's accession to the European Union. Thanks to this move we get help in the form of EU grants to improve our economy. Since then we have seen the effects of this help, such as motorways, stadiums. And what contribution does the EU have for the health of Poland? Thanks to participation in the European Union, our health care has improved. Thanks to numerous subsidies, the conditions in hospitals and outpatient clinics have improved and new medical equipment has become available. The modernization of medical rescue services, including the purchase of new emergency ambulances, the construction, reconstruction or repair of provincial emergency notification centers, will result in the reduction of mortality in emergency situations in the near future. Thanks to subsidies from the European Union, there have been many positive changes in the Polish health service. Thanks to the good use of funds, people are tested with state-of-the-art equipment by qualified medical personnel, brought by specialized ambulances to an appropriately-organized and well-equipped healthcare facility.

Public perception of healthcare personnel in Poland and some other European countries in view of selected studiesThe paper presents current trends in the perception of healthcare in Poland and other European countries. The authors present the results of numerous surveys conducted both in Poland and abroad, which demonstrate significant changes in the way healthcare is perceived by the public in individual countries. As the diagnosis of how the medical profession is perceived in Poland gives no grounds for optimism, factors affecting its perception must be identified. This shows healthcare evaluation to be contextually-based, depending on the performance of both individual healthcare establishments and of the whole healthcare system in Poland. Demography has a heavy impact on the evaluation, as the medical services are being rated by the ageing society.

Działalność Wincentego Priessnitza, Sebastiana Kneippa oraz prof. Wilhelma Winternitza sprawiła, że w XIX-wiecznej Europie ogromną popularnością cieszyła się hydroterapia. Powstawały nowe uzdrowiska oraz zakłady wodolecznicze, "bywanie u wód" stało się modne w coraz szerszych kręgach społecznych. Proces ten miał miejsce również w Galicji, czego najlepszym przykładem był Lwów. Miasto to przed I wojną światową było ośrodkiem metropolitalnym, siedzibą galicyjskiego Rządu Krajowego, miejscem, w którym rozwijały się różne kierunki kultury społecznej. Prowadzona była działalność w zakresie opieki zdrowotnej mieszkańców, sportu i rekreacji. Prężnie rozwijały się zakłady wodolecznicze, gimnastyczne oraz ortopedyczne. Opracowanie powstało w wyniku dokonanej kwerendy materiałów źródłowych pochodzących z Centralnego Państwowego Archiwum Historycznego Ukrainy we Lwowie, Zakładu Narodowego Ossolińskich we Wrocławiu oraz fachowych czasopism medycznych i prasy codziennej ukazującej się w dobie galicyjskiej. W oparciu o dokonaną analizę wytworzona została narracja, w której udzielono odpowiedzi na podjęty problem skierowany na ukazanie początków wodolecznictwa we Lwowie przed 1914 r. W opracowaniu zwrócono szczególną uwagę na przedstawienie prekursorskich metod wodolecznictwa, fizykoterapii i masażu oraz różne formy gimnastyki leczniczej, jakie miały miejsce w lwowskich zakładach wodoleczniczych. Wnioski, jakie wynikają z analizy materiałów źródłowych dowodzą, że wodolecznictwo we Lwowie, szczególnie w sanatoriach Kisielka i Maryówka, miało znamiona kompleksowej rehabilitacji, a swoim poziomem nie odbiegało od ówczesnych renomowanych europejskich sanatoriów. Działalność opisywanych zakładów miała charakter prekursorski w rozwoju fizjoterapii, balneologii, medycyny fizykalnej, a w kolejnych latach stanowiła podstawy do powstania rehabilitacji w Polsce. ; Abstract: It is due to Vincent Priessnitz, Sebastian Kneipp and prof William Winternitz that hydrotherapy enjoyed great popularity in the nineteenth century Europe. New spas and hydrotherapy facilities were created, "frequenting the waters" became a buzzword in ever widening circles of society. This process also took place in Galicia, and the best example was Lviv. This city before World War I was a metropolis with the seat of the National Government of Galicia, a place where different branches of social culture were developed. Much activity was observed in the area of public health, sport and recreation. Hydrotherapy centers, gyms and orthopedic clinics were developing dynamically. This article is the result of exhaustive study of the source materials from the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, the Department of the Ossolinskis National Institute in Wroclaw, numerous medical journals and newspapers which appeared in the Galicia period. Based on the analysis of all available materials we produced this narrative showing the beginnings of hydrotherapy in Lviv before 1914. The paper pays particular attention to the presentation of pioneering methods of hydrotherapy, physiotherapy, massage and various forms of physiotherapy, which were practiced in Lviv hydrotherapy facilities. The conclusions arising from the analysis of source materials show that hydrotherapy in Lviv, especially in sanatoriums Kisielka and Maryówka, had markings of rehabilitation and their levels did not differ from the then renowned European spas. Activity of the above mentioned institutions was pioneering in the development of physiotherapy, balneology, physical medicine, and in subsequent years was the basis for the establishment of rehabilitation in Poland.

The Greek Civil War of 1946-1949 divided the Greek society into allies of the monarchy and supporters of the Communist Party of the Greece-led Transitional Democratic Government of Free Greece. The military arm of the leftist center was the Democratic Army of Greece. Until some time, the communist forces were actively supported by the countries of the Eastern Bloc: Albania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Romania. However, the Stalin-Tito conflict, which intensified from 1948 onwards, contributed to the defeat of the Democratic Army of Greece, caused by the overwhelming military advantage of the monarchist forces. In mid-1949, a decision was made to evacuate partisan units and the civilian population that had been under their control to Albania. Also, Poland, a country that suffered greatly as a result of World War II, helped Greece. First, by providing food, military and medical equipment, and later by accepting over 13,000 children and adults, fighters and civilians from the areas covered by the war, all terribly tired of war and wandering. The group of migrants was organized from scratch, provided medical and social care, work, education, and access to culture. Migrations of people in search of shelter from conflicts, persecution, and poverty are not only a contemporary problem of the European Union. This article presents the reforms initiated by the government of the Polish People's Republic as a result of the escalation of the crisis in the Balkans. In Poland refugees from Greece found completely new living, civilization, cultural, geographical, and economic conditions. Gradually, they managed to settle in this foreign country. Today many of them are grateful to Poland for their help.