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From the early nineteenth century in France, the treatment of hysteria was connected to both physical and moral development. As a result, therapeutic treatments envisaged by medical practitioners were influenced by and related to the formulation of precepts of medical gymnastics. This article considers how 'physical education' for women became part of medical discourse, specifically the elaboration of 'body treatment' as a remedy against nervous disorders including hysteria.From the Second Republic (1848) to the years of the belle epoque (1914), the discourse concerning the medical cause of 'hysterical madness' is marked by the progressive discrediting of reflections that located the causes of pathology in the genitals. However, the shaping of a neuro‐cerebral etiology did not fully replace discussions of the relationship between hysteria, female bodies and the uterus. While the current historiography emphasises the participation of doctors in the production and legitimation of physical exercises in the nineteenth century, some aspects of this process are not yet fully explored. We examine the ambivalences of medical discourse, between the rhetoric of the eternally wounded woman and the need to develop women's abilities (intellectual, moral, and physical) to ensure healthy children. And despite the shadows that still obscure the etiology of nervous disorders, there is, in our period, a genuine dynamic favouring experimental therapeutics. The 'movement disorders', such as chorea, hysteria or neurasthenia, were handled by increasingly well‐established regimes utilising physical exercise. The introduction of gymnastics in the hospital played a fundamental role in this process; it enabled experimentation and lent legitimacy to physical exercise as therapy.

Die Ansätze zur Fehlhaltungsprophylaxe waren um 1900 noch größtenteils rudimentär. Speziell Kleinkinder und Säuglinge wurden kaum beachtet, zumal die Ursachenzuschreibungen für Fehlhaltungen überwiegend spekulativ waren. Der Offizier, Sporthygieniker und Turnlehrer Detleff Neumann-Neurode (1879-1945) leistete hier zweifelsohne vor allem mit seinem Kindersport aus dem Jahre 1909 und der Säuglingsgymnastik aus dem Jahre 1923 sowie seinen vielfältigen Aktivitäten in der Pädiatrie, Orthopädie und Sportbewegung wichtige Pionierarbeit. Er war der Erste, der sich systematisch mit aktiver Heilgymnastik für Kleinkinder befasste. Die von ihm entwickelte originelle Methode sollte Säuglinge und Kleinkinder vor Fehlentwicklungen bewahren und eingetretene Fehlbildungen korrigieren. Neumann-Neurode wurde mit diesem Konzept nicht nur in verschiedenen Zweigen der Medizin, wie der Kinderheilkunde (hier besonders an der Charité und dem Kaiserin-Auguste- Viktoria-Haus in Berlin, wo er u.a. mit Leo Langstein und Otto Heubner zusammen arbeitete) und der Orthopädie (vor allem in der Orthopädischen Uniklinik und dem "Krüppelheim Humanitas" in Leipzig), sondern auch in der Sportwissenschaft bis in die 1970er Jahre rezipiert. Neumann-Neurode stand in die Tradition des orthopädischen Schulturnens, das überwiegend aus der Geschichte des Deutschen Turnens entstand, erweiterte dies jedoch deutlich. Zentral für ihn ist, dass das Turnen einen Beitrag zum Allgemeinwohl und zur Wehrfähigkeit der Bevölkerung leistet. Neumann-Neurode sortierte sich so nahtlos in die von nationalistischen Motiven getriebene Turn- bzw. Sportbewegung der Zeit ein und wurde auch unter dem Nationalsozialismus (sport-)politisch instrumentalisiert. Sicher greift diese Etikettierung als ausschließliche Einordnung viel zu kurz, denn Neumann-Neurode vertrat im Kern eine humanistische Ethik und bewahrte sich eine deutliche Distanz zum NS- Regime, was in der Analyse der Arbeit deutlich wird. Mit seinem Konzept wollte er einen wirksamen Beitrag leisten, dem seiner Meinung nach ...

Działalność Wincentego Priessnitza, Sebastiana Kneippa oraz prof. Wilhelma Winternitza sprawiła, że w XIX-wiecznej Europie ogromną popularnością cieszyła się hydroterapia. Powstawały nowe uzdrowiska oraz zakłady wodolecznicze, "bywanie u wód" stało się modne w coraz szerszych kręgach społecznych. Proces ten miał miejsce również w Galicji, czego najlepszym przykładem był Lwów. Miasto to przed I wojną światową było ośrodkiem metropolitalnym, siedzibą galicyjskiego Rządu Krajowego, miejscem, w którym rozwijały się różne kierunki kultury społecznej. Prowadzona była działalność w zakresie opieki zdrowotnej mieszkańców, sportu i rekreacji. Prężnie rozwijały się zakłady wodolecznicze, gimnastyczne oraz ortopedyczne. Opracowanie powstało w wyniku dokonanej kwerendy materiałów źródłowych pochodzących z Centralnego Państwowego Archiwum Historycznego Ukrainy we Lwowie, Zakładu Narodowego Ossolińskich we Wrocławiu oraz fachowych czasopism medycznych i prasy codziennej ukazującej się w dobie galicyjskiej. W oparciu o dokonaną analizę wytworzona została narracja, w której udzielono odpowiedzi na podjęty problem skierowany na ukazanie początków wodolecznictwa we Lwowie przed 1914 r. W opracowaniu zwrócono szczególną uwagę na przedstawienie prekursorskich metod wodolecznictwa, fizykoterapii i masażu oraz różne formy gimnastyki leczniczej, jakie miały miejsce w lwowskich zakładach wodoleczniczych. Wnioski, jakie wynikają z analizy materiałów źródłowych dowodzą, że wodolecznictwo we Lwowie, szczególnie w sanatoriach Kisielka i Maryówka, miało znamiona kompleksowej rehabilitacji, a swoim poziomem nie odbiegało od ówczesnych renomowanych europejskich sanatoriów. Działalność opisywanych zakładów miała charakter prekursorski w rozwoju fizjoterapii, balneologii, medycyny fizykalnej, a w kolejnych latach stanowiła podstawy do powstania rehabilitacji w Polsce. ; Abstract: It is due to Vincent Priessnitz, Sebastian Kneipp and prof William Winternitz that hydrotherapy enjoyed great popularity in the nineteenth century Europe. New spas and hydrotherapy facilities were created, "frequenting the waters" became a buzzword in ever widening circles of society. This process also took place in Galicia, and the best example was Lviv. This city before World War I was a metropolis with the seat of the National Government of Galicia, a place where different branches of social culture were developed. Much activity was observed in the area of public health, sport and recreation. Hydrotherapy centers, gyms and orthopedic clinics were developing dynamically. This article is the result of exhaustive study of the source materials from the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, the Department of the Ossolinskis National Institute in Wroclaw, numerous medical journals and newspapers which appeared in the Galicia period. Based on the analysis of all available materials we produced this narrative showing the beginnings of hydrotherapy in Lviv before 1914. The paper pays particular attention to the presentation of pioneering methods of hydrotherapy, physiotherapy, massage and various forms of physiotherapy, which were practiced in Lviv hydrotherapy facilities. The conclusions arising from the analysis of source materials show that hydrotherapy in Lviv, especially in sanatoriums Kisielka and Maryówka, had markings of rehabilitation and their levels did not differ from the then renowned European spas. Activity of the above mentioned institutions was pioneering in the development of physiotherapy, balneology, physical medicine, and in subsequent years was the basis for the establishment of rehabilitation in Poland.

Abstract
This article examines how mass gymnastics in East Central Europe became increasingly entangled with eugenics. It traces the proliferation of eugenic discourses alongside the medicalization of gymnastics within Sokol, a mass nationalist voluntary association. In this context, the bodies of gymnasts became crucial sites of knowledge production and ideological projection. The article introduces the "politics of plastic nationhood," a concept that foregrounds the fierce debates within Sokol over strategies to shape the imagined body of the nation though physical exercise. It also highlights key actors in these discussions, including medical doctors, physical anthropologists, and gymnastics trainers. The article shows that four major themes shaped these biopolitical disputes: health, diversity, gender, and ability. Focusing specifically on Sokol associations in interwar Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and their prewar predecessors, the article outlines a chronology of the politics of plastic nationhood, which emerged in the Habsburg Empire and reached their zenith in the successor states. After imperial collapse, in particular, Sokol eugenicists sought to merge the diverse Slavic populations of the new states into a single "national body." Owing to their perceived failure to achieve national unity, starting in the mid-1930s onward, eugenicists turned to rigid racial hierarchies, statism, and authoritarian politics.

In January of 2018, after decades of sexual abuse of hundreds of athletes under his medical care, USA Gymnastics team doctor Larry Nassar faced 156 of the women he victimized when they testified at his sentencing hearing and detailed the abuse. In the wake of the Nassar verdict, gymnastics and other youth sports organizations have come under fire for abusive practices that victimize young athletes. Scholars have recently argued for an approach to understanding sexual violence as an organizational, rather than individual, phenomenon. The power organizations possess to inflict violence on their members requires an understanding of the increased role of organizations in our decision-making and shaping our values and desires. Through an analysis of testimonies submitted by women who were victimized by Nassar as children, I argue that violence was intentionally deployed as an organizing strategy by USA Gymnastics. Abusive organizational practices traumatized girls, leading them to recalibrate their expectations for what was normal and acceptable, ultimately facilitating their abuse. I propose "high-stakes organizations" as contexts particularly vulnerable to violent organizational practices. I argue, in these high-stakes organizations, trauma is likely to be deployed as a strategy for organizational commitment, further fostering precarity in modern organizations.

Objective: To compare the cognitive performance of elderly practitioners of weight training and hydro-gymnastics after a training session. Method: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study with 20 active people between 60 and 75 years old participants of a gym in Teresina. Their memory was evaluated through the Game of Memory, Verbal Fluency and TrailMaking Test A and B before and after the training sessions. The analysis was performed using SPSS 15.0. Results: The Weight Training group showed better results in post-game tests in memory (GM: -36.6s + 24.15; GH: -28.3S + 18.64), verbal fluency (GM: 5.1 words + 2.88; GH: 2.7 + 4.03 words) and A TrailMaking Test (GM: -23.4 + 20.28s; GH: -22.4 + 16.49 s), while the Hydro-gymnastics group presented in the Track B (GM: -17.7s + 11.75; GH: - 21.8s + 17.47). Conclusion: It was evident that a weight-training workout shows the most relevant improvements in cognitive responses in the elderly.

The article describes national influences on the formation of physical education concepts in Europe in the period of modern (late 18th – early 20th century.) The author presents the beginnings of modern physical education in Germany, Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom and systematizes innovative ideas in the development of physical education concepts in Europe. The influence of German and Swedish gymnastics, as well as British games and sports in European countries are demonstrated. The author states that the following educational innovations were proposed by German educators: the need to combine various forms of physical activity: physical exercises, games, military training, manual work and educational excursions (J. Bazedow); the association of pan-European models of physical culture with natural physical exercises known at that time (F. Guth-Muts); the introduction of gymnastics in the school curriculum as a necessary and indispensable part of education and education of men, providing physical culture with equal to other subjects rights, introducing special requirements for physical training teachers, taking into account age and sex in physical training (A. Spisss); integration of sports games into a school curriculum (K. Koch); the formation of German mass gymnastics as a means of uniting the nation, the introduction of special clothing for classes, the involvement of young people in the role of instructors, the observance of safety during physical education, awareness of the formation of the spirit of the nation by means of physical education and sports (F. Jan). As a result of the formation of Swedish gymnastics for educational, military and medical trends, it was discovered that its innovative ideas greatly influenced the European physical education concepts, in particular: recognition of the important role of gymnastics to increase the strength of people and better ability to resist, theoretical development of the foundations of medical gymnastics, the training system based on simple movements without special equipment, introduction of gymnastics in schools for girls, awareness of the need to provide gymnasts and a physiological basis for balancing the various organs of the body in order to provide strength and health (G. Ling). It is noted that Denmark was the first European country to introduce compulsory physical training in schools and provided comprehensive training for teachers on the theory and methodology of gymnastics. It was emphasized that Great Britain played an important role in the formation of the game movement and university physical education. ; У статті охарактеризовано національні впливи на формування концепцій фізкультурної освіти в Європі в модерну добу (друга половина ХVІІІ ст. – перша половина ХХ ст.). Представлено початки модерної фізкультурної освіти у Німеччині, Швеції, Данії та Великій Британії та систематизовано інноваційні ідеї щодо становлення концепцій фізкультурної освіти в Європі. Продемонстровано особливості поширення німецької та шведської гімнастики, а також британських ігор і спорту в європейських країнах

The methods of medicalized killing -- Advances in medicalized killing proficiency -- When killing goes awry : the management of breakdowns in destructive technology -- Body disposal : erasing the evidence of destruction -- Psychological responses of health care professionals to participation in killing -- Experimental exploitation of death and destruction -- Fronts for the sanitization of medicine's dirty work : from back alley butchery to main street massacre -- Ideological foundations of medicalized killing : targeting lives not worth living -- The quality-of-life ideology and semantic gymnastics -- The imposition of dehumanizing labels -- Treatment for disease : the lexicon of medicalized killing -- Choice and selection : slogans for the reduction of vulnerable populations -- Distortions of the evacuation designation -- Decent perpetrators and their humane services -- Graphic exposures of mass destruction -- The urgency of a full-scale physicians' crusade against killing before and after birth -- Toward a revitalization of the Hippocratic ethic in the face of widespread assaults on the Hippocratic oath.

The physiotherapist profession is officially born on 30 April 1946. From the late 19th century, massage, physiotherapy, gymnastics having entered the field of medicine and the law of 30 November 1892 given doctors a monopoly all care techniques, they will appeal to auxiliary assured they will pre-service training to better control. The War of 1914-1918 "social evil" will ensure the promotion of these empirical methods. The lack of professional masseurs who limited the access to these practices the medical profession will agree to delegate certain auxiliaries. It was not until World War II that a purely authoritarian manner are created medical gymnastics instructor profession and the medical masseur. These texts repealed in 1945, Law No. 46857 of 30 April 1946 designed to regulate the exercise of the medical professions gymnast masseur will create the profession of physiotherapist by giving him the legal monopoly of the massage. Very quickly this monopoly will be challenged and just as quickly the profession will manifest a desire for emancipation in relation to medical supervision. He will have to wait almost a quarter century (1969) to see its main claim result: a third year of study and 60 years for the Council of the Order (2006). The evolution of physiotherapy was, at first, hampered by the hegemonic designs of the medical profession and in a second stage conditional on regulatory harmonization policy allied health professionals conducted by public authorities and by societal choices. Subsequently the evolution of the profession will be affected by the establishment of quotas for access to studies that will encourage a large number of French youth (s) to undertake their studies in countries of the European Union. Subsequently, more and more EU citizens come to work in France. The upheavals on morals appeared in the years 1960-1970, have abolished a number of prohibitions, has upset the mentalities by promoting research of wellbeing. The physiotherapists who discontinued hygienic and aesthetic massage others ...

The physiotherapist profession is officially born on 30 April 1946. From the late 19th century, massage, physiotherapy, gymnastics having entered the field of medicine and the law of 30 November 1892 given doctors a monopoly all care techniques, they will appeal to auxiliary assured they will pre-service training to better control. The War of 1914-1918 "social evil" will ensure the promotion of these empirical methods. The lack of professional masseurs who limited the access to these practices the medical profession will agree to delegate certain auxiliaries. It was not until World War II that a purely authoritarian manner are created medical gymnastics instructor profession and the medical masseur. These texts repealed in 1945, Law No. 46857 of 30 April 1946 designed to regulate the exercise of the medical professions gymnast masseur will create the profession of physiotherapist by giving him the legal monopoly of the massage. Very quickly this monopoly will be challenged and just as quickly the profession will manifest a desire for emancipation in relation to medical supervision. He will have to wait almost a quarter century (1969) to see its main claim result: a third year of study and 60 years for the Council of the Order (2006). The evolution of physiotherapy was, at first, hampered by the hegemonic designs of the medical profession and in a second stage conditional on regulatory harmonization policy allied health professionals conducted by public authorities and by societal choices. Subsequently the evolution of the profession will be affected by the establishment of quotas for access to studies that will encourage a large number of French youth (s) to undertake their studies in countries of the European Union. Subsequently, more and more EU citizens come to work in France. The upheavals on morals appeared in the years 1960-1970, have abolished a number of prohibitions, has upset the mentalities by promoting research of wellbeing. The physiotherapists who discontinued hygienic and aesthetic massage others ...

The physiotherapist profession is officially born on 30 April 1946. From the late 19th century, massage, physiotherapy, gymnastics having entered the field of medicine and the law of 30 November 1892 given doctors a monopoly all care techniques, they will appeal to auxiliary assured they will pre-service training to better control. The War of 1914-1918 "social evil" will ensure the promotion of these empirical methods. The lack of professional masseurs who limited the access to these practices the medical profession will agree to delegate certain auxiliaries. It was not until World War II that a purely authoritarian manner are created medical gymnastics instructor profession and the medical masseur. These texts repealed in 1945, Law No. 46857 of 30 April 1946 designed to regulate the exercise of the medical professions gymnast masseur will create the profession of physiotherapist by giving him the legal monopoly of the massage. Very quickly this monopoly will be challenged and just as quickly the profession will manifest a desire for emancipation in relation to medical supervision. He will have to wait almost a quarter century (1969) to see its main claim result: a third year of study and 60 years for the Council of the Order (2006). The evolution of physiotherapy was, at first, hampered by the hegemonic designs of the medical profession and in a second stage conditional on regulatory harmonization policy allied health professionals conducted by public authorities and by societal choices. Subsequently the evolution of the profession will be affected by the establishment of quotas for access to studies that will encourage a large number of French youth (s) to undertake their studies in countries of the European Union. Subsequently, more and more EU citizens come to work in France. The upheavals on morals appeared in the years 1960-1970, have abolished a number of prohibitions, has upset the mentalities by promoting research of wellbeing. The physiotherapists who discontinued hygienic and aesthetic massage others ...

This is a typed listing of the academic courses taken by Peter Karpovich at the Medical Academy at Petrograd (Leningrad or Saint Petersburg). Included with the list is an explanation of why his academic records are incomplete, stating, essentially, that he could not carry them across the border of Latvia when he fled Russia. There is also a statement about how Brackett Lewis, the General Secretary of the YMCA at Riga Latvia did the translation of his certificate for passing his examinations. According to the document, he took Anatomy, Physiology, Embryology and Theology among many other courses. The end note states that he also took private training in Physical Education Theory and received a certificate in Swedish Military Gymnastics and Play. ; Peter V. Karpovich (1896-1975) was born in Russia and trained as a medical doctor at the State Military Academy of Medicine in Petrograd (St. Petersburg), Russia in 1919. Under increasing political and professional turmoil, he fled to Latvia in 1922. In Latvia, Karpovich worked at the Riga YMCA. In 1925, he traveled to the United States to research at Springfield College. While there, he enrolled as a special advanced student and earned a master's degree in physical education. In 1927, while completing his studies, he became a professor of physiology at the college. In the late 1940s, he met and married his second wife, Josephine Rathbone, an acclaimed scholar of physical education and relaxation. From 1961 to 1969, he served as the director of the physiology research laboratory at Springfield College, where he published several seminal books. Karpovich was a founding member of the American College of Sports Medicine and a consultant to many government, private and educational organizations. He remains an internationally recognized pioneer in physical education.

In seiner körpergeschichtlichen Studie widmet sich Daniel Wildmann nationaljüdischen Turnvereinen in Deutschland im Zeitraum von 1898 bis 1921. Er zeichnet nach, wie sich der Entwurf eines jüdischen Turnkollektivs in politischen Auseinandersetzungen im Spannungsfeld von Zionismus und Antisemitismus im deutschen Kaiserreich verorten lässt und an welche medizinischen Diskurse die Debatten um eine körperlich-therapeutische Wirkung von Turnen anknüpften. Schwerpunkt seiner Arbeit ist jedoch das Herausarbeiten der geschlechtlichen Kodierung der jüdischen turnenden Männer- und Frauenkörper. Hier zeigt Wildmann, dass insbesondere eine eigensinnige Aneignung und Umdeutung von Vorstellungen der jüdischen Antike sowie Körperbilder einer Offiziers-Männlichkeit die Vorstellung von idealer jüdischer Männlichkeit prägten. ; In his study, which is informed by discourses on the history of the body, Daniel Wildmann examines national Jewish gymnastics clubs in Germany during the period from 1898 to 1921. He traces the manner in which we can locate the model of a Jewish gymnastics collective within the political debates found in the field of tension between Zionism and anti-Semitism during the German empire. Further, he pursues the question as to which medical discourses and debates connect to the physical-therapeutic effects of gymnastics. The focus of his work is, however, to address the gendered coding of Jewish gymnasts' bodies, both male and female. Here, Wildmann shows that the conception of an ideal Jewish masculinity is determined in particular by a persistent appropriation and reinterpretation of ideas found in Jewish antiquity as well as masculine body images perpetuated by officers.

Abstract :The purpose of this study is to determine the role of medical personnel in providing health services to patientsparticipating in Universal Coverage program at Bahu Manado Health Center.This research uses qualitative research method. Informant research as much as 8 (eight) informant thatconsist of 1 head of health center, 1 Officer Administration, 3 doctors and 3 community of universalcoverage program participants. Data collection techniques used are Interview Techniques, ObservationTechniques / Observations, and Documentation Techniques. And Data Analysis Techniques used are DataReduction, Data Channel, and Withdrawal Conclusion.Based on research that can be drawn conclusion as follows: First, promotive service has been implementedby medical personnel with health education and health promotion provided directly and indirectly to thecommunity. Second, preventive services provided through immunization and fogging. Third, Curativeservice in the form of medication business for patient to reduce pain and or relieve pain suffered by patientwith expense borne by Manado city government for society of universal coverage participants. Fourth,rehabilitative services have also been provided although not as much as in hospitals, such as gymnastics torestore muscle function for newborn patients.Keywords: Role of Medical Personnel, Universal Coverage

En este trabajo se presenta la singular figura del Conde de Villalobos, Francisco Aguilera Becerril y su significativa aportación a la educación física española de mediados del siglo XIX. La contribución de este filantrópico gimnasiarca se desarrolla a partir del legado de sus actuaciones prácticas e intelectuales realizadas en Madrid. Asimismo tratamos de demostrar la trascendencia de su influencia en el desarrollo de la gimnástica civil, médica, higiénica, pedagógica y militar en España. La construcción del relato se sustenta por una metodología que elabora una exégesis de los textos de la época y el apoyo historiográfico de las últimas aportaciones en torno al período de estudio. Concluimos manifestando que la figura del Conde de Villalobos aporta una representación mitológica que ha servido para encarnar las reivindicaciones del apostolado de la educación física en España ; This article presents the unique figure of the Count of Villalobos, Francisco Aguilera Becerril and his significant contribution to Spanish physical education in the mid-nineteenth century. The contribution of this philanthropic gymnasiarch came from the legacy of his practical and intellectual activities in Madrid. The article also aims to show the transcendence of his influence in the development of civil, medical, hygienic, pedagogical and military gymnastics in Spain. The construction of the story is based on a methodology which produces an interpretation of the texts of the period and the historiographical support of the latest contributions dealing with the period of study. The conclusion shows that the figure of the Count of Villalobos has provided a mythological representation which has served to embody the demands of the physical education mission in Spain