Suchergebnisse

The current controversies about production and yields of medieval agriculture may give an outsider the impression that on this subject historians are more at variance than they actually are. Some historians may still cling to the Victorian belief that things economic were perpetually on the rise; historians thus minded are inclined to take it for granted that both the aggregate product of agriculture and agricultural output per head improved all through the Middle Ages. Other students, for example, Beveridge or Bennett, derived from the imperfectly selected data of the Bishop of Winchester's manors the impression that output per acre, and probably also per unit of seed, stayed put all through the Middle Ages. More recently other historians, including myself, have argued that output per acre tended to slump in the earlier, that is, pre-Black Death period, and may have picked up somewhat in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The concert of historians may therefore strike the ear as being even more cacophonous on this theme than on most other medieval themes.

In loving memory of Angle Arvidson (1961-1982)Over a decade ago, Georges Duby wrote his account of the development of the European economy between the seventh and twelfth centuries. The essential change he described was the transition from a society ruled by an elite of warriors, accumulating wealth through conquest, booty, and hoarding, to a society ruled by an elite of landholders, accumulating wealth through economic investment in land and places of production and exchange — workshops, markets, and fairs. The social groupings became increasingly complex. The simple societal divisions — between warriors and peasants, and between the free and the slaves — were replaced by complex and fluid structures of lordship and service. The resulting social arrangements and their language varied in different parts of Europe. Poland completed the transition from an economy based on force and warfare to one based on intensive agriculture and craft specialization in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. This essay describes the structure of rural services and tributes resulting from this transition in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. The first part describes village settlements and division of labor; the second part examines the concept of lordship and in particular the origins of involuntary services rendered by the peasants to the lords — "serfdom" — in Poland during the first decades of the thirteenth century.

Book Reviewed in this article:M. M. Postan. Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy.M. M. Postan. Medieval Trade and Finance.Richard W. Kaeuper. Bankers to the Crown: The Riccardi of Lucca and Edward I.Alan Crossley (Ed.). A Victoria History of the County of Oxford, vol. X. Banbury Hundred.David Underdown. Somerset in the Civil War and Interregnum.Margaret Roake and John Whyman (Eds.). Essays in Kentish History.Alan Everitt (Ed.). Perspectives in English Urban History.David Baker (Ed.). The Inhabitants of Cardington in 1782.J. A. Robey and L. Porter. The Copper and Lead Mines of Ecton Hill, Staffordshire.John Foster. Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution: Early Industrial Capitalism in Three English Towns.Philip J. Riden. The Butterley Company, 1790–1830: A Derbyshire Ironworks in the Industrial Revolution.Patricia Hollis (Ed.). Class and Conflict in Nineteenth‐Century England, 1815–1850.Douglas C. North and Robert Paul Thomas. The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History.D. V. Glass and Roger Revelle (Eds.). Population & Social Change.Henry A. Landsberger (Ed.). Rural Protest: Peasant Movements and Social Change.Georges Duby. The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century.Peter Earle (Ed.). Essays in European History, 1500–1800.Marcello Carmagnani. Les Mécanismes de la Vie Economique dans une Société Coloniale: Le Chili (1680–1830).Eugen Mewes (Ed.). Terra Nostra; Culegere de Materiale Privind Istoria Agrará a Romanici.Imre Wellmann (Ed.). Proceedings of the Hungarian Agricultural Museum, 1971–2.I. T. Berend and G. Ranki. Hungary. A Century of Economic Development.Theodore Zeldin. France: 1848–1945. Volume One. Ambition, Love and Politics.Ronald Dore. British Factory—Japanese Factory: The Origins of National Diversity in Industrial Relations.Internationaal Colloquium (Spa 5–8‐IX‐1968). De burgerlijke openbare gebouwen in de Europese steden en hun financiering in de Middeleeuwen en onder het Ancien Régime. Handelingen.D. Degreve, D'une analyse de la révolution industrielle à un diagnostic du sous‐développement (suite et fin).H. Thomas, A. L. Constantse, et alia. 'De Spaanse Burgeroorlog en zijn gevolgen.J. H. Munro. Wool, Cloth and Gold: The Struggle for Bullion in Anglo‐Burgundian Trade, 1340–1478.K. Bertels. Geschiedenis tussen struktuur en evenment. Een methodologisch en wijsgerig onderzoek.'Special Issue on Agricultural History in Nineteenth Century Belgium', Revue belge d'histoire contemporaineS. Hart. 'Amsterdam Shipping and Trade to Northern Russia in the Seventeenth Century', Mededelingen van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor zeegeschiedenisJ. Everaert. De internationale en koloniale handel der Vlaamse firma's te Cadiz, 1670–1700 (avec un résumé français: le commerce international et colonial des firmes flamandes à Cadix, 1670–1700). Acta Historiae Neerlandicau: Studies on the History of the Netherlands. P. Creutzberg (Ed.). Het ekonomisch beleid in Nederlandsch‐Indië. Capita selecta. Een bronnenpublikatie, Vol. I.W. De Vries. 150 Jaar Welstand, de Maatschappij tot bevordering van welstand, voornamelijk onder landlieden, 1822–1972.J. De Vries. De Nederlandse economie tijdens de 20ste eeuw. Een verkenning van het meest kenmerkende.M. Van Durme (Ed.). Les Archives générales de Simancas et l'histoire de la Belgique (IXe–XIXe siècles)P. M. M. Klep. Het huishouden in westelyk Noord‐Brabant: Structuur en ontivikkeling, 1750–1849.H. A. Enno Van Gelder. Gegevens betreffende roerend en onroerend bezit in de Nederlanden in de 16e eeuwJ. De Vries. De Coöperatieve Raffaisen‐ en Boerenleenbanken in Nederland, 1948–1973: Van exponent tot component.J. F. Bläsing. Das goldene Delta und sein eisernes Hinterland, 1815–1851. Von niederländischpreussischen zu deutsch‐niederlandischen Wirtschaftsbeziehungen.T. Van der Wal. Op zoek naar een nieuwe vrijheid: Een kwart eeuw arbeidersbeweging in Friesland, 1870–1895.L. Vire. La distribution publique d'eau à Bruxelles, 1830–1870.J. van Herwaarden (Ed.). Lof der Historie. Opstellen over geschiedenis en maatschappij.L. Schepens. Van Vlaskutser tot Franschman. Bijdrage tot de Geschiedenis van de Westvlaamse plattelandsbevolking in de negentiende eeuw.G. Hansotte. La principauté de Stavelot‐Malmédy à la fin de l'Ancien Régime. Carte de la principauté en 1789; dénombrement des maisons, des chevaux et des bestiaux vers 1750.J. Fichefet. Histoire de la commune de Saint‐Martin.M. Claeys‐Van Haegendoorn. Hendrik de Man: Biografie.C. Verlinden et. al. Dokumenten voor de Geschiedenis van Prijzen en Lonen in Vlaanderen en Brabant (XVIe‐XIXe E.)W. P. Blockmans (Ed.). Handelingen van de leden en van de staten van Vlaanderen. Regeringen van Maria van Bourgondië en Filips de Schone (5 januari 1477–26 september 1506). Excerpten uit de rekeningen van de Vlaamse steden en kasselrijen en van de vorstelijke ambtenaren. Deel I: tot de vrede van Kadzand, 1492. Histoire Economique de la Belgique. Traitement des Sources et Etat des Questions—Economische Geschiedenis van België. Behandeling van de Bronnen en Problematiek. Actes du Colloque de Bruxelles—Handelingen van het Colloquium te Brussel. 17–19 nov. 1971 Histoire Economique de la Belgique. Traitement des Sources et Etat des Questions P. M. M. Klep. Groeidynamiek en stagnatie in een agrarisch grensgebied. De ekonomische ontwikkeling in de Noordanlwerpse Kempen en de Baronie van Breda, 1750–1850. Studies over de sociaal‐economische geschiedenis van Limburg F. Pollentier. De Admiraliteit en de oorlog ter zee onder de Aartshertogen (1596–1609).

I. Introduction -- II. The Physical Unity of the River Basin -- III. The River Basin as the Basis of Water Control for Agriculture in Antiquity -- IV. Navigation and the Basin -- A. The influence of waterways on the political unification of river basins -- B. The politically divided basin — a unit for navigation -- C. Influence of waterways on the commercial unification of river basins -- D. Inter-basin links and basin unity -- V. Non-Navigational Uses and the Application of Water Law to the Basin -- A. Medieval background -- B. Eighteenth-century England -- C. Growth of modern industrialization and water use -- D. Changes in water law since the Industrial Revolution -- E. Effect of increased water use on politically divided river basins -- VI. Multipurpose Uses and Basin-Wide Development -- A. The river basin as a unit of national planning and administration -- B. The international river basin -- C. Other areas as units for the development of water resources -- VII. Bringing the Legal Unity of the River Basin Into Focus -- Index of rivers and river basins -- General index.

Book reviewed in this article:PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICS. Eleanor Rathbone Memorial Lecture. By A. J. Ayer.THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND FREEDOM: The Vatican Council and Some Modern Issues. By Dennis Kenny. St. LuciaINTRODUCTION TO POLITICS: Essays and Readings. By Nelson P. Guild and Kenneth T. PalmerPOLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETIES: Studies in Comparative Analysis. Edited by Lewis J. EdingerPOLITICAL STABILITY AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR: Inaugural Lecture delivered at he University of Queensland, 11 October, 1966. By Colin A. Hughes. St. LuciaECONOMIC ACTIVITY. By G. C. Harcourt, P. H. Karmel and R. H. WallaceTOWN ORIGINS: The Evidence irom Medieval England. Edited with an introduction by John F. BentonTHE TRUMAN ADMINISTRATION: A Documentary History edited by B. J. Bernstein and A. J. MatusowSOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE. Edited with a preface by Jerzy F. KarczTHE SWATANTRA PARTY AND INDIAN CONSERVATISM. By H. L. ErdmanINTER‐GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS IN INDIA. By A. RayHO CHI MINH ON REVOLUTION: Selected Writings, 1920‐66. Edited and introduced by Bernard B. FallA SHORT HISTORY OF CHINESE COMMUNISM. By Franklin W. HounISAN: Regionalism in Northeastern Thailand. By Charles F. KeyesVIETNAM'S UNHELD ELECTIONS: The Failure to carry out the 1956 Reunification Elections and the Effect on Hanoi's present Outlook. By Franklin B. WeinsteinA POLITICAL HISTORY OF TROPICAL AFRICA. By Robert I. RotbergNARRATIVE OF A RESIDENCE IN NEW ZEALAND AND JOURNAL OF A RESIDENCE IN TRISTAN DA CUNHA. By Augustus Earle. Edited by E. H. McCormickPOSTGRADUATE STUDIES IN THE HUMANITIES IN AUSTRALIAPRISON BOYS OF PORT ARTHUR: A Study of the Point Puer Boys' Establishment, Van Diemen's Land, 1834 to 1850. By F. C. HooperA HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONISM IN AUSTRALIA. By J. T. SutcliffePARADISE OF DISSENT: South Australia 1829‐1857. By Douglas PikeIF I REMEMBER RIGHTLY: The Memoirs of W. S. Robinson 1876‐1963. Edited by Geoffrey BlaineyTHE COLONIZATION OF AUSTRALIA (1829‐42): The Wakefield Experiment in Empire Building. By Richard Charles MillsA NEW PROVINCE FOR LAW AND ORDER: Being a Review by its late President for fourteen years of the Australian Court of Conciliation and Arbitration. By Henry Bourne Higgins

H. C. Darby (Ed.). A New Historical Geography of England.R. Welldon Finn. Domesday Book: A Guide.Edmund King. Peterborough Abbey, 1086–1310: A Study in the Land Market.R. M. Timson (Ed.). The Cartulary of Blyth Priory.Angela Conyers (Ed.). Wiltshire Extents for Debts, Edward I‐Elizabeth I.G. R. Elton. Reform and Renewal. Thomas Cromwell and the Common Weal.W. R. D. Jones. The Mid‐Tudor Crisis, 1539–1563.Joan Day. Bristol Brass: The History of the Industry.Michael Havinden (Ed.). Husbandry and Marketing in the South‐West, 1500–1800. Exeter Papers in Economic History, no. 8. (Exeter: University of Exeter. 1973. Pp. 74. 75p.)M. Perceval‐Maxwell. The Scottish Migration to Ulster in the Region of James I.J. S. Morrill. Cheshire, 1630–1660: County Government and Society during the English Revolution.Louise B. Taylor (Ed.). Aberdeen Shore Work Accounts, 1596–1670.F. M. L. Thompson. Hampstead: Building a Borough, 1650–1964.Melvin H. Jackson and Charles De Beer. Eighteenth‐Century Gunfounding: The Verbruggens at the Royal Brass Foundry.J. R. Ward. The Finance of Canal Building in Eighteenth‐Century England.John G. Gazley. The Life of Arthur Young, 1741–1820.John Nelson Tarn. Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas between 1840 and 1914.Enid Gauldie. Cruel Habitations: A History of Working‐Class Housing, 1780–1918.Frank W. Fetter and Derek Gregory. Monetary and Financial Policy: Government and Society in Nineteenth‐Century Britain. Commentaries on British Parliamentary Papers.Peter Harnetty. Imperialism and Free Trade: Lancashire and India in the mid‐Nineteenth Century.P. H. J. H. Gosden. Self‐Help: Voluntary Associations in Nineteenth‐Century Britain.W. Hamish Fraser. Trade Unions and Society: The Struggle for Acceptance, 1850–1880.W. A. Thomas. The Provincial Stock Exchanges.H. E. S. Fisher and W. E. Minghinton (Eds.). Transport and Shipowning in the West‐country. Exeter Papers in Economic History, no. 7. (Exeter: University of Exeter. 1973. Pp. 71. 6 plates. 75p.)D. H. Aldcroft. Studies in British Transport History, 1870–1970.James Hinton, The First Shop Stewards' Movement.REVIEW OF PERIODICAL LITERATURE 1973(i) Medieval(ii) 1500–1700(iii) 1700–1800 Since 1800 GENERALRoderick Floud (Ed.). Essays in Quantitative History.Richard G. Wilkinson. Poverty and Progress: An Ecological Model of Economic Development.M. I. Finley (Ed.). Studies in Ancient Society. Past and Present Series.Wilhelm Abel. Massenarmut und Hungerkrisen im vorindustriellen Europa.Frederic G. Lane. Venice: A Maritime Republic.Ralph Davis. The Rise of the Atlantic Economies.G. L'E. Turner and T. H. Levere. Martinus van Marum, Life and Work (Ed. by E. Lefebvre and J. G. De Bruijn). Vol. IV, Van Marum's Scientific Instruments in Teyler's Museum.W. L. Blackwell (Ed.). Russian Economic Development from Peter the Great to Stalin.Marcus Arkin. Storm in a Teacup: The Later Tears of John Company at the Cape.Hoh Cheung and Lorna H. Mui (Eds.). William Melrose in China, 1845–1885: The Letters of a Scottish Tea Merchant.R. C. J. Stone. Makers of Fortune: A Colonial Business Community and its Fall.Alice Teichovaa. An Economic Background to Munich: International Business and Czechoslovakia, 1918–1938.M. Keating. The Australian Workforce, 1910–11 to 1960–1.Kazushi Ohkawa and Henry Rosovsky. Japanese Economic Growth: Trend Acceleration in the Twentieth Century.UNITED STATES OF AMERICAClarence H. Danhof. Change in Agriculture: The Northern United States, 1820–1870.John W. Blassingame. Black New Orleans.Michael P. Conzen. Frontier Farming in an Urban Shadow.Margaret Walsh. The Manufacturing Frontier: Pioneer Industry in Antebellum Wisconsin, 1830–1860.Ira Rosenwaike. Population History of New York City.Howard P. Chudagoff. Mobile Americans: Residential and Social Mobility in Omaha, 1880–1920. Urban Life in America Series.Robert Sobel. The Age of Giant Corporations: A Microeconomic History of American Business, 1914–1970.Robert K. Murray. The Politics of Normalcy: Governmental Theory and Practice in the Harding‐Coolidge Era.Michael Hudson. Super Imperialism.Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman (Eds.). The Reinterpretation of American Economic History.

W. H. Chaloner and R. C. Richardson (Comps.). British Economic and Social History : A Bibliographical Guide. (Manchester: The University Press. 1976. PpPauline Gregg. Black Death to Industrial Revolution. A Social and Economic History of England. (London: Harrap. 1976. PpR. G. Parker. Coke of Norfolk. A Financial and Agricultural Study, 1707‐1842. (London: The Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press. 1975. PpT. M. Devine. The Tobacco Lords. A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and their Trading Activities, c. 1740‐90. (Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd. 1975. PpM. W. Flinn and T. C. Smout (Eds.). Essays in Social History. (London: The Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press, for the Economic History Society. 1974. PpJean Lindsay. The Scottish Poor Law. Its Operation in the North‐East from 1745 to 1845. (Ilfracombe: Arthur H. Stockwell Ltd. 1976. PpA. Allan Maclaren (Ed.). Social Class in Scotland: Past and Present. (Edinburgh: John Donald. 1976. PpA. Temple Patterson. A History of Southampton, 1790‐1914. Vol. III: Setbacks and Recoveries, 1868‐1914. Southampton Records Series, vol. XVIII. (Southampton: The University Press. 1975. PpEric J. Evans. The Contentious Tithe: The Tithe Problem and English Agriculture, 1750‐1850. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1976. PpThomas McKeown. The Modern Rise of Population. (London: Edward Arnold. 1976. PpDerek Oddy and Derek Miller (Eds.). The Making of the Modern British Diet. (London: Croom Helm. 1976. PpDerek Fraser (Ed.). The New Poor Law in the Nineteenth Century (London: Macmillan. 1976. PpWilliam A. Green. British Slave Emancipation: The Sugar Colonies and the Great Experiment, 1830‐65. (Oxford: Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press. 1976. PpG. A. Phillips. The General Strike: The Politics of Industrial Conflict. (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1976. PpSean Glynn and J ohn Oxborrow. Interwar Britain: A Social and Economic History. (London: George Allen & Unwin. 1976. PpJ. M. Winter (Ed.). War and Economic Development: Essays in Memory of David Joslin. (London: Cambridge University Press. 1975. PpM. I. Finley (Ed.). Studies in Roman Property. By the Cambridge University Research Seminar in Ancient History. (London: Cambridge University Press. 1976. PpE. Ashtor. A Social and Economic History of the Near East in the Middle Ages. (London: Collins. 1976. PpRobert S. Lopez. The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950‐1350. (London: Cambridge University Press. 1976. PpCarlo M. Cipolla. Before the Industrial Revolution. European Society and Economy, 1000‐1700. (London: Methuen. 1976. PpHermann Kellenbenz. The Rise of the European Economy. An Economic History of Continental Europe, 1500‐1750. (London: Weidenfeld. 1976. PpT. Evergates. Feudal Society in the Bailliage of Troyes under the Counts of Champagne, 1152‐1284. (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1976. PpN. J. G. Pounds. An Economic History of Medieval Europe. (London: Longman, 1974. PpRichard Tilden Rapp. Industry and Economic Decline in Seventeenth‐Century Venice. (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press. 1976. PpW. O. Henderson. The Rise of German Industrial Power, 1834‐1914. (London: Temple Smith. 1975. PpG. L. Barrow. The Emergence of the Irish Banking System, 1820‐45. (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. 1975. PpM. Moynihan. Currency and Central Banking in Ireland, 1922‐60. (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan with the Central Bank of Ireland. 1975. PpThomas S. Fedor. Patterns of Urban Growth in the Russian Empire During the Nineteenth Century. (Chicago: The University of Chicago, Department of Geography, Research Paper No. 163. 1975. PpGilbert Rozman. Urban Networks in Russia, 1750‐1800, and Premodern Periodization. (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1976. PpPeter Duignan and L. H. Gann (Eds.). Colonialism in Africa, 1870‐1960. Vol. 4: The Economics of Colonialism. (London: Cambridge University Press. 1975. PpJ. Forbes Munro. Colonial Rule and the Kamba: Social Change in the Kenya Highlands, 1889‐1939. (London: Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press. 1975. PpPeter Temin. Did Monetary Factors Cause the Great Depression? (New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 1976. Pp