Suchergebnisse

Intro -- THE MAKING OF FEUDAL AGRICULTURES? -- CONTENTS -- FOREWORD -- L'EVOLUTION DES TECHNIQUES -- HISTOIRE ET TECHNIQUES: L'OUTIL AGRICOLE DANS LA PERIODE DU HAUT MOYEN-AGE (Ve-Xe S.) -- LES TECHNIQUES DE TRACTION ANIMALE DE L'ANTIQUITÉ AU MOYEN AGE* -- LES CÉRÉALES DU BAS-EMPIRE AU MOYEN AGE -- FARMING IN MEDITERRANEAN FRANCE AND RURAL SETTLEMENT IN THE LATE ROMAN AND EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIODS -- THE MISSING WATER-MILL: A QUESTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL DIFFUSION IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES* -- INDEX.

Those Who Worked, the second volume of Peter Speed's three-volume series of medieval sources in English translation includes a wide variety of readings from Britain and the Continent, is richly illustrated and provides an ideal introduction to classic sources and new trends in medieval studies for the student and general reader alike. Chapter topics include: agriculture from the late Roman Empire to the late Middle Ages; the village; towns; shopkeepers and craftspeople; conducting business; town government; trade, money and banking; families; food and drink; pastimes; the poor; the sick; plague and rebellion. 234 readings cover records; inventories; calendars, chronicles and histories; travelers' accounts; scientific treatises; biographies; letters and notebooks; poetry and plays. Preface, glossary, bibliography, and index. 95 illustrations, 2 maps

This book demolishes the widely held view that the phrase 'medieval business' is an oxymoron. The authors review the entire range of business in medieval western Europe, probing its Roman and Christian heritage to discover the economic and political forces that shaped the organization of agriculture, manufacturing, construction, mining, transportation and marketing. Businessmen's responses to the devastating plagues, famines, and warfare that beset Europe in the late Middle Ages are equally well covered. Medieval businessmen's remarkable success in coping with this hostile new environment was 'a harvest of adversity' that prepared the way for the economic expansion of the sixteenth century. Two main themes run through this book. First, the force and direction of business development in this period stemmed primarily from the demands of the elite. Second, the lasting legacy of medieval businessmen was less their skillful adaptations of imported inventions than their brilliant innovations in business organization

The survey intends to analize the institutions developed in the XIII and XIV centuries for the exploitation of the land, considering the social and economical circumstances that had an influence on these institutions since the publication of the "Furs de Valencia". Thus, this survey is focused on the legal-historic agricultural servitude in the Kingdom of Valencia. This analysis about the ways of agricultural servitude is complemented with an historical introduction on servitude law. The methodology employed consists in an analysis of the legal institutions according the legislation, the documentation of archives and legal matters (Commentators of Roman Law, such as Bartolo, Baldo . ); and commentators of Valencian Law (Alabanya, Jáffer, Rabaçes, Johan, Mascó, Bonifaci Ferrer, Belluga . ). ; Les Furs Valence furent le droit en vigueur à l'ancien règne de Valencie pendant l'époque apcellée "foral" (1238-1707). De toute cette legislation apellée "foral", nous étudions ici dans nôtre article les servitudes agricoles comme une institution du droit agrarien qui réglait les relations entre fonds limitrophea à fin d'aider la protection del 'agriculture. La méthodologie employée dans nôtre étude consiste en l'analyse de la législation des Fun de Valence sur la matière des servitudes agricoles, tout completant cettes informations légals avec la documentation des archives, et la doctrine "classique" des commentateurs du droit romain (Baldo, Bartola . ) et commentateurs des Furs de Valencia (Alabanya, Guillem Jáffer, Rabaces, Johan, Mascó, Bonifaci Ferrer, Belluga. ).

The aim of this paper is to combine two types of source that are usually kept apart in the study of the Italian later Middle Ages: direct tax assessments and local court records. The purpose of putting these two sources together is to discover more about the operation of the local vicariate courts (another neglected element of Italian states) and about wealth distribution and litigation in the Italian countryside. The tax assessments are first analysed for what they reveal of agriculture, migration and wealth, then the court records for the identity of plaintiffs and defendants, and the nature of pleas. To interpret the resulting pattern of debts and credit, cooperation and conflict, concepts from English medieval historiography are used to explore the relationship between debtors and creditors.

By c.1500 the Holland economy had already acquired modern traits, as witnessed by the occupational structure and the urbanization rate. This article tries to explain the remarkable development of the Holland economy between 1350 and 1500, linking it to the specific occupation history of the region in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries. The combination of high wages in this frontier economy with increasing difficulties in arable agriculture as a result of the subsidence of peat soils, and the absence of feudal restrictions in production and marketing, resulted in the rise of capital‐intensive industries, benefiting from converging wages and increasing market integration.

Although it would now seem established beyond question that agriculture in most parts of India had been exposed to commercial influences from medieval times, there can be little doubt that a variety of developments from the second half of the nineteenth century greatly strengthened those influences. Railways and road transport made possible a huge expansion in cash cropping, for national and international markets, and production regimes across the subcontinent were placed in a new context of opportunity—and of pressure. While so much would scarcely be disputed among historians, what has become—and remained—more controversial, however, is an understanding of the implications of this extended commercial logic for agrarian economy and society. Since colonial times, opinions would seem to have been divided between 'optimists', for whom commercialization marked progress and a growing prosperity for all; 'pessimists', for whom it marked regress into deepening class stratification and mass pauperization; and 'sceptics' who held that it made very little difference and that its impact was largely absorbed by preexisting structures of wealth accumulation and power on the land.

Based on a modest sample of skeletons from northern Europe, average heights fell from 173.4 centimeters in the early Middle Ages to a low of roughly 167 centimeters during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Taking the data at face value, this decline of approximately 6.4 centimeters substantially exceeds any prolonged downturns found during industrialization in several countries that have been studied. Significantly, recovery to levels achieved in the early Middle Ages was not attained until the early twentieth century. It is plausible to link the decline in average height to climate deterioration; growing inequality; urbanization and the expansion of trade and commerce, which facilitated the spread of diseases; fluctuations in population size that impinged on nutritional status; the global spread of diseases associated with European expansion and colonization; and conflicts or wars over state building or religion. Because it is reasonable to believe that greater exposure to pathogens accompanied urbanization and industrialization, and there is evidence of climate moderation, increasing efficiency in agriculture, and greater interregional and international trade in foodstuffs, it is plausible to link the reversal of the long-term height decline with dietary improvements.

Books reviewed in this article:Phillipp R. Schofield, Peasant and Community in Medieval EnglandIan Kershaw & David M. Smith (eds.), The Bolton Priory CompotusMichael Jones (ed.), Revolution and Consumption in Late Medieval EnglandPeter Northeast (ed.), Wills of the Archdeaconry of SudburyPamela Sharpe, Population and Society in an East Devon ParishDonald Winch & Patrick K. O'Brien (eds.), The Political Economy of British Historical ExperienceS.D. Smith, 'An Exact and Industrious Tradesman'Nicola Verdon, Rural Women Workers in Nineteenth‐Century EnglandJ.R. Wordie (ed.), Agriculture and Politics in EnglandLewis Johnman & Hugh Murphy, British Shipbuilding and the StateJairus Banaji, Agrarian Change in Late AntiquityAngeliki E. Laiou, The Economic History of ByzantiumAdriaan Verhulst, The Carolingian EconomyAdam Steinhouse, Workers' Participation in Post‐Liberation FrancePatrick Major & Jonathan Osmond (eds.), The Workers' and Peasants' StateRainer Karlsch & Raymond Stokes, The Chemistry must be RightMonica Chojnacka, Working Women of Early Modern VeniceHarold James & Jacob Tanner (eds.), Enterprise in the Period of Fascism in EuropeWendy Z. Goldman, Women at the GatesDavid Armitage & Michael J. Braddick (eds.), The British Atlantic worldSteven W. Usselman, Regulating Railroad InnovationNikki Mandell, The Corporation as FamilyBruce L. Gardner, American Agriculture in the Twentieth CenturyStefano Battilossi & Youssef Cassis (eds.), European Banks and the American ChallengeGeoffrey Jones & Lina Galvez‐Munoz (eds.), Foreign Multinationals in the United StatesMauro F. Guillén, The Limits of ConvergenceDennis O. Flynn, Arturo Giráldez & James Sobredo (eds.), Studies in Pacific HistoryNick Tiratsoo, Junichi Hasegawa, Tony Mason & Takao Matsumara, Urban Reconstruction in Britain and JapanDavid Zweig, Internationalizing ChinaCharles H. Feinstein & Mark Thomas, Making History CountPhillip Mirowski, Machine Dreams

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