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Introduction, pre-modern crop protection -- Books and authors -- Pre-modern agriculture -- Harmful agents -- Pre-modern crop protection methods -- Natural products for pre-modern crop protection -- Pre-modern crop protection lore -- Once upon a time: organic agriculture -- Final comments

How were the field boundaries created and cultivated by the farmers of prehistoric and Roman Britain transformed into the open fields of medieval England? Historians and archaeologists have posited a complete physical break between the field systems of Roman Britain and the common or open fields of medieval England.
Susan Oosthuizen's fascinating research into the landscape history of the Bourn Valley, just west of Cambridge (an area which has been intensively cultivated for at least the last 3,000 years), has uncovered preserved prehistoric field patterns in the medieval furlongs there – startling in the context of 'champion' England. If it were possible to unravel the relationships between pre-open-field and open-field boundaries in the Valley between about 600 and 1100 AD, then a significant step forward might be taken in our understanding of the origins of medieval open-field systems in general. We might begin to understand the processes by which the fields, woods and pastures that developed over the prehistoric millennia and during the Roman centuries were organised into the completely new landscape of the medieval open fields.
The unexpected discovery of what appears to be an 8th- or 9th-century proto-open-field pattern seems to indicate a fossilising of the process of development from prehistoric to medieval fields, which Susan Oosthuizen seeks to explain by examining the social, administrative and political contexts within which these changes took place. The newly uncovered evidence allows Oosthuizen to propose a new model for the introduction of common fields in England. -

Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: The Historical Climatology of Late Medieval England -- Chapter 2: The Keeping of Agricultural Records in Late Medieval England -- 2.1 Late Medieval Agriculture and Manorial Accounts -- 2.2 Norwich Cathedral Priory -- 2.2.1 Norwich Cathedral Priory and Its Temporalities Until c.1300 -- 2.2.2 The Making of Manorial Accounts and Their Economic Context -- 2.2.3 Archival History of Norwich Cathedral Priory -- 2.3 Supplementary Series -- Chapter 3: The Medieval Grain Harvest -- 3.1 Climatological Significance -- 3.2 Management and Accounting Practices -- 3.3 Data Density and Security -- 3.4 Potential Non-climatic Influences on the Harvest Date -- 3.5 Dating the Harvest: Calendar, Work Management and Communication -- 3.5.1 The Ecclesiastical Calendar -- 3.5.2 The Working Week -- 3.5.3 The Harvest Date on Selected Manors of Norwich Cathedral Priory -- 3.5.4 Harvest Date and Calendar -- Chapter 4: Farming in Norfolk Around 1800 -- 4.1 Langham Farm -- 4.1.1 The Working Week -- 4.1.2 The Break in the Langham Series -- 4.2 Fritton Estate -- 4.3 Snettisham -- 4.4 Wymondham -- 4.5 Medieval Versus Early Modern Grain Harvests -- Chapter 5: A Reconstruction of Medieval April-July Temperatures for East Anglia -- 5.1 Reconstruction Methodology -- 5.2 Reconstructed Medieval April-July Mean Temperatures -- 5.3 Comparison with Other Documentary Reconstructions -- 5.4 Comparison with William Merle's Weather Diary 1337-1344 -- Chapter 6: Temperature Extremes 1256-1431: Independent Evidence and Context -- 6.1 Temperature Extremes and Agricultural Production -- 6.2 Warm Growing Seasons 1256-1431 -- 6.2.1 Weather Conditions in 1267 -- 6.2.2 Weather Conditions in 1297 and 1298 -- 6.2.3 Weather Conditions in 1304-1307 -- 6.2.4 Weather Conditions in 1318 -- 6.2.5 Weather Conditions in the Mid-1320s

Introduction: Hungarian medieval economic history : sources, research and methodology / Jozsef Laszlovszky, Balazs Nagy, Peter Szabo and Andras Vadas -- Structure -- Long-term environmental changes in medieval Hungary : changes in settlement areas and their potential drivers / Laszlo Ferenczi, Jozsef Laszlovszky, Zsolt Pinke, Peter Szabo and Andras Vadas -- Demographic issues in late medieval Hungary : population, ethnic groups, economic activity / Andras Kubinyi and Jozsef Laszlovszky -- Mobility, roads and bridges in medieval Hungary / Magdolna Szilagyi -- Human-nature interaction in production -- Agriculture in medieval Hungary / Jozsef Laszlovszky -- Animal exploitation in medieval Hungary / Laszlo Bartosiewicz, Anna Zsofia Biller, Peter Csippan, Laszlo Daroczi-Szabo, Marta Daroczi-Szabo, Erika Gal, Istvan Kovats, Kyra Lyublyanovics and Eva Agnes Nyerges -- Mining in medieval Hungary / Zoltan Batizi -- Salt mining and trade in Hungary before the Mongol invasion / Beatrix F. Romhanyi -- Salt mining and the salt trade in medieval Hungary from the mid-thirteenth century until the end of the middle ages / Istvan Draskoczy -- The extent and management of woodland in medieval Hungary / Peter Szabo -- Water management in medieval Hungary / Laszlo Ferenczi -- Money, incomes and management -- Royal revenues in the Arpadian age / Boglarka Weisz -- Seigneurial dues and taxation principles in late medieval Hungary / Arpad Nogrady -- Minting, financial administration and coin circulation in Hungary in the arpadian and Angevin periods (1000-1387) / Csaba Toth -- Coinage and financial administration in late medieval Hungary (1387-1526) / Marton Gyongyossy -- Spheres of production -- The ecclesiastic economy in medieval Hungary / Beatrix F. Romhanyi -- The urban economy in medieval Hungary / Katalin Szende -- The medieval market town and its economy / Istvan Petrovics -- Crafts in medieval Hungary / Laszlo Szende -- The economy of castle estates in the late medieval kingdom of Hungary / Istvan Kenyeres -- Trade relations -- Domestic trade in the arpadian age / Boglarka Weisz -- Professional merchants and the institutions of trade : domestic trade in late medieval Hungary / Andras Kubinyi -- Import objects as sources of the economic history of medieval Hungary / Istvan Feld -- Foreign trade of medieval Hungary / Balazs Nagy -- Foreign business interests in Hungary in the middle ages / Krisztina Arany -- Appendix -- List of references -- Index of geographic names -- Index of personal names.

This volume aims to define the changing nature of lordship in Viking and early medieval Scandinavia. Advances in settlement archaeology and cultural geography have revealed new aspects of social power in Viking Age and early medieval Scandinavia. New sources and approaches allow us to question the traditional view that Scandinavian aristocrats developed from Viking raiders into Christian landlords. Seventeen thematic chapters by leading scholars survey and assess the state of research and provide a new baseline for interdisciplinary discussions. How were social ties structured? How did lordship and dependency materialize in modes of agriculture, settlement, landscape, and monuments? The book traces the power of tributary relations, forged through personal ties, gifts, duties, and feasting in great halls, and their gradual transformation into the feudal bonds of levies and land-rent

This excellent and concise summary of the social and economic history of Europe in the Middle Ages examines the changing patterns and developments in agriculture, commerce, trade, industry and transport that took place during the millennium between the fall of the Roman Empire and the discovery of the New World. After outlining the trends in demography, prices, rent, and wages and in the patterns of settlement and cultivation, the author also summarizes the basic research done in the last twenty-five years in many aspects of the social and economic history of medieval Europe, citing French, Ge

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- List of abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 Water for everyday use -- The supply: aqueducts and their water -- The supply: wells, cisterns, and springs -- The demand: domestic water usage -- 2 Water, baths, and corporeal washing -- The perpetuation of public baths -- The social world of the baths -- Habits of the bath -- The bath from collective nudity to domestic solitude -- Bathless washing -- 3 The wet and the dry: water in agriculture -- Floods, drainage, marshes, and mentalities -- Drainage -- Irrigation -- 4 Water, fish, and fishing -- The Roman heritage -- The new fishing patterns -- The rise of private fishing rights -- The administration of fishing -- Early medieval fisheries and their techniques -- The fishers -- 5 Water and milling in early medieval Italy -- Technologies of milling with water -- Water power and social power -- The ownership of mills -- Mill income -- Watermillers -- 6 Conclusion: the hydrological cycle in the early Middle Ages -- Bibliography -- Index

Europe at the millennium -- Agriculture and rural life -- Trade 1000-1350 -- Cities, guilds, and political economy -- Economic and social thought -- The great hunger and the big death -- The calamitous fourteenth century -- Technology and consumerism -- War and social unrest -- Fifteenth century portraits

The dominance of exclusive commons: An exploration and re-evaluation -- The campine: An overview -- Inclusive commons -- Successful commons: What's in a name? -- The road to success

Agriculture was the largest and most important sector of the medieval English economy. Yet although peasants comprised the majority of the population, and were responsible for the greater part of land use, surprisingly little is known about peasant cropping patterns and production strategies. Taking the Crowland Abbey manor of Oakington, Cambridgeshire as a case study, this article examines peasant land use and agricultural strategies. Using data collected from the Oakington tithe accounts and manor court rolls, this article demonstrates that peasants used their land more extensively than did the lord, raising their output per acre above that of the demesne. This was driven by peasant need for fodder crops, and the strain placed on agricultural systems that required peasants to use their land to produce grains and legumes for consumption, fodder, and sale.

"The majority of studies on the agricultural history of Japan have focused on the public administration of land and production, and rice, the principal source of revenue, has received the most attention. However, while this cereal has clearly played a decisive role in the public economy of the Japanese State, it has not had a predominant place in agricultural production. Far from confining its scope to a study of rice growing for tax purposes, this volume looks at the subsistence economy in the plant kingdom as a whole. This book examines the history of agriculture in Japan from the 8th to the 17th century, dealing with the history of agricultural techniques and food supply. It analyses each of the farming operations from sowing to harvesting, and the customs pertaining to consumption. It also challenges the widespread theory that rice cultivation has been the basis of 'Japaneseness' for two millennia and the foundation of Japanese civilization by focusing on the biodiversity and polycultural traditions of Japan. Further, it will play a role in the current dialogue on the future of agricultural production from the viewpoints of ecology, biodiversity, dietary culture and food security throughout the world as traditional techniques such a crop rotation are explored in connection with the safeguarding of the minerals in the soil. Surveying agricultural techniques across the centuries and highlighting the dietary diversity of Japan, this book will appeal to students and scholars of Japanese history, the history of science and technology, medieval history, cultural anthropology and agriculture"--

This volume investigates the use of mortgages in the European countryside between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries. A mortgage allowed a loan to be secured with land or other property, and the practice has been linked to the transformation of the agrarian economy that paved the way for modern economic growth. Historians have viewed the mortgage both positively and negatively: on the one hand, it provided borrowers with opportunities for investment in agriculture; but equally, it exposed them to the risk of losing their mortgaged property. The case studies presented in this volume reveal the variety of forms that the mortgage took, and show how an intricate balance was struck between the interests of the borrower looking for funds, and those of the lender looking for security. It is argued that the character of mortgage law, and the nature of rights in land in operation in any given the place and period, determined the degree to which mortgages were employed. Over time, developments in these factors allowed increasing numbers of peasants to use mortgages more freely, and with a decreasing risk of expropriation. This volume will be appealing to academics and researchers interested in financial history, credit and debt