Suchergebnisse

Banishment from home is an old type of punishment, which was mainly used in regulating family relationships. It was first recorded in the Hammurabi's Code and subsequently envisaged in other legal systems. The first record of this punishment in Serbian legal history dates back to the medieval times, when King Stephen the First-Crowned banished his wife Eudokia for adultery. It was also recorded in the second Charter of Ziča, in Emperor Dušan's Code, in the abridged version of Mateus Blastares' Syntagma Canonum, and in the Code of Justinian, but not always as a form of punishment. It was more frequently envisaged in the medieval statutes of the Adriatic Sea coastal towns of Kotor, Budva and Skadar. Although it served various purposes, banishment was often used as a form of punishment. It was a common form of punishment for widows and widowers who failed to act on a pledge or failed to take proper care of the deceased spouse's property. It was also applicable in cases when parents (usually the father) wanted to punish their children for disobedience or failure to perform the duties they were expected to perform.

Maritime trade grew enormously in Europe after c. 1100 AD, thereby contributing much to the European economic take-off commonly considered as the "Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages." In this article, determinants of both the formation of the Hanse's network-based system of trade in Northern Europe and its later dissolution are analysed using a multi-agent model. Findings are connected to the discussion in institutional economics and economic history concerning the importance of institutional developments in long-distance trade for economic growth in medieval Europe, the efficiency of self-enforcing institutions, and the divergence of institutional arrangements in medieval maritime trade. Finally, both potentials and limitations of agent-based models for historical research are discussed.

The article considers the reasons for the difficulties of etymologization ancient ethnic and geographical names of the Volga-Oka interfluve. Shows the historical background and general foundations of a number of ethnonyms, ethnotonyms and toponyms (Saami, Merya, Murom, Chud, Lob river, Ruza river, Moskva River, Moscow, Mozhaisk, Kolomna, etc.). The author presents a set of identical names of the Volga-Oka interfluve and places of established settlement of the Saami. The facts and substantiations presented in the article lead to the conclusion about the existence on the territory of the Volga-Oka interfluve before the appearance of the Slavs of regional toponymy based on the Sami and, possibly, the near Finno-Ugric languages.