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International audience ; For an eighteenth-century merchant, the ultimate crisis was war; armed conflicts disrupted trade both practically, by subjecting the goods transported to confiscation by the enemy, and financially, by threatening the national and international credit networks and compensation systems on which merchants relied to clear their transactions. This was especially true for French merchants active in the transatlantic trade, when confronted with a war with Great Britain at mid-century. Land-based goods or goods transported along the coast overt short distances could be rerouted, go through intermediaries, or be smuggled in a variety of ways. But by 1750, British domination of the seas was a well-established reality, and the French Navy, weakened by years of political neglect, was unable to protect the approach either to France's major ports, or to the North American continent. As a result, the French trader specialized in importing colonial products (sugar, coffee, indigo, or tobacco come to mind) in an Atlantic port was faced with daunting challenges. This paper shows how large merchants could face the risks of war with considerable efficiency, combining, inside information, international networks, and local control of market segments; The oligopolistic nature of early Modern markets is fully revealed by these processes, which also show how information was kept even from principals outside merchant circles.

International audience ; For an eighteenth-century merchant, the ultimate crisis was war; armed conflicts disrupted trade both practically, by subjecting the goods transported to confiscation by the enemy, and financially, by threatening the national and international credit networks and compensation systems on which merchants relied to clear their transactions. This was especially true for French merchants active in the transatlantic trade, when confronted with a war with Great Britain at mid-century. Land-based goods or goods transported along the coast overt short distances could be rerouted, go through intermediaries, or be smuggled in a variety of ways. But by 1750, British domination of the seas was a well-established reality, and the French Navy, weakened by years of political neglect, was unable to protect the approach either to France's major ports, or to the North American continent. As a result, the French trader specialized in importing colonial products (sugar, coffee, indigo, or tobacco come to mind) in an Atlantic port was faced with daunting challenges. This paper shows how large merchants could face the risks of war with considerable efficiency, combining, inside information, international networks, and local control of market segments; The oligopolistic nature of early Modern markets is fully revealed by these processes, which also show how information was kept even from principals outside merchant circles.

This paper is the first attempt to formalize a new field of economics; studding the Intangibles Goods available on the Internet. We are taking advantage of the digital world's specific rules to propose a theory of trading & sharing unified. A function based money is created as a world-wide currency; ⊔ (pronounced /k^p/). We argue that our system discourage speculation activities while it makes easy captured taxes for governments. The implementation removes the today's paywall on the Internet and provides a simple-to-use, open-source, free-of-charge, highly-secure, person-to-person, privacy-respectful, digital payment tool for citizens, using standard smart-phones with a strong authentication. Next step will be the propagation of the network application and we expect many shared benefits for the whole economics development.

This report will provide a brief overview of seamen of the U.S. merchant marine and World War II, post-war efforts for benefits for merchant seamen, the efforts by merchant seamen for recognition and legislation introduced int he 110th Congress.

Hand-colored postcard. "Merchants National Bank building Copyright Robert Runyon" ; https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/renetorres/1022/thumbnail.jpg

This work is presented as part of eLangdell Press' Law and Literature Collection. It was selected based on a review of syllabi in this discipline."The law and literature movement focuses on the interdisciplinary connection between law and literature. This field has roots in two major developments in the intellectual history of law—first, the growing doubt about whether law in isolation is a source of value and meaning, or whether it must be plugged into a large cultural or philosophical or social-science context to give it value and meaning; and, second, the growing focus on the mutability of meaning in all texts, whether literary or legal. Those who work in the field stress one or the other of two complementary perspectives: law in literature (understanding enduring issues as they are explored in great literary texts) and law as literature (understanding legal texts by reference to methods of literary interpretation, analysis and critique).This movement has broad and potentially far reaching implications with regards to future teaching methods, scholarship, and interpretations of legal texts. Combining literature's ability to provide unique insight into the human condition through text with the legal framework that regulates those human experiences in reality gives a democratic judiciary a new and dynamic approach to reaching the aims of providing a just and moral society. It is necessary, in practical thought and discussion about the use of legal rhetoric, to understand text's role in defining human experience."

This study was aimed atdeterminingthe contribution of Papuan women merch nts to the family's income development and pursue the role of government and financial institutions in supporting the business activities of Papuan women merchants.It was done in the Central market of Sorong, Sorong regency, Central market of Bintuni, Bintuni regency, Central market of Kajase, South Sorong regency, and Central market of Raja Ampat, Raja Ampat regency, focusing on Papuan women merchants. This study used 100 respondents. Data collection employed interviews and direct observation on socio-economic activities. Data analysis applied qualitative method. Results showed that mean monthly net income of Papuan women merchants in the traditional markets was high enough and mostly used for the household's income development with 60.47% contribution to total family's income.

UIDB/04666/2020 UIDP/04666/2020 UID/HIS/04666/2019 DL 57/2016/CP1453/CT0034. ; The study of the presence of foreign communities in Lisbon during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is not yet properly studied, despite the undeniable key role they had in the development of the Lusitanian economy. The present contribution aims at reconstructing the path and the activity of Italian merchants in the Portuguese capital. The chosen chronological frame are the years of the Dual Monarchy (1580-1640). The objective is to present new research clues that may contribute to deepen political and social dynamics in a time that was deeply significant for the Portuguese Kingdom. O estudo da presença de comunidades estrangeiras em Lisboa nos séculos XVI e XVII não está ainda devidamente aprofundado, não obstante o inegável marco que estas tiveram no desenvolvimento da economia lusitana. O presente contributo visa reconstruir o percurso e a actividade de mercadores italianos na capital portuguesa tendo como balizas temporais os anos da Monarquia Dual (1580-1640) no intuito de apresentar novas pistas de investigação que possam contribuir para aprofundar dinâmicas políticas e sociais numa altura profundamente marcante para o Reino português. ; publishersversion ; published

"Reprinted for private circulation from The Journal of political economy. volume 23, no. 6, June 1915." ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The external relations of the United Provinces, especially with the Hispanic Monarchy after 1713, are not very well known. The Provinces are described in some works only as a secondary power, partly eclipsed by the growth of Great Britain. It is possible to see a certain influence of the Dutch Republic as a mediator in the diplomatic relations between Spain, England and France. This text offers an overview of the role played by the Dutch in this complex international diplomatic context, its socio-political background and the Dutch ideological stance regarding the general evolution of the European balance throughout the XVIII century. Emphasis will be placed on the analysis of the impact that certain domestic situations, i.e. political changes, the establishment of the so-called "Republic of Regents" or "second era without a Stadhouder" (1702-1747), had on the relationship with Spain during the first half of the Eighteenth Century. Further issues will also be dealt with in this text, such as the important role played by the Dutch merchant community in Cadiz, which had a great influence in the appreciation of Spain for its former enemy and newly found possible collaborationist. Dutch, Spanish or English archives have been used as main sources. ; Peer reviewed

This essay focuses on cocoa producers in the Gold Coast during the early 20th century, and the strategies of resistance and compromise they adopted towards British merchant capital and the British colonial government. It argues that cocoa farmers were able to reduce and frustrate the attempts of British merchant firms through a combination of weapons of the weak and militant action. This indigenous farmer agency influenced colonial government policies and shaped the formation of the colonial economic structure with the introduction of agricultural marketing boards, which deprived the British merchant firms of their monopoly on the cocoa marketing process.

The merchant language of the Georgian Jews deserves scholarly attention for several reasons. The political and social developments of the last fifty years have caused the extinction of this very interesting form of communication, as most Georgian Jews have emigrated to Israel. In a natural interaction, the type of language described in this article can be found very rarely, if at all. Records of this communication have been preserved in various contexts and received different levels of scholarly attention. Our interest concerns the linguistic aspects as well as the classification. In the following paper we argue that the specific merchant language of Georgian Jews belongs to the pragmatic phenomenon of "very indirect language." The use of mostly Hebrew lexemes in Georgian conversation leads to an unfounded assumption that the speakers are equally competent in Hebrew and Georgian. It is reported that a high level of linguistic competence in Hebrew does not guarantee understanding of the Jewish merchant language. In the Georgian context, the decisive factors are membership in the professional interest group of merchants and residential membership in the Jewish community. These factors seem to be equivalent, because Jewish members of other professional groups (and those from outside the particular urban residential area) have difficulties in following the language that are similar to those of the Georgian majority. We describe the pragmatic structure of interactions conducted with the help of the merchant language and take into account the purpose of the language's use or the intention of the speakers. Relevant linguistic examples are analysed and their sociocultural contexts explained.

With the changes in the political and economic structures of the developing countries and the progress of the technological development the tasks devolving upon the foreign merchant firms also underwent substantial changes. The article discusses their functions and problems in the external economic relations of West Germany, paying special regard to the relations with the South East Asian countries.

This article explores the social ontological basis of Trumpism as a form of populism, historically defined as government by personal rule. For many commentators, the key feature of Trump's presidency is its fundamental irrationality. The President has variously described as 'dumb', 'greedy', 'psychotic', a 'narcissist' in the grandiose mode, and an 'egotist' unfit for public office. This article does not aim to dissent from these kinds of conclusions but suggests that they partake more of the statement of effects or consequences rather than causes. Indeed, if they are considered as causes they lead to confusion, a kind of 'attention-deficit disorder' (which, ironically, some accuse the tweeting President of being a sufferer). Rather this paper suggests that a more systematic examination of the President's persona reveals it as emerging from a conflation of the discourse of the American family and a merchant imaginary.

"An account of the course of trade at Boston . and the effect upon it of the navigation laws and acts of trade."--Winsor, Narr. and crit. hist., v. 6, 1888, p. 64 ; The same, with changed t.-p. and half-title, as the edition printed for G. Kearsly and J. Almon, London, 1770, under title: Observations on serveral acts of Parliament, passed in the fourth, sixth and seventh years of His present Majesty's reign ; Mode of access: Internet.