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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Notes -- Chapter 1 Rules, Norms, and Values -- 1.1 Some Background to the Issues -- 1.2 The Pervasiveness of Rules and Norms -- 1.3 The Space of Reasons, the Causal Nexus, and Norms -- Notes -- Chapter 2 Norms and the Rule of Law -- 2.1 Actions, Reasons, and the Normativity of the Legal Order -- 2.2 Political Culture and the Rule of Law -- 2.3 Moral Intelligibility and the Rule of Law -- Notes -- Chapter 3 Hume's Moral Philosophy and His Contested Legacy -- 3.1 Some of the Philosophical Contours of the Issues -- 3.2 Some Relevant Metaethics -- 3.3 Hume's Naturalistic Morality -- 3.4 Hume and Prescriptivity -- 3.5 Normativity and Naturalism -- Notes -- Chapter 4 Relativism and the Study of Morality -- 4.1 Why is Anyone a Relativist? -- 4.2 Relativism and Moral Explanation -- 4.3 Relative to What? -- Notes -- Chapter 5 Some Illustrations -- 5.1 Some General Considerations About Norms -- 5.2 Investigating Moral Life Through the Study of Prisons and Prisoners -- 5.3 Desistance, Character, and Agency -- Notes -- Chapter 6 The Multiple Layers of Normativity -- 6.1 Identifying Layers of Normativity -- 6.2 The Liberal State and Responsibility for Criminal Justice -- 6.3 Discrimination and Criminal Justice -- 6.4 A Restorative Approach to Integrating the Layers of Normativity? -- 6.5 What Does Experience Show? -- Notes -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Appendix I -- Index.

"Widespread disagreement about moral issues is a prominent aspect of contemporary pluralistic societies. Surveys indicate that in the United States opinion is split close to 50/50 on the morality of abortion, the death penalty, same-sex relationships, and physician-assisted suicide. It is also a subject with a long philosophical history, going back to Plato and Aristotle and drives contemporary debates about moral relativism, scepticism and objectivity. Should we be concerned about the extent of moral disagreement? What causes it? What are the onsequence of moral disagreement? In this thorough and clearly written introduction to the philosophy of moral disagreement and its philosophical and political implications Richard Rowland examines and assesses the following topics and questions: Relativism and moral disagreement Moral realism Peer disagreement, moral knowledge and the problem of conciliationism Non-cognitivism and moral disagreement Moral uncertainty Moral disagreement and coercion New directions. Combining clear philosophical analysis with summaries of the latest research and including chapter summaries, annotated further reading and a glossary, Moral Disagreement is ideal for students of ethics, metaethics and political philosophy as well as philosophical topics that are closely related such as relativism, scepticism and objectivity. It will also be of interest to those in related disciplines such as political philosophy, ethics and public policy and philosophy of law"

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction. Environmental Philosophy: Anthropocentrism, Intrinsic Value, and Worldview Clash -- Dualisms and Critical Environmental Philosophy -- Structure of the Book -- Part I Anthropocentrism and Philosophical Anthropology -- 1 Anthropocentrism, Dualism, and Models of the Human -- The Meanings of Anthropocentrism -- Dualisms and the "Liberation Model" of Anthropocentrism -- Models of the Human and Environmental Kantianism -- Pleistocene Dreams -- 2 The Unfinished Animal -- Ecological Materialism: Embeddedness and Ontogeny -- The Unfinished Animal -- Action, Articulation, and Value -- Part II The Intrinsic Value of Nature -- 3 The Problem of Intrinsic Value and the Primacy of Priorities -- Intrinsic Value and Metaethics -- Property and Priority Questions -- Enabling Environmental Practices and Value Theory -- On Value Theory -- 4 Environmental Values and Vital Priorities -- Environmental Goods and Moral Values: Basic Principles -- Two Kinds of Values -- Note on the Ontology of Value -- Relations Between Value Kinds -- Value Relations and Affective Intensity -- Principles of Prioritization: Stability and Dynamism -- 5 Political Ecology and Value Theory -- Ecopolitics and Ethos -- Forms of Social Determination -- Economic Value and Ecosystem Services -- Political Ecological Ethics -- Part III Ecological Ontology -- 6 Metascientific Stances and Dependence -- Environmentalism and Metascientific Stances -- From Rational-Social Dualism To Unruly Complexity -- Stratification and Dependence -- Conclusion. A World Not Made for Us -- Notes -- Works Cited -- Index.

An innovative reassessment of philosopher P. F. Strawson's influential "Freedom and Resentment"P. F. Strawson's 1962 paper "Freedom and Resentment" is one of the most influential in modern moral philosophy, prompting responses across multiple disciplines, from psychology to sociology. In Freedom, Resentment, and the Metaphysics of Morals, Pamela Hieronymi closely reexamines Strawson's paper and concludes that his argument has been underestimated and misunderstood.Line by line, Hieronymi carefully untangles the complex strands of Strawson's ideas. After elucidating his conception of moral responsibility and his division between "reactive" and "objective" responses to the actions and attitudes of others, Hieronymi turns to his central argument. Strawson argues that, because determinism is an entirely general thesis, true of everyone at all times, its truth does not undermine moral responsibility. Hieronymi finds the two common interpretations of this argument, "the simple Humean interpretation" and "the broadly Wittgensteinian interpretation," both deficient. Drawing on Strawson's wider work in logic, philosophy of language, and metaphysics, Hieronymi concludes that his argument rests on an implicit, and previously overlooked, metaphysics of morals, one grounded in Strawson's "social naturalism." In the final chapter, she defends this naturalistic picture against objections.Rigorous, concise, and insightful, Freedom, Resentment, and the Metaphysics of Morals sheds new light on Strawson's thinking and has profound implications for future work on free will, moral responsibility, and metaethics

"Pragmatism inTransition" -- "Acknowledgments" -- "Contents" -- "1 Introduction" -- "Why Lewis?" -- "Major Contributions" -- "Historical Placement" -- "Contemporary Relevance" -- "Bibliography" -- "2 C.I. Lewis? A Significant Figure in American Pragmatism: Tracing Lines of Influence and Affinities of Themes and Ideas" -- "Lewis as Historical Link" -- "Pragmatist Themes and Ideas: Further Affinities" -- "Temporality" -- "Experience as Interaction" -- "Metaphysics as a Needed and Worthy Endeavor" -- "The Fact/Value Dichotomy" -- "Moving Forward: Is Quine a Pragmatist? Is He in the Line from Peirce to Lewis?" -- "Bibliography" -- "3 C.I. Lewis: From Conceptual Pragmatism to Contemporary Metaethics" -- "Lewis as Pragmatist" -- "Lewis as Value Theorist" -- "Why Not Lewis?" -- "Bibliography" -- "4 Diverging Paths? Conceptual Pragmatism and Logical Empiricism" -- "Introduction" -- "Historical Placement" -- "Disagreements over Verification" -- "Consequences of Disagreement" -- "Conclusion" -- "Bibliography" -- "5 The Given, the Pragmatic A Priori, and Scientific Change" -- "Introduction" -- "A Likely Connection" -- "Lewis, the Given and the Conceptual" -- "Kuhn and Lewis: Constructing Linguistic Relativism" -- "Conclusion" -- "Bibliography" -- "6 Pragmatism, Apriority, and Modality: C.I. Lewis Against Russell's Material Implication" -- "Implication in Russell's Conception of Logic" -- "The Indefinability of Implication in Principles" -- "Whence Material Implication?" -- "Implication in Principia" -- "Material vs. "Ordinary" Implication -- the Uses of Implication" -- "The Truth of the Propositions of Logic" -- "Material Implication and the Modal Nature of the World" -- "The Uselessness of Material Implication" -- "The Avoidances of Principia" -- "Russell on the Usefulness of Material Implication

"Iris Murdoch was a philosopher and novelist of extraordinary breadth and originality whose work defies simple categorisation. Her philosophical writing engages with an astonishingly wide range of figures from Plato and Kant to Sartre and Derrida and her work continues to inspire debates in ethics, the philosophy of art and aesthetics, religion and literature. The Murdochian Mind is an outstanding reference source to the full span of Murdoch's work, comprising thirty-seven specially commissioned chapters written by an international team of leading scholars. Divided into five clear parts, the volume covers the following areas: Life and context Murdoch's engagement with the history of philosophy, including Plato, Kant, Hegel, Heidegger and Wittgenstein Murdoch's key philosophical texts and novels, including The Sovereignty of Good and Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals Core themes and concepts in Murdoch's philosophy Art, Philosophy and literature Murdoch and interdisciplinary connections, including Buddhism and Christianity Murdoch and contemporary philosophical debates, including feminism, virtue ethics and metaethics Murdoch and applied moral philosophy, including animal ethics, medical ethics and the environment. Although recent years have seen a blossoming of interest in Murdoch's philosophy, The Murdochian Mind is the first volume to do justice to the incredibly rich and wide-ranging nature of her work. As such it will be of great interest to students of philosophy, especially ethics and aesthetics, as well as those in related disciplines such as Literature, Religion and Gender Studies"--

"Iris Murdoch was a philosopher and novelist of extraordinary breadth and originality whose work defies simple categorisation. Her philosophical writing engages with an astonishingly wide range of figures from Plato and Kant to Sartre and Derrida and her work continues to inspire debates in ethics, the philosophy of art and aesthetics, religion and literature. The Murdochian Mind is an outstanding reference source to the full span of Murdoch's work, comprising thirty-seven specially commissioned chapters written by an international team of leading scholars. Divided into five clear parts, the volume covers the following areas: Life and context Murdoch's engagement with the history of philosophy, including Plato, Kant, Hegel, Heidegger and Wittgenstein Murdoch's key philosophical texts and novels, including The Sovereignty of Good and Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals Core themes and concepts in Murdoch's philosophy Art, Philosophy and literature Murdoch and interdisciplinary connections, including Buddhism and Christianity Murdoch and contemporary philosophical debates, including feminism, virtue ethics and metaethics Murdoch and applied moral philosophy, including animal ethics, medical ethics and the environment. Although recent years have seen a blossoming of interest in Murdoch's philosophy, The Murdochian Mind is the first volume to do justice to the incredibly rich and wide-ranging nature of her work. As such it will be of great interest to students of philosophy, especially ethics and aesthetics, as well as those in related disciplines such as Literature, Religion and Gender Studies"--

Part I: The Basic Questions -- 1. Living in a World of Values -- I. Who We Are and What Do We Value? -- II. What Is Ethics? -- III. The Individual: Metaethics, Normative Ethics, and Applied Ethics -- IV. The Society: Social and Political Ethics -- 2. Personal Worldview and Community Worldview -- I. The Normative Nature of Worldview -- II. Personal Worldview -- III. Community Worldview -- 3. The Ethical Duty to Be Knowledgeable about Your World -- I. Epistemology and Action Theory -- II. Living in Community and the Obligation to Be an Active Member -- III. What Are Facts and What Is Opinion? -- IV. Facts and Decision Making -- V. How to Ferret out Facts from Propaganda -- VI. Deductive, Inductive, and Abductive Logic - Conclusion -- 4. Relativism -- I. Cultural Relativism -- II. Moral Relativism -- III. What Is at Stake? -- 5. Egoism -- I. Introduction -- II. Psychological Egoism -- III. Ethical Egoism -- IV. Egoism and Altruism -- 6. Are People Good or Bad? -- I. Introduction -- II. Humans Are Bad -- III. Humans Are Good -- IV. What Difference Does It Make? -- 7. Morality and Religion -- I. Introduction -- II. The Origin of the Problem -- III. Absolute Good -- IV. Divine Command Theory -- V. An Ethics with and without Religion -- 8. Feminist Ethics -- I. Introduction -- II. Gender: Are Men and Women Different? -- III. Care and Justice -- IV. Race: What Is Race and Why Is It an Issue? -- V. Opportunity and Desert -- V. Where Does Feminist Ethics Find a Home in Traditional Theories? --

"While Kantian constructivism has become one of the most influential and systematic schools of thought in analytic moral and political philosophy, Hegelian approaches to practical normativity hold out the promise of building upon Kantian insights into individual self-determination while avoiding their dualistic tendencies. James Gledhill and Sebastian Stein unite distinguished scholars of German idealism and contemporary Anglophone practical philosophy with rising stars in the field, to explore whether Hegelian idealist philosophy can offer the categories that analytic practical philosophy requires to overcome the contradictions that have so far plagued Kantian constructivism. The volume organizes the contributions into three parts. The first of these engages debates in metaethics regarding the relationship between realism and constructivism. The second part sees contributors draw on debates about the nature of political normativity, focusing primarily on the problems of historical contextualism, relativism and critical reflection. The concluding part considers the application of the Hegelian framework to contemporary debates about specific ethical issues, including multiculturalism, democracy and human rights. Hegel and Contemporary Practical Philosophy contributes to the on-going debate about the importance of systematic philosophy in the context of practical philosophy, engages with contemporary discussions about the shape of a rational social order, and gauges the timeliness of Hegelian philosophy. This book is a must read to scholars interested in Hegel and in the contemporary tradition of Kantian constructivism in moral and political philosophy"--

Very often, we're uncertain about what we ought, morally, to do. We don't know how to weigh the interests of animals against humans, or how strong our duties are to improve the lives of distant strangers, or how to think about the ethics of bringing new people into existence. But we still need to act. So how should we make decisions in the face of such uncertainty? Though economists and philosophers have extensively studied the issue of decision-making in the face of uncertainty about matters of fact, the question of decision-making given fundamental moral uncertainty has been neglected. In this book, philosophers William MacAskill, Krister Bykvist and Toby Ord try to fill this gap. They argue that there are distinctive norms that govern how one ought to make decisions given moral uncertainty. They then defend an information-sensitive account of how to make such decisions according to which the correct way to act in the face of moral uncertainty depends on whether the moral theories in which one has credence are merely ordinal, cardinal, or both cardinal and intertheoretically comparable. They tackle the problem of how to make intertheoretic comparisons, discussing several novel potential solutions. Finally, they discuss implications of their view for metaethics and practical ethics, and show how their account can shed light on the value of moral enquiry.

Are there objective moral truths (things that are morally right or wrong independently of what anybody thinks about them)? To answer this question more and more scholars have recently begun to appeal to evidence from scientific disciplines such as psychology, neuroscience, biology, and anthropology. This book investigates this novel scientific approach in a comprehensive, empirically focused, partly clarificatory, and partly metatheoretical way. It argues for two main theses. First, it is possible for the empirical sciences to contribute to the moral realism/anti-realism debate. And second, most appeals to science that have so far been proposed are insufficiently empirically substantiated. The book's main chapters address four prominent science-based arguments for or against the existence of objective moral truths: the presumptive argument, the argument from moral disagreement, the sentimentalist argument, and the evolutionary debunking argument. For each of these arguments Thomas Pölzler first identifies the sense in which its underlying empirical hypothesis would have to be true in order for the argument to work. Then he shows that the available scientific evidence fails to support this hypothesis. Finally, he also makes suggestions as to how to test the hypothesis more validly in future scientific research. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences is an important contribution to the moral realism/anti-realism debate that will appeal both to philosophers and scientists interested in moral psychology and metaethics.

Acknowledgement to the Independent Social Research Foundation -- Contents -- 1 Introduction: Has a Morphogenic Society Arrived? -- Preface -- Summary Characteristics of Morphogenic Society -- Morphogenesis and Eudaimonia -- Why Morphogenesis Does Not Entail Eudaimonia -- Equality, Participation and Eudaimonia -- Networking Eudaimonia: The Processes of Participation -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Human Flourishing and Human Morphogenesis: A Critical Realist Interpretation and Critique -- Human Flourishing I: Aristotelian Foundations -- Human Flourishing II: Critical Realist Foundations and Elaborations -- Human Morphogenesis: The Transhumanist Challenge -- Morphogenesis and Metaethics -- References -- 3 Some Reservations About Flourishing -- Flourishing and the Case Against Value Neutrality in the Social Sciences -- So What's My Issue? -- So What Words Are Better? -- Is Our Current Trajectory Toward Flourishing? -- References -- 4 Reflexivity in a Just Morphogenic Society: A Sociological Contribution to Political Philosophy -- Introduction: Reflexivity, Side-Lined in Public Debates and Political Philosophy? -- The Contribution of Sociological Theory to Political Philosophy -- Morphogenic Society: What It Is and Why It Matters -- What Morphogenic Society Is and What It Is Not -- The Dimensions of Social Morphogenesis -- Are We Currently Living in a Morphogenic Society? -- Normative Problems in Morphogenic Societies -- Social Reflexivity: How Should I Make My Way Through the World? -- Modes of Social Reflexivity: A Very Brief Refresher -- The Morphostatic Assumptions of Theories of Justice -- The Meagre Assumptions of Theories of Justice on Social Reflexivity -- Should Social Reflexivity Be Listed as a Central Human Capability? -- Injustice Resulting from Unequal Social Reflexivity in Morphogenic Society

"What does pleasure have to do with morality? What role, if any, should intuition have in the formation of moral theory? If something is 'simulated', can it be immoral? This accessible and wide-ranging textbook explores these questions and many more. Key ideas in the fields of normative ethics, metaethics and applied ethics are explained rigorously and systematically, with a vivid writing style that enlivens the topics with energy and wit. Individual theories are discussed in detail in the first part of the book, before these positions are applied to a wide range of contemporary situations including business ethics, sexual ethics, and the acceptability of eating animals. A wealth of real-life examples, set out with depth and care, illuminate the complexities of different ethical approaches while conveying their modern-day relevance. This concise and highly engaging resource is tailored to the Ethics components of AQA Philosophy and OCR Religious Studies, with a clear and practical layout that includes end-of-chapter summaries, key terms, and common mistakes to avoid. It should also be of practical use for those teaching Philosophy as part of the International Baccalaureate. Ethics for A-Level is of particular value to students and teachers, but Fisher and Dimmock's precise and scholarly approach will appeal to anyone seeking a rigorous and lively introduction to the challenging subject of ethics."--Publisher's website

"Stephen Schiffer's writing has been central to analytic philosophy of language and mind since the 1970s. In 1972 his book 'Meaning' launched an important research program into Gricean, or intention-based, approaches to linguistic meaning, which would come to dominate much subsequent theorizing about language. A sea change occurred in 1987 with the publication of 'Remnants of Meaning'. Schiffer here repudiated the project initiated by 'Meaning', arguing that the theory of public-language meaning it described and the account of mental representation it required were based on false presuppositions. The ramifications here were far reaching and set the agenda for discussions in the philosophy of language and mind for a generation. In 2003, 'The Things We Mean' initiated a more positive program, but one informed by the negative results of 'Remnants'. 'Things' also reflected the broadening of Schiffer's concerns, which now extended to metaphysics, metaethics, and the skeptical paradoxes. In 'Meanings and Other Things,' fourteen leading philosophers explore central themes in Schiffer's writings. Topics range from the nature of paradox and the problem of vagueness to the ontology of propositions and the semantics of belief reports. The volume also contains a comprehensive introduction describing the evolution of Schiffer's thought and closes with Schiffer's replies to his critics. These essays bring us up to date on Schiffer's current thinking on the themes that have defined not only his career, but philosophy of language as it is now practised."--

"In addition to thin concepts like the good, the bad and the ugly, our evaluative thought and talk appeals to thick concepts like the lewd and the rude, the selfish and the cruel, the courageous and the kind--concepts that somehow combine evaluation and non-evaluative description. Thick concepts are almost universally assumed to be inherently evaluative in content, and many philosophers claim them to have deep and distinctive significance in ethics and metaethics. In this first book-length treatment of thick concepts, Pekka Väyrynen argues that all this is mistaken. Through detailed attention to the language of thick concepts, he defends a novel theory on which the relationship between thick words and evaluation is best explained by general conversational and pragmatic norms. Drawing on general principles in philosophy of language, he argues that many prominent features of thick words and concepts can be explained by general factors that have nothing in particular to do with being evaluative. If evaluation is not essential to the sort of thinking we do with thick concepts, claims for the deep and distinctive significance of the thick are undermined. The Lewd, the Rude and the Nasty is a fresh and innovative treatment of an important topic in moral philosophy and sets a new agenda for future work. It will be essential reading to anyone interested in the analysis and the broader philosophical significance of evaluative and normative language."--Jacket