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This paper presents a methodology for flood risk mapping as envisaged by the Directive on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks [European Parliament 2007]. Specifically, we aimed at identifying the types of flood damage that can be estimated given data availability in Lithuania. Furthermore, we present the main sources of data for and the associated cost functions. The methodology covers the following main types of flood damage: risk to inhabitants, risk to economic activity, and social risk. A multi-criteria framework for aggregation of different risks is proposed to provide a comprehensive appraisal of flood risk. On the basis of the proposed research, flood risk maps have been prepared for Lithuania. These maps are available for each type of flood risk (i. e. inhabitants, economic losses, social risk) as well as for aggregate risk. The results indicate that flood risk management is crucial for western and central Lithuania, whereas other parts of the country are not likely to suffer from significant losses due to flooding.

This paper presents a methodology for flood risk mapping as envisaged by the Directive on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks [European Parliament 2007]. Specifically, we aimed at identifying the types of flood damage that can be estimated given data availability in Lithuania. Furthermore, we present the main sources of data for and the associated cost functions. The methodology covers the following main types of flood damage: risk to inhabitants, risk to economic activity, and social risk. A multi-criteria framework for aggregation of different risks is proposed to provide a comprehensive appraisal of flood risk. On the basis of the proposed research, flood risk maps have been prepared for Lithuania. These maps are available for each type of flood risk (i. e. inhabitants, economic losses, social risk) as well as for aggregate risk. The results indicate that flood risk management is crucial for western and central Lithuania, whereas other parts of the country are not likely to suffer from significant losses due to flooding.

Parliamentary system was adopted by the most of the modern democracies. It occurs where the principle of government's responsibility to parliament is respected. This principle is the basis of parliamentary government and a common feature of the largest group of democratic countries. In comparing these countries, one should also pay attention to the differences between them. They concern both constitutional norms and political practice. This implies that there is no single model of parliamentarism; on the contrary, there are many variations of it. In this situation, there is an objective need to organize a set of parliamentary systems. The paper presents examples of different analytical procedures such as dichotomy, classification and typology. The author concludes that the most useful of these instruments is the typology, and it can arise only on the basis of extensive classification of parliamentary systems. The creation of such a classification would require broad historical-comparative research. ; System parlamentarny funkcjonuje w większości współczesnych państw demokratycznych. Występuje on tam, gdzie respektuje się zasadę odpowiedzialności politycznej rządu przed parlamentem, która stanowi istotę rządów parlamentarnych i cechę wspólną najliczniejszej grupy państw demokratycznych. Porównując te państwa ze sobą, trzeba też zwrócić uwagę na występujące między nimi różnice. Dotyczą one zarówno unormowań konstytucyjnych, jak i praktyki politycznej. To powoduje, że nie ma jednego modelu parlamentaryzmu, przeciwnie – występuje wiele jego odmian. W tej sytuacji istnieje obiektywna potrzeba wewnętrznego uporządkowania zbioru systemów parlamentarnych. W artykule zaprezentowano przykłady zastosowania różnych zabiegów systematyzujących, takich jak dychotomia, klasyfikacja czy typologia. Autor dochodzi do wniosku, że najbardziej użytecznym z tych instrumentów jest typologia, a może ona powstać tylko na podstawie rozbudowanej klasyfikacji systemów parlamentarnych. Stworzenie takiej klasyfikacji wymagałoby przeprowadzenia szeroko zakrojonych badań historyczno-porównawczych.

"Książka w sposób barwny zarysowuje sylwetkę niezwykłego profesora Zygmunta Ziembińskiego, teoretyka prawa, członka korespondenta Polskiej Akademii Nauk, od czasów studiów związanego z Wydziałem Prawa i Administracji UAM i znanego w akademickim środowisku Poznania jako "Gandhi". Ukazano w niej trzy role Profesora: badacza oraz autora oryginalnych koncepcji naukowych, nauczyciela i wychowawcy młodzieży oraz twórcy szkoły naukowej. Z kart książki czytelnik dowie się, że zainteresowaniami naukowymi obejmował Ziembiński nie tylko prawoznawstwo, ale też logikę, socjologię i etykę, co pozwoliło mu analizować różne aspekty zjawisk prawnych. Jego trud badawczy zaowocował trzystoma publikacjami. Pracę badawczą łączył z kształceniem i wychowaniem młodzieży, którą kochał i która lgnęła do niego zafascynowana jego wiedzą i osobowością. Jego skrypty i podręczniki, w tym słynna Logika praktyczna kształtowały wiedzę i kulturę prawną wielu pokoleń młodzieży akademickiej. Stworzył wyjątkowe seminarium, na którym gromadzili się przyszli prawnicy, filozofowie, socjolodzy, ludzie sztuki i polityki."--

The author's goal is to determine the consequences of implementing treaty solutions concerning public debt to the Polish Constitution and to define the differences between the methodology of counting public debt in the European Community and Polish legal order. The raised issues concern important problems from the substantive and practical point of view, therefore the study's content is important for science and practice. The research methodology was based on the analysis of the EU and Poland's normative solutions, opinions expressed in the international and national literature on the subject, and the case law of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal. The paper applies mostly the dogmatic-analytic and legal-comparative method with reference to available statistical data on Poland's public debt. The study allowed the author to gain an understanding of the significance of fiscal rules implemented at the EU level to ensure stability. Article 216(5) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland indicates that the treaty solutions regarding the reference value (public debt-to-GDP ratio) were reenacted. However, until this day, the EU and Poland's debt measurement methods do not fully correspond. In order to counteract excessive debt incursion, a state is required to take not only efficient actions but also ones that are adequate and, to some extent, flexible. This is an expression of acceptance of the EU's preventive assumptions. However, there is still no full correlation in the methodology of calculating public debt in the EU and the Republic of Poland.

In the recent years, there has been an increase in the importance of research on improving the potential efficiency of functioning and managing local government institutions. Efficiently functioning local government administration is one of the basic factors influencing the quality of residents' life. The purpose of the article is to assess the development level and structure of institutional potential of municipal offices in Podkarpackie Voivodeship in 2014 and 2019. The article uses the Institutional Analysis methodology prepared by the Małopolska School of Public Administration of the Cracow University of Economics. The research results showed a low level of institutional potential development of the surveyed municipal offices in both analyzed years. The most favorable situation can be observed in the following areas: organization and functioning of the office, social participation, and social development stimulation, as well as cooperation between territorial self-government units. In respect to future research, the methodology presented in the article, together with the results obtained can be contributory to a similar analysis in the future and serve as the subject of interest for cognitive and implementation research studies as well.

The article presents and compares historiosophical conceptions of Cyprian Norwid and Zbigniew Herbert based on particular notes and pieces of both poets. It shows that the author of Vade-mecum sees history by – say – methodology of Herodotus, and the author of Pan Cogito creates vision of history like in Thucydides's one. Both perspectives are valuable and stem from different original presuppositions, nonetheless both of them lead to the same aim, which is understanding of mechanisms ruling human history.

The article discusses the concept of value-based management adapted to the specificity of public cultural institutions. The adaptation process involves mainly the consideration of the advantages generated by cultural institutions and the application of a discount rate in social calculations. The presented concept makes it possible to assess the social rationale behind the activity of non-commercial cultural institutions. In order to explain the suggested solutions better, a numerical example illustrating the methodology covered in the paper has been used.