Suchergebnisse

Many Lithuanian historic city centres have deep historical roots reaching the Middle Ages and the formation of the Lithuanian state. In the 20th century many democratic and non-democratic countries faced the need to modernize and revitalize city centres damaged by wars and non-corresponding to the requirements of the modern living and wellbeing. In Lithuania the regeneration of the historic city centres has started under the communist rule. The main attention in literature and in practice was devoted to the improvement of the living conditions and to the issues of harmony between the historic buildings and new insertions. [.]

Many Lithuanian historic city centres have deep historical roots reaching the Middle Ages and the formation of the Lithuanian state. In the 20th century many democratic and non-democratic countries faced the need to modernize and revitalize city centres damaged by wars and non-corresponding to the requirements of the modern living and wellbeing. In Lithuania the regeneration of the historic city centres has started under the communist rule. The main attention in literature and in practice was devoted to the improvement of the living conditions and to the issues of harmony between the historic buildings and new insertions. [.]

Many Lithuanian historic city centres have deep historical roots reaching the Middle Ages and the formation of the Lithuanian state. In the 20th century many democratic and non-democratic countries faced the need to modernize and revitalize city centres damaged by wars and non-corresponding to the requirements of the modern living and wellbeing. In Lithuania the regeneration of the historic city centres has started under the communist rule. The main attention in literature and in practice was devoted to the improvement of the living conditions and to the issues of harmony between the historic buildings and new insertions. [.]

Many Lithuanian historic city centres have deep historical roots reaching the Middle Ages and the formation of the Lithuanian state. In the 20th century many democratic and non-democratic countries faced the need to modernize and revitalize city centres damaged by wars and non-corresponding to the requirements of the modern living and wellbeing. In Lithuania the regeneration of the historic city centres has started under the communist rule. The main attention in literature and in practice was devoted to the improvement of the living conditions and to the issues of harmony between the historic buildings and new insertions. [.]

The article deals with the changing basic upbringing and confrontation in the second half of the 20th century. People understood the meaning and influence of education even in old times. The focal attention for a long time was paid to boys' upbringing and teaching, but secondary and, mostly, non-formal - to girls. In ancient countries boys were taught to be noble, in Middle Ages - courageous knights and devotional Christians, in newest ages national upbringing becomes an important factor. The 20th century and especially its second half were distinguished by upbringing variety: long-drawn-out nationalism or softer, more human form of nationality, buildup of homo sovieticum and Anglo-Saxon civil upbringing, liberalism and democracy that spread from Western countries after World War II. In the 20th century Lithuania had to experience upbringing accents and their changes.

The article deals with the changing basic upbringing and confrontation in the second half of the 20th century. People understood the meaning and influence of education even in old times. The focal attention for a long time was paid to boys' upbringing and teaching, but secondary and, mostly, non-formal - to girls. In ancient countries boys were taught to be noble, in Middle Ages - courageous knights and devotional Christians, in newest ages national upbringing becomes an important factor. The 20th century and especially its second half were distinguished by upbringing variety: long-drawn-out nationalism or softer, more human form of nationality, buildup of homo sovieticum and Anglo-Saxon civil upbringing, liberalism and democracy that spread from Western countries after World War II. In the 20th century Lithuania had to experience upbringing accents and their changes.

The article deals with the changing basic upbringing and confrontation in the second half of the 20th century. People understood the meaning and influence of education even in old times. The focal attention for a long time was paid to boys' upbringing and teaching, but secondary and, mostly, non-formal - to girls. In ancient countries boys were taught to be noble, in Middle Ages - courageous knights and devotional Christians, in newest ages national upbringing becomes an important factor. The 20th century and especially its second half were distinguished by upbringing variety: long-drawn-out nationalism or softer, more human form of nationality, buildup of homo sovieticum and Anglo-Saxon civil upbringing, liberalism and democracy that spread from Western countries after World War II. In the 20th century Lithuania had to experience upbringing accents and their changes.

The article deals with the changing basic upbringing and confrontation in the second half of the 20th century. People understood the meaning and influence of education even in old times. The focal attention for a long time was paid to boys' upbringing and teaching, but secondary and, mostly, non-formal - to girls. In ancient countries boys were taught to be noble, in Middle Ages - courageous knights and devotional Christians, in newest ages national upbringing becomes an important factor. The 20th century and especially its second half were distinguished by upbringing variety: long-drawn-out nationalism or softer, more human form of nationality, buildup of homo sovieticum and Anglo-Saxon civil upbringing, liberalism and democracy that spread from Western countries after World War II. In the 20th century Lithuania had to experience upbringing accents and their changes.

Secret marriages and cases that reached the Church courts show that there was a social tension in the society, as marriage was also a social fact affected by family, financial and feudal aspects. Therefore, in reality, the choice by people, especially by women, was not free. In real life, marriages were still formed for economic, social, even military reasons. Marriage consent rules developed into an entire section of the contract law, they were not only the foundation of the contemporary matrimonial law, but also produced certain fundamental elements of the contract law, namely the notion of free will and related notions of an error, coercion and deceit. The Christian matrimonial law that was formed in the Middle Ages existed in the Western Europe until the Reformation in the 16th century, in England even longer.

Secret marriages and cases that reached the Church courts show that there was a social tension in the society, as marriage was also a social fact affected by family, financial and feudal aspects. Therefore, in reality, the choice by people, especially by women, was not free. In real life, marriages were still formed for economic, social, even military reasons. Marriage consent rules developed into an entire section of the contract law, they were not only the foundation of the contemporary matrimonial law, but also produced certain fundamental elements of the contract law, namely the notion of free will and related notions of an error, coercion and deceit. The Christian matrimonial law that was formed in the Middle Ages existed in the Western Europe until the Reformation in the 16th century, in England even longer.

Secret marriages and cases that reached the Church courts show that there was a social tension in the society, as marriage was also a social fact affected by family, financial and feudal aspects. Therefore, in reality, the choice by people, especially by women, was not free. In real life, marriages were still formed for economic, social, even military reasons. Marriage consent rules developed into an entire section of the contract law, they were not only the foundation of the contemporary matrimonial law, but also produced certain fundamental elements of the contract law, namely the notion of free will and related notions of an error, coercion and deceit. The Christian matrimonial law that was formed in the Middle Ages existed in the Western Europe until the Reformation in the 16th century, in England even longer.

Secret marriages and cases that reached the Church courts show that there was a social tension in the society, as marriage was also a social fact affected by family, financial and feudal aspects. Therefore, in reality, the choice by people, especially by women, was not free. In real life, marriages were still formed for economic, social, even military reasons. Marriage consent rules developed into an entire section of the contract law, they were not only the foundation of the contemporary matrimonial law, but also produced certain fundamental elements of the contract law, namely the notion of free will and related notions of an error, coercion and deceit. The Christian matrimonial law that was formed in the Middle Ages existed in the Western Europe until the Reformation in the 16th century, in England even longer.

The idea of the institutional autonomy of universities emerged in the Middle Ages. As a preserved tradition, it has become an important principle of a democratic society on which university activities are based. The Magna Charta Universitatum – signed by many universities around the world – the European University Association, and the European Union have developed a new concept of institutional autonomy for universities based on the belief that institutional autonomy is the best precondition for the efficiency of universities and societal progress. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania examined 11 cases related to issues of the autonomy of higher education institutions. In examining these cases, the Court formed a Constitutional Doctrine, providing an interpretation of paragraph 3 of Article 40 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, which deals with the granting of autonomy to higher education institutions. In several rulings, the Court has held that legal acts adopted by the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania and the Government of the Republic of Lithuania have unreasonably restricted the autonomy of higher education institutions and violated the Constitution. At the same time, the Court has repeatedly emphasized in its rulings that neither the autonomy of higher education institutions nor academic freedom are an end in themselves, and that the autonomy guaranteed to higher education institutions and the freedom of science and research are not absolute.

The article argues that universitas or Academia Europeana is, first and foremost, a category of value and not an economic, professional or political entity. Axiological structure that unites the university habitat is threefold. It consists of the three clusters of values coming from the different epochs. First, polylogue of the Middle Ages based on the principle of multicentrism and unmediated, face to face sharing of competence. Second, modern statism and scientism founded in the national monocentrism and a combination of mediated, written, and unmediated, verbal, sharing of competence. Third, modern economism and globalism supported by the national monocentrism and the instrumentation of mediated sharing of competence. It has been showed that Vilnius University possesses all three value clusters, while the idea of the millennium of Lithuania serves as an impetus to conceptually recapture the historic experiences of Vilnius University. The article shows that the three value formations of the Academia Europeana in the history of Vilnius University, which is posited as the extreme edge of the European university habitat, underwent an essential, even extreme, radicalization. It has been argued, that sustainable development of university education is unthinkable without the consonant development of all three historically formed clusters of values, the most important of which still continues to be centered around the tradition of classical polylogue – unmediated search for existential values that is carefully passed on from hands to hands and from generation to generation.