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This volume brings together Spanish and German scholars specialised in the field of religious interaction. Most medieval societies ruled by Muslims and Christians were religiously plural not by choice and ideal but by nature. Religious affiliation and identity had to be repeatedly negotiated, defined, and chosen. The impact of legitimated religious violence towards subordinate religions or of religious wars underlies the more peaceful periods. Semi-permeable borders between the religions favoured inter-religious exchanges, while at the same time the efforts to impose segregation and discrimination aimed to restrict contact and influence. Agency by members of the subordinate religions was administratively and economically welcome and religiously and socially inevitable. 0The authors address topics such as the different strategies for power, order, exchange and identity chosen to organise religious plurality in medieval societies. Rights and regulations by both dominant and subordinate religions for demarcation, and in the opposite direction, pragmatism and forum shopping, were important strategies. A comparative approach stemming from the controversy on the concept of convivencia or coexistence in and beyond the Iberian Peninsula, as a possible model of inter-religious cohabitation, is combined with the inspiring results on religious plurality unearthed by intense research on mixed societies in the Mediterranean, Byzantium, the Crusading States and Central Asia. New theoretical and empirical models and concepts are proposed for comparative work in this research field.

Summarizes Jacques Le Goff's philosophy of historical study apparent in his 1991 depiction of daily life in Western Europe during the Middle Ages & his 1986 connections between Western European intelligentsia & politics in the Middle Ages. Le Goff's interdisciplinary & comprehensive approach to the study of history emphasizes the researcher's duty to evaluating all information at hand & the use of the most contemporary technology available. His work is described as a history of history in the way it depicts the political, the quotidian, & the philosophical life of the Middle Ages & then carefully draws connections between them. His major French sociological & philosophical influences are identified, showing Le Goff's ability to establish intellectual bridges between multidisciplinary views of history. 22 References. Adapted from the source document.

Republicanism is an ancient self-government model. It arose in the Greek polis, surviving through the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. From then on it was supportive of the birth of liberalism, as seen in Locke's Second Treatise of Government. However, with the appearance of colonial assemblies in North America, democracy became a new model for self-government which was better adapted to liberal ideas. Neo-republicanism, the political trend arising in the 80's of the 20th century, tries to develop an alternative to classical republicanism. It allows for design of public policies, but it cannot function as its predecessor in relation to being a model for self-government, since in present times it is not possible to maintain values or status systems from ancient societies. Adapted from the source document.