Suchergebnisse

Objective: The purpose of the research was to determine the motivation and orientation of midwifery students towards professional expertise and associated factors. Design: A cross-sectional study. Participants: A total of 241 undergraduate midwifery students in a convenience sample participated in this study at a Faculty of Health Care Studies. Methods: Data were collected through a questionnaire, which was composed of 3 parts: motivation factors, a Midwifery Orientation Tool, and background questions. Results: The most powerful motive for the study of midwifery was "to be useful to others, take care of others". The motivation factor of completed professional practice decreased statistically significantly after the second year of study (p<0.001). Orientation towards midwifery did not significantly differ statistically over individual years. Students dissatisfied with their studies were significantly less motivated to study midwifery (p<0.001) and had significantly higher average scores on the caring orientation scale (p<0.001) and the midwifery expertise scale (p<0.001) when compared to satisfied and moderately satisfied students. Conclusion: We recommend that educators in midwifery discuss issues relating to the curriculum. Teachers and mentors should pay attention to the individual problems of students during the academic year, both in the classroom and during clinical placements.

chapter Introduction -- chapter 1 Scientific mothers and healthy infants: the birth of a 'Modern-Scientific' discourse in Bengal, 1860s–1900 -- chapter 2 The art and science of midwifery: institutionalisation of midwifery and the constitution of a medical discourse, 1860s–1930s -- chapter 3 Maternal and child welfare: a nationalist concern in late colonial Bengal, 1900–1940s -- chapter 4 The 'care-givers': antenatal care in Bengali public discourse and practice, 1860s–1940s.

The essence of nursing lies in the unique interplay of intuition, logical thought, knowledge and compassion for others. Nowadays nurses are required to be competent in a variety of areas ranging from patient physical care to organisation, planning and interpersonal relations. Nurses now have to adapt quickly to changing circumstances for the benefit of the patient and for the benefit of the profession itself. Failing to adapt not only exposes the patient to unnecessary risks but also stultifies professional development. The role of nurses has expanded over the last two decades and is undergoing continuous development in order for it to meet the ever-demanding increasing demands of society. Though a very demanding profession, nursing provides an excellent opportunity for continual professional development or a career path in a wide-ranging variety of areas. Yet due to this diversity and continuous change and evolution in knowledge and development, it is inevitable that legal provisions reflecting these rapid changes are absent. Logically, the most common query is about the nurses' and midwives' position at law. During my talk I shall be tackling this legal perspective from two angles namely: those provisions which provide for the regulation of the profession in so far as qualifications are concerned and secondly other more general provisions which deal with the regulation of the professional's actions. ; N/A

A preliminary enquiry is made into midwives' perceptions of cultural issues in prenatal care. Twenty-three midwives completed a questionnaire in a formal setting. The major findings show that comprehension is identified as the most preferred cultural component in midwifery practice.
Significant perceived positive associations are obtained among a number of sociocultural variables and prenatal care. The findings of this study suggest that midwifery practice needs to be informed by cultural practices in pregnancy.

Examines the position of midwifery in the Netherlands since the 18th century. Midwifery has been an officially sanctioned profession since 1865 & is generally practiced in an independent, entrepreneurial manner. On several occasions, the state has intervened to regulate the profession in terms of training, certification, & fees. The relatively high status of midwifery in the Netherlands is distinguished from its generally negative treatment in other countries, where obstetricians dominate. While obstetricians have structural dominance in the Dutch case, the long-standing cultural acceptance of midwifery prevents the former from achieving cultural dominance. For this reason, the state promotes midwifery, giving it more power & autonomy than it possesses elsewhere. 33 References. D. M. Smith

La pratique de la sage‐femme opérant dans la communauté a apporté avec elle, lorsque devenu une profession régie et financée par l'état vers la fin du vingtième siècle, les objectifs et aspirations de son mouvement social. Parmi ces objectifs, elles désiraient à faire attention à l'équité et la diversité sociale lors de la provision de soins pendant la naissance. Dans cet article, nous utilisons des interviews avec des sage‐femmes qui pratiquent en ce moment en Ontario, afin de nous concentrer sur les conceptualisations de la diversité des sage‐femmes. Nous explorons leurs efforts, dans le travail quotidien, visant à supporter et fortifier la diversité sociale des clientes et des sage‐femmes elles‐mêmes. Nous proposons que la transition de la pratique de la sage‐femme vers le système de soins santé gouvernemental ne signale pas l'abandon des projets et engagements de changement social. Les réponses à la diversité sociale en soins de santé varie des efforts à améliorer l'accès aux soins de santé jusqu'à l'étude du rôle de la justice sociale en reconnaissant les besoins des populations diverses. L'aspiration de 'créer un monde meilleur' continue à animer le travail des sage‐femmes nonobstant la réglementation de leur pratique. Cet article explore le patrimoine de pratique des sage‐femmes en tant que mouvement social et décrit les rapports entre la diversité, la justice sociale et la pratique actuelle des sage‐femmes.As midwifery moved from lay practice to a regulated health‐care profession in Ontario toward the end of the twentieth century, it brought with it many of its social movement goals and aspirations. Among these was the desire to attend to diversity and equity in the provision of birthing care. Drawing on interviews with currently practicing Ontario midwives, this paper focuses on midwives' conceptualizations of diversity and explores their everyday work to support and strengthen diversity among those using and those providing midwifery care. We argue that midwifery's recent relocation within state structured health care means neither that the social change projects of midwifery are complete nor that midwifery has abandoned its movement‐based commitment to social change. Responses to social diversity in health care range from efforts to simply improve access to care to analyses of the role of social justice in recognizing the needs of diverse populations. The social justice aspiration to "create a better world" continues to animate the work of midwives postregulation. This paper explores the legacy of midwifery as a social movement, addressing the connections between diversity, social justice and midwifery care.

Introduction: Help at birth is one of the historically oldest volunteers supports that a woman has offered to another woman. One of the reasons for high maternal and infant mortality was identified as a lack of basic medical knowledge among the woman who helped during birth and this required immediate action to secure the survival of nations. When the Church and government made demands for education and professional license, the voluntary help at birth transformed into an educated and paid profession for women. The study aimed to describe the evolution of women's education and the midwifery profession in Nordic countries from the 1600s until today.
Methods: Historical and contemporary documents, research and grey literature, are drawn together to provide a historical description of the midwifery professional development and education in Nordic countries.
Results: In the Nordic countries, governments from the 1600s had significant problems with high maternal and infant mortality. Most vulnerable were unmarried women and their children. To change the trend, northern countries had been inspired by France, Holland, England, and Germany, which had introduced education and a professional license for midwives. The targeted and systematic investment in midwifery education, followed by industrialization and welfare development in Nordic countries, has resulted in one of the highest survival rates for mothers and infants in the world today. In parallel with this, it has created the first female paid profession in history. Today, midwifery education is at the university level in all Nordic countries, and the certified midwife is responsible for pre- and post-natal care and normal birth. In Sweden, Norway, and Iceland, the midwife's responsibility also includes contraception counseling and prescription of drugs for birth control purposes.
Conclusions: The education and professional licenses have contributed to a progressively improved care of birth women and infants. The professional and licensed midwife is positioned in society as an essential player in the current development of pre- and post-natal care. Furthermore, the graduated and licensed midwife positioned herself as the first paid professional female profession in modern history.

Introduction: Help at birth is one of the historically oldest volunteers supports that a woman has offered to another woman. One of the reasons for high maternal and infant mortality was identified as a lack of basic medical knowledge among the woman who helped during birth and this required immediate action to secure the survival of nations. When the Church and government made demands for education and professional license, the voluntary help at birth transformed into an educated and paid profession for women. The study aimed to describe the evolution of women's education and the midwifery profession in Nordic countries from the 1600s until today. Methods: Historical and contemporary documents, research and grey literature, are drawn together to provide a historical description of the midwifery professional development and education in Nordic countries. Results: In the Nordic countries, governments from the 1600s had significant problems with high maternal and infant mortality. Most vulnerable were unmarried women and their children. To change the trend, northern countries had been inspired by France, Holland, England, and Germany, which had introduced education and a professional license for midwives. The targeted and systematic investment in midwifery education, followed by industrialization and welfare development in Nordic countries, has resulted in one of the highest survival rates for mothers and infants in the world today. In parallel with this, it has created the first female paid profession in history. Today, midwifery education is at the university level in all Nordic countries, and the certified midwife is responsible for pre- and post-natal care and normal birth. In Sweden, Norway, and Iceland, the midwife's responsibility also includes contraception counseling and prescription of drugs for birth control purposes. Conclusions: The education and professional licenses have contributed to a progressively improved care of birth women and infants. The professional and licensed midwife is positioned in society as an essential player in the current development of pre- and post-natal care. Furthermore, the graduated and licensed midwife positioned herself as the first paid professional female profession in modern history.

Over the last three centuries, childbirth has gradually become an issue of public concern worldwide, being linked increasingly to the welfare of populations and nations. During this process, medical improvements in obstetrics and midwifery have been introduced to daily childbirth practices by medical authorities and enforced by state governments in many countries, significantly contributing to the decline of childbirth-related mortality rates. This dissertation focuses on the transformation of childbirth practices in China during the Republican era (1912-1949) and its impacts on neonatal, infant, and maternal mortality rates. By using governmental archives, reports of hospitals and health stations, demographic and social surveys, and other historical sources, this dissertation first investigates how missionary and governmental initiatives pushed forward the institutionalization of childbirth in different parts of China from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. Then the dissertation presents case studies of Beijing (1926-1937) and Sichuan (1938-1949), as well as three comparisons regarding neonatal and maternal mortality rates in China and elsewhere in the world, through which it analyzes how biomedical approaches of the "new style midwifery" helped prevent neonatal, infant and maternal mortality by reducing infection-related diseases during and after childbirth. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods, this dissertation provides new insights into how childbirth became less risky across time and space.

This article offers a comparative analysis of the transformation of midwifery practices in Beijing city and its rural neighborhood in China between 1926 and 1937. From the 1920s onwards, impelled by supports of governments, academic groups and foreign foundations, a reform of midwifery practices was triggered across China. Beijing was one of the forerunners in this reform. Through examining the midwifery regulations, the new style midwifery service, the midwife education/training programs, as well as the consequential influences on birth attendants and birth outcomes (neonatal, infant and maternal mortality rates) in Beijing's first health district and the nearby Qinghe district, this article shows that in the urban district the trained birth attendants performed better than the untrained personnel in preventing neonatal deaths. Also, the growing use of trained midwifery contributed to the reduction of infant and maternal mortality rates in the urban community. However, because of the paucity of sources of rural areas, such positive outcomes cannot be ascertained in the rural district. Yet an obvious urban-rural divergence in midwifery services and maternal care is still observed.