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Issues of protection by mechanisms of the International Law of migrant children is particularly relevant today because the numbers of migrant children are growing each year significantly. Master thesis "Migrant Children in the Context of Child Rights Convention" is devoted to the examining of the role of the Convention on the Rights of the Child as one of the essential instrument of protecting migrant children's rights in the International Law through a comprehensive analysis of the relevant articles of the Convention and legal problems related to them. The Convention on the Rights of the Child contains a complete list of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights that migrant children have and requires states to protect this category of children as the most vulnerable. The Convention on the Rights of the Child guarantees the right of migrant children to family reunification, effectively protects refugee and asylum-seeking children as a separate group of migrant children and limits the immigration detention of children what is always contrary to their best interests. Master thesis "Migrant Children in the Context of Child Rights Convention" is divided into general and specific parts, which provide logical argumentation that the Convention on the Rights of the Child is an crucial protective instrument of migrant children in International Law. Conclusions and recommendations illustrate the effectiveness of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in the legal regulation of migrant children.

The hukou system in China uses residency permits to divide Chinese citizens into urban and rural dwellers. A person's hukou status determines his or her access to state services. Under normal circumstances, a person with a rural hukou status is not eligible for state services in urban areas, and vice versa. Because hukou is primarily inherited from one's parents at the time of birth, children born in urban areas to parents with rural hukou are similarly designated as rural hukou holders. As a result, children living in cities with rural hukou are ineligible for enrollment in urban public schools even if they were born within the district. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that a massive number of people are engaged in rural-urban migration in China each year. The central government has promulgated numerous laws and regulations in an attempt to grant these migrant children free access to urban public schools, but most local governments have been hesitant to implement the changes. Further, as a prerequisite to enrollment, urban public schools commonly require excessive amounts of documentation and charge expensive fees that make public education inaccessible to migrant families. This comment argues that to fix the current problems with hukou and educational access, the central government needs to clarify the responsibilities of local governments in administrating public education and should devote more funding to urban and rural schools. Both of these measures would encourage local officials to comply with existing education laws regarding migrant children. Additionally, the central government must encourage stricter enforcement of relevant laws in order to incentivize local compliance. Making these changes will have long-term political and economic benefits for China because educating this large group of children can soothe social tensions in cities, lessen income inequality, and facilitate China's transition to a service-based economy.

The governments of the USA and Mexico have deported tens of thousands of unaccompanied migrant children to their countries of origin, without adequate screenings for potential irreparable harm they could face there. Authorities of both countries have also denied unaccompanied migrant children access to asylum procedures through pushbacks at their respective borders. In some cases, this has resulted in the forced return of asylum-seeking children to ill-treatment (refoulement). As a matter of policy, the Biden administration continues to return almost all unaccompanied Mexican children to Mexico, while the Mexican government has likewise repatriated the majority of unaccompanied Central American children without adequately assessing what harm they could face.

Immunization is a successful and cost-effective method to decrease child mortality and morbidity caused by severe diseases. United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) goals by 2010 were 90% of under 1 year of age children fully immunized at the national level, with at least 80% coverage in every district. According to Tak Provincial Health Office data, there were about 200,000 Myanmar migrants living in four Thai-Myanmar border areas. Occurrence of vaccine-preventable disease was reported, and immunization coverage was low in children under 1 year old who lived in these areas. The was to characterize the associations of maternal knowledge, and of health services regarding immunization, with immunization status of Myanmar migrant children aged 1-2 years in Tak. A cross-sectional study was conducted, using a structured questionnaire and interviewing 386 Myanmar migrant mothers living in the four Thai–Myanmar border areas mentioned above. The overall coverage of under 1 year routine immunization was 56.7%. The overall Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) coverage among Myanmar migrant age 1-2 years living in the study area was lower than the average EPI coverage of Thai children in the same area. Level of knowledge regarding immunization, source of information, content of information, language barriers to receiving information, health education and its content during immunization service were associated with immunization status of the children. Local health service providers and related agencies need to be aware of appropriate approaches and services to different subpopulations. Collaboration among government, private agencies, communities, and voluntary sectors is needed to strengthen the Expand Program on Immunization in the migrant community.

The lack of a coherent European legislative framework, coupled with the principle of state sovereignty, induced unaccompanied migrant children to find themselves in a position which produced a situation of rightlessness, when outside of their own territories. In addition to their harsh condition, Member States national law not always provides rules for their safeguard, also often not harmonized with EU Directives. In some cases, to worsen the situation the lack of adequate policies in respect of their rights, their needs and their claims. This thesis provides an analysis of the international and European discipline, of unaccompanied minor migrants entering Europe. Juveniles, who find themselves in a hope journey without family members or guardianship, are in a very vulnerable position. In consequence of the migration crisis, especially in 2015, a massive flux of UAMs entered the European Union, so its Member States found themselves unprepared to cope with the needs of this specific category. In this thesis it is brought to light the fact that, international conventions alongside with EU legislative scheme provide a fragmented scheme for protection of separated children. Legally binding documents, as relevant International Conventions, European Treaties, Regulations and Directives are analysed, as also Conventions of the Council of Europe in concern to unaccompanied minors asylum seekers. In the paper are outlined and criticized bad practises of States on treatment and neglecting the needs of unaccompanied minor migrants, on breach of the rights of unaccompanied asylum seekers and on marginalizing unaccompanied refugee minors. In this research, have been pointed some good practises, for ameliorating their condition through the study between some European countries. The commitment showed by European Union through the European Action Plan as also by the EU to fulfil the obligations in respect of the rights of UAMs is demonstrated by the interest in revising, amending and fortifying several legally binding documents towards a more comprehensive children based approach. In compliance with this, in confirming expectations and welcoming the challenge for an international an enforced scheme of legal protection on UAMs, highlighted the recent effort of soft law by the CRC Committee and the Committee on Migrants Workers with Joint Comments. It is noteworthy that, the International Community and the European Union are meeting the need for a slow emersion on a dedicated legal framework on unaccompanied minor migrants. In conclusion, deemed that the issue of UAMs is still evolving, by figuring out the actual situation, till the end of 2017, we hope for future better assessments on the rights of the children and their indeed protection by law and by practise.

Every child deserves a fair chance in life. However, migrant children are at higher risk of developing mental health problems. The problem of migrant children who have left their hukou registration place for 6 months or longer with their parents from rural areas to cities in China has become a unique social issue in the social transformation of China. However, even up to this day, little is known about life satisfaction of migrant children in small and medium-sized cities. To investigate the current situation of migrant children's life satisfaction, several scales including Chinese Adolescent Students' Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, Social Economic Status Scale, Social Support Rating Scale and big five inventory were used to obtain data on 142 migrant children and 165 local primary school students. Results showed that migrant children's life satisfaction was significantly lower when compared to local non-migrant students. The study also highlighted that subjective and objective support, utilization of support, conscientiousness and parent's educational level were predictive factors of life satisfaction. Migrant children' life satisfaction was not optimistic and social support was significantly influencing factors of migrant children's life satisfaction, so they need a support system of government, school, community, family to help them through difficulties.

This research sets out to understand the why, how and with whom of rural-urban internal migration of children to the Mozambique border town of Ressano Garcia. In doing so, it aims to address the overarching research question of how to strengthen child protection systems for unaccompanied migrant children. Research took place at the border town of Ressano Garcia and in the Mozambican capital city of Maputo, between July and September 2012. Following a thorough analysis of the qualitative data, engaging with the current debate on migration and child protection issues, this paper critically assesses the current interconnected 'protective actors' and protection mechanisms and provides recommendations. Under a qualitative child participatory approach, children and their views are placed at the centre of the research. Research participants also include protective actors that are the cornerstone of child protection mechanisms, including: civil society organizations (CSOs) in both Ressano Garcia and Maputo, and government officials at local, district, provincial and central level, thus allowing for a triangulation of sources. ; This research sets out to understand the why, how and with whom of rural-urban internal migration of children to Ressano Garcia, a border town between Mozambique and South Africa. It addresses the overarching research question of how to strengthen child protection systems for unaccompanied migrant children. By identifying children's reasons for migrating, it identifies the main risks they encounter once they start living and working in Ressano Garcia. These include: lack of access to educational opportunities, exposure to child labour exploitation, trafficking and smuggling. This paper argues that child protection systems must respond to the unique situation of migrant children's needs. Child protection and migration policies need to strike a balance between discouraging unsafe migration, which has the potential to expose children to violence, and ensuring that systems are in place for safe migration at all stages of their journey. It provides a set of specific policies to address the needs of unaccompanied migrant children in Mozambique.

Cover title. ; Is there any objective legal ground – objective in the sense that it can be recognized as legitimate as a matter of jurisprudence even by lawyers and judges trained in the Common Law tradition – for the Chinese objection to the Statement? It is the purpose of this essay to demonstrate that a qualified 'yes' answer may be given to this question from the perspective of Chinese constitutional law, of which the Hong Kong Basic Law forms a part, and to explore into how the true legal position should best be stated. ; published_or_final_version

Health and education are interrelated, and it is for this reason that we studied the education of migrant children. The Thai Government has ratified &lsquo ; rights&rsquo ; to education for all children in Thailand since 2005. However, there are gaps in knowledge concerning the implementation of education policy for migrants, such as whether and to what extent migrant children receive education services according to policy intentions. The objective of this study is to explore the implementation of education policy for migrants and the factors that determine education choices among them. A cross-sectional qualitative design was applied. The main data collection technique was in-depth interviews with 34 key informants. Thematic analysis with an intersectionality approach was used. Ranong province was selected as the main study site. Results found that Migrant Learning Centers (MLCs) were the preferable choice for most migrant children instead of Thai Public Schools (TPSs), even though MLCs were not recognized as formal education sites. The main reason for choosing MLCs was because MLCs provided a more culturally sensitive service. Teaching in MLCs was done in Myanmar&rsquo ; s language and the MLCs offer a better chance to pursue higher education in Myanmar if migrants migrate back to their homeland. However, MLCs still face budget and human resources inadequacies. School health promotion was underserviced in MLCs compared to TPSs. Dental service was underserviced in most MLCs and TPSs. Implicit discrimination against migrant children was noted. The Thai Government should view MLCs as allies in expanding education coverage to all children in the Thai territory. A participatory public policy process that engages all stakeholders, including education officials, health care providers, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), MLCs&rsquo ; representatives, and migrants themselves is needed to improve the education standards of MLCs, keeping their culturally-sensitive strengths.

The conceptualisation of school readiness is often based on 'ideal children' in 'ideal situations'. However, in determining the readiness level of children who are considered vulnerable, it is important to understand the lived experiences of these children. In this study, migrant children (especially undocumented ones) within the borders of South Africa are the focus: they are considered to be vulnerable due to a legal contradiction that exists between the right to basic education and the South African Immigration Act of 2002. The study employed a qualitative case study design to investigate, using a psychosocial perspective, the school readiness of migrant children in a Public Secondary School in Krugersdorp, South Africa. It attempts to establish what school readiness means for teachers and parents, in the context of both the psychological and social development of migrant children in South Africa. Participants were 7 teachers and 6 parents of migrant children in the School. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed using a constant comparative method of qualitative analysis within a grounded theory approach. The findings are that challenges affecting migrant children's readiness for school include the lack of documentation; language barriers and an inability to continue schooling. Strategies are identified to address the challenges, including the school liaising with the Department of Home Affairs and the introduction of cultural diversity within the school. From the findings, it is evident that the South African government and Department of Basic Education must recognise the specific challenges of vulnerable groups to determine what school readiness means for them and assist them as far as possible.

The article explores the relationship between education and migration, statistics of children from migrant families in educational institutions in Russia, access to education for children from migrant families in Russia, and the integration of migrant children in schools in Russia. Recommendations on state interaction with the children of migrants are offered. Population movements and migration processes are an integral part of human history. Another modern phenomenon, globalisation, entails fundamental changes in the world and the world market. Migration is a constant concomitant phenomenon of these changes. Education plays a crucial role in supporting third-country migrants in adapting to a new country and culture as well as in building social relations in their host communities. Education is a key resource for participating in the economic, social, political and cultural life in today's education and knowledge society.Experience has repeatedly shown that differences in occupational status and chances on the labour market and associated income, social welfare living standards and public reputation, as well as differences in political, social and cultural participation, are linked to differences in educational attainment.Social integration of migrants through participation in the institutions of the host society, such as the education system and the labor market, is undoubtedly one of the most significant social problems in Russian society. For migrant children, language and structural assimilation in the education system in the sense of formal equality of opportunity are key to social integration in the host country.The main donor countries, from which most people migrate to Russia, are primarily the CIS countries. About 30 % of the total flow of migrants in Russia, finding with family and children. The birth rate among migrants is higher than local ones. Accordingly, Russia faces a big challenge, led by migrant children, from whom it can get a big contribution in the future, if they get a good education.The ...

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and its Optional Protocols provide the basis for establishing effective mechanisms to address the multifaceted challenges faced by States and other actors, including regional organizations, in ensuring that children are able to access and enjoy their rights. Article 3 of the CRC states that "in all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration". This principle is of particular relevance to the situation of migrant children, including unaccompanied migrant children, in regular or irregular situations that are the focus of this study. This study reviews judicial decisions from the CJEU and the ECtHR and from selected European national courts, which apply the principle of the best interests of the child to cases involving migrant children in irregular situations, including unaccompanied and separated children. The selected cases are meant to be illustrative of the type of issues that are raised before national courts and of the way in which these courts interpret their obligation under Article 3 of the CRC to treat the best interests of the child as a primary consideration. Finally, the study identifies a number of relevant cases which explicitly refer to the best interests of the child and that may serve as good practice in guiding future jurisprudence throughout Europe. ; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Regional Office for ...

Health and education are interrelated, and it is for this reason that we studied the education of migrant children. The Thai Government has ratified 'rights' to education for all children in Thailand since 2005. However, there are gaps in knowledge concerning the implementation of education policy for migrants, such as whether and to what extent migrant children receive education services according to policy intentions. The objective of this study is to explore the implementation of education policy for migrants and the factors that determine education choices among them. A cross-sectional qualitative design was applied. The main data collection technique was in-depth interviews with 34 key informants. Thematic analysis with an intersectionality approach was used. Ranong province was selected as the main study site. Results found that Migrant Learning Centers (MLCs) were the preferable choice for most migrant children instead of Thai Public Schools (TPSs), even though MLCs were not recognized as formal education sites. The main reason for choosing MLCs was because MLCs provided a more culturally sensitive service. Teaching in MLCs was done in Myanmar's language and the MLCs offer a better chance to pursue higher education in Myanmar if migrants migrate back to their homeland. However, MLCs still face budget and human resources inadequacies. School health promotion was underserviced in MLCs compared to TPSs. Dental service was underserviced in most MLCs and TPSs. Implicit discrimination against migrant children was noted. The Thai Government should view MLCs as allies in expanding education coverage to all children in the Thai territory. A participatory public policy process that engages all stakeholders, including education officials, health care providers, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), MLCs' representatives, and migrants themselves is needed to improve the education standards of MLCs, keeping their culturally-sensitive strengths.

The present paper presents an overview of the background of migrant foreign residents of Japan, with a special emphasis on recent legal reforms and ensuing changes in the status of long-term foreign residents in Japan. It presents the problems faced by migrant children whose native language is not Japanese, especially their difficulties in learning both Japanese and their mother tongue, and related difficulties in coping with everyday life and identity oscillations. It concludes with an overview of different approaches to problem solving which are being introduced by local organisations and spreading to the society at large, and which aim at multicultural coexistence in which immigrants are not seen as temporary guests but as members of society. ; Članek predstavlja migracijske tokove na Japonskem v zadnjih desetletjih, s poudarkom na spremembahv zakonski ureditvi in v statusu tujih prebivalcev, ki iz ureditve izhaja. Predstavlja probleme, s katerimise srečujejo otroci priseljenci, ki jim japonščina ni materni jezik, njihove težave pri učenju japonščinein svojega lastnega jezika, težave v vsakodnevnem življenju in identitetna nihanja, ki iz tega izhajajo. Nadalje članek nudi pregled različnih pristopov k reševanju teh problemov, ki izhajajo iz lokalnih organizacijin se širijo v družbo, s ciljem doseči medkulturno sobivanje, v katerem priseljenci niso začasnigosti, ampak člani družbe.

The Trump administration recently claimed it could not reunite migrant children with parents who are being held in ICE detention due to a court order requiring the government to release such children from custody within (at most) 20 days. The government now claims, however, that it can legally detain the children with their parents in ICE detention for much longer than 20 days. How did the government come to this position? In this post we'll answer that question, and address a central flaw in the government's logic.