Suchergebnisse

Aktuelle Studien und Zahlen zeigen einen besorgniserregenden Anstieg von Übergewicht und Adipositas. Übergewichtige und adipöse Kinder und Jugendliche bleiben mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit auch im Erwachsenenalter übergewichtig und adipös. Dies stellt ein zunehmendes medizinisches und gesellschaftliches Problem dar. Die Ursachen für die Entstehung von Übergewicht und Adipositas sind vielfältig und breit gefächert. Die Hauptursache für die Entstehung wird meist durch einen ungünstigen Lebensstil geprägt. Neben genetischen, sozioökonomischen und psychischen Einflussfaktoren ist die Kombination von geringer körperlichen Aktivität, fett- und stark zuckerhaltiger Ernährung für die Entwicklung ausschlaggebend. Die Erziehung und Vorbildwirkung der Eltern formen das Verhalten der Kinder und Jugendlichen enorm. Besonders betroffen von Übergewicht und Adipositas sind Kinder und Jugendliche aus sozial benachteiligten Familien mit geringen Einkommen, niedriger Bildung und Migrationshintergrund. Ausschlaggebend für die Vermeidung von Übergewicht und Adipositas ist die Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung insbesondere in geeigneten Settings. Vor allem in der Kindheit und Jugend werden die Weichen für die Gesundheit, das Gesundheitsbewusstsein und das Gesundheitsverhalten gestellt. Die Familie, Kindergärten und die Schule stellen wichtige Lebensräume für die Kinder und Jugendlichen dar und dienen als essentieller Ansatzpunkt für präventive und gesundheitsfördernde Maßnahmen. Eine Verknüpfung von verhaltenspräventiven und verhältnispräventiven Interventionen wird empfohlen.Eine Vielzahl an internationalen und nationalen Programmen und Projekten beschäftigt sich seit vielen Jahren mit der Vorbeugung und Bekämpfung der Adipositasepedemie - wie von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation beschrieben. Übergewicht und Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter stellen eine große Herausforderung dar und sollten ein zentrales Thema der Gesundheitspolitik und des Gesundheitssystems sein. ; Recent studies and figures illustrate an alarming increase in overweight and obesity. Obese children and adolescents are likely to stay obese into adulthood, which represents a growing medical and social issue.Overweight and obesity are caused by a wide range of different factors. The primary reason for the development of obesity can usually be traced back to an unfavourable lifestyle. Besides genetic, socio-economic and psychological factors, a combination of low physical activity and food containing high levels of fats and sugar are the main reasons for obesity.The way children are raised and how parents act as a role model for their children strongly affect their behaviour as adolescents. Especially children and adolescents from socially disadvantaged families with low income, a low level of education and a migrant background seem to be affected by overweight and obesity. The key factors to avoid overweight and obesity include the prevention of disease and the promotion of health, especially in adequate settings. The childhood and adolescence lay the foundations for health, health consciousness and health-related behaviour. Families, pre-schools and schools represent rather important environments for children and adolescents and are an essential component for preventive and health-promoting measures. For this purpose, a combination of behavioural and environmental preventive measures is strongly recommended.For many years, a variety of international and national programmes and projects have been trying to prevent and combat the obesity epidemic, as described by the World Health Organization (WHO).Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence represent a major challenge to society and should be treated as key topic in healthcare policy as well as in the healthcare system. ; Christine Wildling ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2015 ; (VLID)809476

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Harris, P. (2015). Migration, money, markets and morality. Journal of Public Affairs, 15(4), 331-333 , which has been published in final form at doi:10.1002/pa.1591. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. ; Editorial Over the last year, the pressure of economic migration and vast numbers of people on the move who have been destabilised by conflict, instability and deprivation has impacted dramatically upon Europe and particularly the European Union (EU). Pictures of drowned children washed up on beaches, boat swampings, human flotsam, dead bodies of those suffocated and rotting in trucks of those who died being smuggled into the EU from suffocation and heat exhaustion. These are not the pictures of a civilised society and show the gang masters, wretches and gangsters of society taking advantage of human desperation. A coherent policy on economic migrants and political asylum seekers for the multi-state union has shown that one policy fitting all has buckled, broke and does not work. One has to be focused on supporting the weak and the vulnerable and giving clear guidelines on the numbers and quality of migrants that are needed in an economy. This works well in Australia, Canada and New Zealand and should be adopted more widely across the EU. Conflict and instability in the Middle East is fuelling much of this migration and the search for safety by asylum seekers. The instability of Africa and the North Coast of Africa is not helping. Long-term answers and care for immediate needs must be the answer. Europe like America has benefitted from economic migration and the wonderful contributions that asylum seekers and the persecuted have made in the past. We must make policy for refugees and migrants a public affairs and policy priority. This is a general issue of the journal and shows the breadth of thinking across the discipline.

Migration is a popular phenomenon in Sri Lanka. According to the latest Household and Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2016 data, one in every eight households had an internal migrant residing elsewhere in the country, while one in every 14 households had a migrant overseas. The most significant benefit of migration to households left behind is the remittances sent. For instance, in 2016 one in every eight households received interal remittances, while one in every 11 households received foreign remittances in Sri Lanka. At the same time, in 2016, one in every 11 households was affected by natural disasters.

Since last year, the Government of Chile has spearheaded a process to modify education policy between Chile and Haiti. This constitutes an intervening condition of social inclusion for Haitian people arriving as migrants. In this context, a research project was conducted to describe and analyze beliefs amongst Haitian parents in Quilicura District, regarding the role of schools in social inclusion processes for their children. The principal results showcase a form of cultural diversity that exists in today's schools, failing to take into account the beliefs of Haitian parents. This situation operates alongside a prevailing approach within schools that is based more on social integration than on social inclusion, causing children to restrict their effective social inclusion process within the establishment, as they lack support ortools to develop it correctly. ; Desde el último año, el gobierno de Chile ha encabezado un proceso de modificación en la polí­tica educacional entre Chile y Haití­. Esto último es una condición interviniente de inclusión social para los mismos haitianos que llegan al paí­s.En este contexto, se realizó una investigación que describe y analiza las creencias de padres haitianos de la comuna de Quilicura, respecto del rol de la escuela en los procesos de inclusión social de sus hijos e hijas. Los principales resultados dan cuenta de una diversidad cultural que existe hoy en la escuela, en donde las creencias de los padres haitianos no son consideradas. Además de prevalecer en la escuela el enfoque de integración social más que el de inclusión social, lo cual hace que niños y niñas coarten su proceso de inclusión social efectiva en el establecimiento, ya que no tienen el apoyo ni las herramientas para desarrollarlo correctamente.

Die Ergebnisse der OECD-Leistungsstudie PISA offenbarten in deutlichem Ausmaß die bestehenden Bildungsunterschiede zwischen deutschen Schülern und insbesondere Jugendlichen mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund und belegten dadurch die enge Beziehung zwischen Bildungserfolg und soziokulturellem Hintergrund. Um – mit Blick auf bisherige Untersuchungen – eine neue Perspektive zu eröffnen, wird in dieser Dissertation durch den Vergleich der jeweiligen Bildungssituation türkischer Jugendlicher an Realschulen und Gymnasien und türkischer Jugendlicher an einer berufsvorbereitenden Maßnahme der Blick auf die soziokulturellen Voraussetzungen innerhalb einer generationsspezifischen Gruppe gerichtet. In Anbetracht der Fragestellung nach der Rolle intergenerationaler Transmissionsprozesse wurden auch die Eltern der Schüler in die Untersuchung mit einbezogen. Bei den untersuchten Elterngruppen zeigen sich bei vielen Variablen signifikante Unterschiede im Antwortverhalten. Die Eltern der Regelschüler (RS-Eltern) weisen einen höheren Integrationsgrad in die deutsche Gesellschaft auf, sind seltener von Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen und verfügen auch über ein höheres Bildungsniveau im Vergleich zu den Eltern der Maßnahmeteilnehmer (BvB-Eltern). Als zentrales Ergebnis lässt sich daher feststellen, dass der soziokulturelle und sozioökonomische Hintergrund der Eltern eine große Auswirkung auf den Bildungswerdegang ihrer Kinder hat, die Bildungsbeteiligung somit in hohem Maße vom Grad der Verfügbarkeit über elterliche Kapitalien abhängt. Je weniger – mit Blick auf die BvB-Eltern – Bildungskapital den Eltern zur Verfügung steht, desto geringer sind also die Chancen ihrer Kinder auf einen erfolgreichen Bildungsverlauf. Folglich müssen Bildungs- und Berufsangebote für türkische Eltern verstärkt werden, um förderlich in die oben beschriebenen Transmissionsprozesse einzugreifen und somit auch positiven Einfluss auf den Integrationsprozess zu nehmen. Auch die stärkere Einbindung der Eltern in die schulischen und beruflichen Belange ihrer Kinder spielt hierbei eine bedeutende Rolle. Eltern müssen dazu motiviert werden, intensiver sowohl im schulischen als auch soziokulturellen Entwicklungsprozess ihrer Kinder mitzuwirken. Politik und Gesellschaft sind also gefordert, diese Unterstützungsstrukturen für Migranten türkischer Herkunft zu schaffen. ; The report of the OECD PISA study revealed clearly the existing educational differences between German pupils and adolescents with a Turkish migration background; it showed, that there is a close relation between educational success and sociocultural background. There have been many analyses to the scholastic development of Turkish teenagers and adolescents, but most of them were focussed on the comparison with the educational situation of German pupils or such with other ethnical background. Hence, this thesis tries to remedy the mentioned empirical deficit by comparing the educational situation of Turkish adolescents in secondary modern schools and secondary high schools with the situation of Turkish adolescents working in a vocational preparation. At this, the sociocultural conditions within the specific generational group are going to be explored. With a view to the role of intergenerational transmission processes, the parents of the adolescents from both groups were included into the study. The data analysis shows, that there are many significant differences between the parental groups: Parents of the pupils from the secondary modern school (RS-Parents) for example are more integrated into the german society, they face significantly rarer unemployment and, besides, they have also a higher educational level. Considering these facts the analysis pointed out, that the sociocultural and socioeconomic background of the parents do have a strong effect on the course of education of their children; therefore, educational participation is in a large extent influenced by the availability of parental resources. The fewer resources parents have, the less are the chances for their children to obtain a high educational degree. Consequently, in order to interfere in the above mentioned transmission processes and therefore to influence the process of integration positively, edcuational and occupational proposals for Turkish parents have to be intensified peremptory. But it is also important to increase their participation in the scholastic and occupational concerns of their children. Parents must be motivated to take an active role in the scholastic and also sociocultural development process of their children. Politics and german society has therefore to establish structures of support for migrants with a Turkish background.

Esta tesis doctoral abordó la televisión infantil y educativa Novasur, una iniciativa gestionada por el Consejo Nacional de Televisión, desarrollada entre el año 2000 y 2017. Hoy, bajo el nombre de CNTV infantil, produce contenidos que son distribuidos a todo el país por más de 50 canales de televisión y a través de su plataforma digital, que entrega contenidos mediante streaming y dispone de una videoteca con más de 2000 videos. Esta investigación consideró un aspecto poco estudiado: la oferta de Novasur en tanto televisión infantil pública. Estudiar la televisión hoy supuso considerar las complejidades propias del avance de la tecnología y cómo ella afecta diferentes ámbitos. En Chile, la implementación de la televisión digital ofrece incluir a nuevos actores, mejorar la calidad de las emisiones y otorgar, por primera vez, un espacio a una señal pública cultural, educativa e infantil. Por otro lado, la convergencia ya ha cambiado, quizás para siempre, la relación de las audiencias con los medios. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la oferta de la plataforma digital Novasur respecto de su línea editorial, desde los estándares de calidad y el enfoque de derechos de la infancia en el contexto de implementación de la televisión digital y la convergencia. Para caracterizar los audiovisuales se utilizó una metodología cualitativa con un mix de técnicas: un análisis de contenido sobre 2.264 programas de la plataforma online, considerando la procedencia, vinculación curricular, género, técnica audiovisual, tema y público. Respecto de los protagonistas, se consideró su edad, género, diversidad territorial, pertenencia a pueblos originarios, condición de migrantes y de discapacidad. Se realizó además un análisis de contenido cualitativo a 24 series que fueron estudiadas respecto de su calidad. Finalmente, se realizaron entrevistas a catorce profesionales latinoamericanos de cinco países, con experiencia en los canales infantiles, la gestión pública, los festivales audiovisuales y la educomunicación. Los resultados muestran que la plataforma Novasur dispone de una pluralidad de contenidos. La mayoría de los programas son protagonizados por niños y niñas de ambos géneros que provienen de localidades de todo el país e incipientemente, se han incluido como personajes protagónicos a niños habitualmente excluidos de la televisión abierta: como los pertenecientes a pueblos originarios, en condición de migrantes o con alguna discapacidad. Se trata de audiovisuales de alta calidad, que permiten a los niños contar sus propias historias. Los entrevistados concordaron en la importancia de contar con recursos adecuados y con la voluntad del Estado –transversal a los sectores políticos y a largo plazo– para desarrollar audiovisuales de primer nivel, innovadores y convergentes. Se concluyó que la plataforma Novasur es un buen repositorio, representa a infancias diversas, si bien aún quedan grupos por incluir. Es posible potenciar la plataforma con espacios destinados a la participación de las audiencias, si se garantiza la continuidad del financiamiento. La colaboración continental y las coproducciones regionales profundizan en las identidades de las infancias con sello local y latinoamericano y serán un aporte para el canal público infantil actualmente en discusión. ; This doctoral thesis describes children's and educational television Novasur, a public initiative managed by the Consejo Nacional de Televisión, developed between 2000 and 2017. Today, under the name of Children's CNTV, it produces audiovisual content distributed through more than 50 television channels and its own digital platform: delivering content via streaming and having a video library with more than 2000 entries. This research considers an understudied aspect: Novasur's television public offer for children. The study of television today must consider the complexities of the constantly evolving technology and how it affects different areas. In Chile, the implementation of digital television promises to include new actors, to improve the quality of broadcast, and to provide, for the first time, space for a cultural, educational and children's public signal. On the other hand, convergence has changed, perhaps forever, the relationship between audiences and media. The objective of this study was to characterize the offer of the Novasur digital platform regarding its editorial line, based on quality standards and with a focus on Children's Rights in the context of the implementation of digital television and convergence. A qualitative methodology with a mix of techniques was used to characterize audiovisuals: a content analysis on 2264 programs on the online platform, considering the origin, curricular link, audiovisual technique, theme, and target audience. Regarding the protagonists, their age, gender, territorial diversity, ethnic groups, migrant status, and disability were considered. In addition, a qualitative content analysis was performed on 24 series that were studied for quality criteria. Finally, fourteen interviews were conducted to Latin American professionals from five countries, with experience in managing children's channels, public administration, audiovisual festivals, and media literacy. The results show that the Novasur platform has diversity of content. Most of the programs are led by boys and girls of both genders and they come from all over the country. Also, incipiently, children usually excluded from television such as minorities, children with different ethnic backgrounds, migrants and people with disabilities are lead characters. These high-quality audiovisuals allow children to tell their own stories. Interviewed professionals agreed on the importance of having adequate financial resources and the support of the State -transversal to the political sectors and in the long term– to develop high quality, innovative and convergent audiovisuals. It is concluded that the Novasur platform is a good repository: it represents diverse childhoods, although there are still groups to include such as LGBT children and others. It is possible to enhance the platform with spaces intended for audience participation if the continuity of financing is guaranteed. Continental collaboration and regional co-productions are a strength, as they present a local and Latin American child´s identities and will be a contribution to a public channel aimed to children, currently under discussion.

Spain has recently become one of Europe's new countries of immigration. Ethnic diversity in Spain has traditionally referred to cultural minorities within the country's Autonomous Communities. The presence of economic migrants and their children is further diversifying the country's ethnic landscape. This thesis focuses on how one set of public institutions, the country's schools, are responding to increased ethnic heterogeneity among their student populations as the result of immigration. Specifically, I examine how five primary public schools in the district of Tetuán in Madrid have responded to the increased presence of Latin American immigrant students. This thesis shows that the recent introduction of Latin American immigrant students in Tetuán has only prompted a minimal response in the neighborhood's schools. While national discourse disseminated by policymakers and scholars advocates an intercultural approach to immigrant education, Tetuán's schools struggle to implement this educational model in practice. Instead of taking a broad approach to ethnic recognition, schools relegate questions of ethnic diversity to peripheral spheres of the school, such as pull-out programs for linguistic minority students and compensatory programs for students with academic deficiencies. This thesis attempts to explain why this minimalist approach to ethnic diversity prevails in Tetuán. To accomplish this task, I examine national and local policy frameworks attending to diversity, and educator and immigrant parent attitudes towards ethnic recognition in the schools. I demonstrate that the minimal approach to diversity in Tetuán can be attributed to the absence of an institutional framework for implementing intercultural education and the lack of a political constituency among both teachers and parents supporting intercultural reform in the schools. I conclude that Tetuán's current approach to diversity is consistent with other European contexts where robust ethnic recognition through multiculturalism is retreating

"China's Grandmothers looks at the lives of women who once dominated Chinese families, and contiue to exercise major influence. It covers periods of tumultuous change from the late 19th Century to the present. Grandmothers cared for their grandchildren, managed the family economy and transmitted popular culture. They have their grandchildren boundless love and emotional security. In traditioanl China the lives of women were lived on an upward trajectory: temporary members of their natal families; married in their teens; young mothers under the thumb of their mothers-in-law. Becoming grandmothers made them powerful in their families. The trajectory has flattened, but grandmothers still play major roles in their families. Many care full-time for their grandchildren, notably the seventy million left-behind children of labour migrants. Without this low-cost care China's economic boom, which depends in part on low wages, would not have been possible. The book is illustrated with pictres and photographs, and with Chinese proverbs and sayings"--

Section one. The governance problematic -- A structural exploration of the invisibility and exclusion of marginalized populations / Cheryl Ann Sarita Boodram -- Caribbean political leadership and policy development / Daniele Bobb -- The rhetoric of governance: institutional racism and "bullying' in Guyana / Ann Marie Bissessar -- Section two. Invisibility -- Emerging from the margins: the first peoples of Trinidad and Tobago / Ann Marie Bissessar -- Criminal deportees: the dilemma of reintegrating this group in a small island state / Ann Marie Bissessar -- Living in the shadows: deported men in Trinidad and Tobago / Cheryl Ann Sarita Boodram -- Repeated flooding: the experiences of families in vulnerable communities in Trinidad and Tobago / Cheryl Ann Sarita Boodram -- Section three. Women and children -- Movement of Caribbean people: voices of CARICOM mothers / Daniele Bobb -- Caribbean women and the state: legal, regulatory and policy considerations / Daniele Bobb -- The child as the 'ideal neo-liberal citizen': perspectives from Caribbean mothers / Daniele Bobb -- Exploring the experiences of female Venezuelan migrants in Trinidad and Tobago / Cheryl Ann Sarita Boodram.

"This volume examines the ways in which bordering practices influence the everyday lives of racialized parents in the changing welfare states of Finland, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Focusing on the need to negotiate, adjust, and reconcile of family life, parenthood and parenting practices in the face of national, material, ideological, cultural, religious, and moral borders, it considers the manner in which these processes are complicated by recent changes in the legitimation of Nordic welfare states. The case studies centre on migrant, refugee, and asylum seeker parents, as well as parents of the indigenous Sámi communities. The book considers the ways in which the welfare state and its services construct borders of respectable parenthood, and examines the efforts on the part of racialized parents to negotiate such borders and organize their transnational everyday lives. Uncovering possibilities and obstacles that exist for families seeking to enact citizenship in the Nordic welfare states, Family Life in Transition will appeal to social scientists with interests in the sociology of the family, children, parenting, and the welfare state"--

Migration and diversity in Asian contexts -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: Approaching Migration and Diversity in Asian Contexts -- Part I: Migration, Multiculturalism and Governance in Asia -- 1. Multicultural Realities and Membership: States, Migrations and Citizenship in Asia -- 2. Multicultural Coexistence Policies of Local Governments in the Tokyo Metropolis: A Comparative Examination of Social Integration in Response to Growing Ethnic Diversity -- 3. The Place of Migrant Workers in Singapore: Between State Multiracialism and Everyday (Un)Cosmopolitanisms -- 4. Selective State Response and Ethnic Minority Incorporation: The South Korean Case -- 5. The Tug of War over Multiculturalism: Contestation between Governing and Empowering Immigrants in Taiwan -- Part II: Identities -- 6. Mixed-Ethnic Children Raised by Single Thai Mothers in Japan: A Choice of Ethnic Identity -- 7. Being Indian In Post-Colonial Metro Manila: Identities, Boundaries and the Media -- Part III: Practices -- 8. The Kopitiam in Singapore: An Evolving Story about Migration and Cultural Diversity -- 9. Spatial Process and Cultural Territory of Islamic Food Restaurants in Itaewon, Seoul -- 10. Competition and Constructedness: Sports, Migration and Diversity in Singapore -- Index.

Intro -- General Editor's Preface -- Introduction -- PART ONE: KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND FERTILITY -- Marriage and Kinship in Relation to Human Fertility -- Age Differential, Marital Instability, and Venereal Disease: Factors Affecting Fertility among the Northwest Barma -- Cultural Factors Inhibiting Population Growth among the Kafa of Southwestern Ethiopia -- Some Aspects of Socioeconomic Change and Fertility Control among the Emerging Elite of the Pathans -- The Economic Importance of Children in a Javanese Village -- Factors Underlying Endogamous Group Size -- PART TWO: POPULATION POLICY AND FAMILY PLANNING -- Birth Planning: Between Neglect and Coercion -- Legislation Influencing Fertility in Czechoslovakia -- The Marginal Family in Chile: Social Change and Woman's Contraceptive Behavior -- Kinship, Contraception, and Family Planning in the Iranian City of Isfahan -- Mass Acceptance of Vasectomy: The Role of Social Interaction and Incentives in Social Change -- PART THREE: MIGRATION -- Families to the City: A Study of Changing Values, Fertility, and Socioeconomic Status among Urban In-migrants -- Residential Patterns and Population Movement into the Farmlands of Yorubaland -- Biographical Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Average education of new immigrants from the East European countries and the former Soviet Union (FSU) in Israel declined during the last ten years. I present a simple two-period model of migration with uncertainty about future conditions in both countries and estimate a reduced form, using data from the Israeli 1995 Census and several years of the Israeli Labor Force Survey. Wages in Israel in each period are the result of a human capital investment decision. In this framework, the return to migrating early is higher, the higher the education of a potential migrant, but education also increases the option value of staying. Estimation of a Cox proportionate hazard model and a discrete time hazard model suggest that human capital investment considerations indeed influence the timing of migration. Other variables that make people migrate earlier are being Jewish, being married, and having no children. Economic conditions in the source countries and in the destination country, which are also included in the regressions, do not seem to matter and cover mainly time effects.

The introduction of Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas (KGBVs) in the educationally backward blocks of the country poses challenges for the mobilisation, retention and educational activities of students. The children admitted to these schools are different from those of mainstream schools. The socio-economic background of the girls has been indicating that they are child labourers, never enrolled, dropout from schools with, risk-ridden family backgrounds, single parents, orphans, migrant workers, labour families, Below Poverty Level (BPL) and from educational accessibility-denied areas. The Special Officers (SOs), who are appointed for the management of KGBVs in terms of evolving strategies for building awareness and mobilisation of girl-child-labour to admit, retain, and motivate them for education and reaching the goal of educational attainment. In course of interaction with the SOs, it was found that in discharging their responsibilities, they face several constraints such as service conditions like contract jobs, low-level of salary, and management issues. Despite having several issues, the SOs have been working to achieve academic goals.

Among the EU's challenges, demography is probably the least conspicuous. This does not, however, mean that it is unimportant—quite the contrary. While in the past, it was visible only in population statistics, in the 2020s the lack of a labour force has become obvious to anyone with an interest in the European welfare state and the EU's competitiveness. Population ageing, caused by increasing longevity and persistently low birth rates, cannot be addressed by encouraging women to have more children or by bringing in non-EU migrants. These methods are ineffective, and often resented. Instead, the key to improving the state of the EU's demographic and economic prospects lies in increasing labour participation rates. This can be done by pushing up the statutory retirement age and creating the right conditions for older people, women, minority groups and diasporas to enter the world of work. While the latter measures are also not easy to implement, they are still more politically and socially viable than boosting immigration and birth rates.