Suchergebnisse

AbstractAlthough climate change appears to be a relatively new public issue, it has not emerged onto a tabula rasa; it affects 'traditional' policy sectors. How, then, does this 'new issue' interact with established organizational processes, and how is climate change 'operationalized' in local practice? Since major events linked to climate change include such things as desertification, climatic migrations, floods and landslides, one might assume that one of its main implications would be a substantial change in land use, or at least a transformation in land organization and management. This article explores the implementation of a 'flood control area' as an adaptation practice in the face of climate change. What theoretical and empirical tools should analysis adopt to account for the multiple actors, types of knowledge, artefacts, socio‐technical systems and governance configurations engaged in developing such practices? In other words, to what extent does climate change become a reorganizing category? This article adopts a theoretical approach inspired by actor‐network theory and considers adaptation practice not as a standardized top‐down solution, but as the result of specific local connections among actors, materials and discourses. The analysis suggests that climate change is indeed a reorganizing category, but one that depends on the specific local materializations of the adaptation measure.

As India becomes the center for global commercial surrogacy, infertile Indians themselves may be forced to seek assisted reproductive technology (ART) services elsewhere. The inability of Indian couples to access affordable, high-quality services in their home country may force them to become reproductive tourists—a phenomenon defined in this article as "reproductive exile." Reproductive exile bespeaks the "forced" nature of fertility travel, when infertile couples must leave their home country in order to access safe, effective, affordable, and legal infertility care. Their choice to use ARTs to produce a child is voluntary, but their travel abroad is not. Furthermore, the term exile takes on additional meanings in the South Asian context. South Asian laborers, both poor and middle-class, may feel forced to leave home in order to secure a living wage, send home remittances, save for their futures, and accrue enough money to access ART services. For many South Asians, Dubai is now the global hub for both labor migration and reproductive exile, owing to the long history of South Asian–Arab Gulf transnationalism, as well as Dubai's reputation for specializing in all manner of "high-tech" services. In this article, reproductive exile to global Dubai will be explored, along with three South Asian stories highlighting infertile couples' dreams of making a test-tube baby.

ABSTRACT:During the nineteenth century, police, magistrates, reformers and the press noticed a rising tide of juvenile crime. Child-stripping, the crime of stealing young children's clothes by force or deception, was an activity of this type which caused alarm among contemporaries. As the century progressed, improved policing, urbanization and Irish migration, allied to growing social concern, caused more cases of child-stripping to be noticed. Accounts by Dickens, Mayhew and others characterized child-stripping as an activity indulged in by old women who were able to make money by victimizing the weakest strata of society. However, research in the British Library's digitized newspaper collections as well as in parliamentary papers conclusively demonstrates that child-stripping, far from being the domain of Dickensian crones, was actually perpetrated by older children, notably girls, against children even younger than themselves. Despite widespread revulsion, which at times approached a 'moral panic' prompted by the nature of the crime, progressive attitudes largely prevailed with most child-stripping children being sent to reformatories or industrial schools in the hope of reforming their behaviour. This article thus conforms with Foucauldian notions of the switch from physical to mental punishments and aligns with the Victorians' invention of children as a category of humanity that could be saved.

This research note focuses on the far-flung Burmese overseas communities, situating them into the wider diaspora literature. Drawing on extant scholarship on refugees, migrants and exiled dissidents of Burmese origin, it presents an original cartography of Burmese diasporic groups dispersed throughout Asia. It explores their migration patterns and tentatively maps out their transnational networks. It seeks to comparatively examine the relationships these polymorphous exiled groups have developed with the homeland. Two research questions have been identified and need further exploration in the context of the post-junta opening that has been observed since 2011: First, what comprises the contribution of the Burmese diaspora to political change and homeland democratization? This has been widely debated over the years. Despite a dynamic transnational activism, there is still little evidence that overseas Burmese have influenced recent domestic political developments. Second and subsequently, how can the Burmese diaspora effectively generate social and economic change back home: by "remitting" or by "returning"? This note argues that Burmese migrant social and financial remittances might prove a more viable instrument to foster development and democratization inside Myanmar in the short term than a mere homecoming of exiles and skilled migrants. This is a preliminary analysis that hopes to encourage further research on Burmese diasporic politics and their potential leverage as "agents of change".

On the basis of an extensive literature study on the challenges and perspectives of social security in Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC), the authors of this article have been able to determine a set of 20 common challenges to the BRIC countries. The challenges focused on are the lack of social security paradigm, the coverage of all the (working) population, demography, changing family patterns and internal migration, interaction between economic development and social security, the diversity of economic and social realities within one country, the lack of transparency of the social security system, poverty alleviation and basic needs, the lack of solidarity and interaction between social assistance and social insurance, the weak interconnection between social security actors, the place of private actors in social security, pensions and other income replacement, the access to a qualitative health care and care, inflation and the validity of commitments for the future, identification and information technology–related issues, globalization and worldwide competition and the need for a sustainable financial and economic basis. On the basis of an analysis of each of these challenges, the article aims to give an insight into where the BRIC countries stand today and what their future plans are both on a governmental level and on a nongovernmental level.

AbstractMigration, along with the implied geographies of the ethics of care literature and policy initiatives vis‐à‐vis care have increasingly led to the adoption of the 'global' as the most appropriate level for analysing care. Much of the empirical work underpinning analyses of care, however, was done at particular sites and had specific emphases that are now being adopted in the analysis of care globally. In this article, I suggest the need for empirical research from other parts of the world to inform, build on and challenge the existing theorizations of transnational care. Using examples from India, I highlight some ways in which (a) recognizing the varied genealogies of care in different places, (b) bringing together the literature on care diamonds with that on care chains, and (c) recognizing the diversity of family forms and the increasing transnationalization of markets, the state and civil society may enrich existing care chain analysis. I thus suggest that we need to explore what differences in the infrastructural architecture of care means for how we theorize care in the context of migration. I outline some elements of a new research agenda, not only for research on India but also for recognizing the importance of heterogeneous care arrangements in a globalizing world of care.

Abstract. Throughout the world, the tsunami generation potential of some large under-sea earthquakes significantly contributes to regional seismic hazard, which gives rise to significant risk in the near-shore provinces where human settlements are in sizeable population, often referred to as coastal seismic risk. In this context, we show from the pertinent GPS data that the transient stresses generated by the viscoelastic relaxation process taking place in the mantle is capable of rupturing major faults by stress transfer from the mantle through the lower crust including triggering additional rupture on the other major faults. We also infer that postseismic relaxation at relatively large depths can push some of the fault segments to reactivation causing failure sequences. As an illustration to these effects, we consider in detail the earthquake sequence comprising six events, starting from the main event of Mw = 7.5, on 10 August 2009 and tapering off to a small earthquake of Mw = 4.5 on 2 February 2011 over a period of eighteen months in the intensely seismic Andaman Islands between India and Myanmar. The persisting transient stresses, spatio-temporal seismic pattern, modeled Coulomb stress changes, and the southward migration of earthquake activity has increased the probability of moderate earthquakes recurring in the northern Andaman region, particularly closer to or somewhat south of Diglipur.

The Chinese government has long assumed that families will bear the social and health care burden of the older population. However, this is becoming increasingly difficult and is hardly a model of care that can be sustained with the projected growth of the older demographic. Since the late 1970s, China has successfully controlled the population growth by applying the One-Child Policy. However, its byproduct, the "4-2-1 problem", along with the unavoidable trends of globalization and migration, means that older generations must often rely on themselves, and not their children or grandchildren, for care and support. To prepare for this challenge – the weakening of traditional filial piety – this proposal of an active retirement community centre for calligraphy art reflects a desire for a new way of living during the second half of life. Instead of viewing old age as a residual period, this proposal sets the stage for older adults to continue their contributions as they age. Calligraphy performance as a traditional cultural activity offers older adults a great balance between activity and leisure, caring for the body and caring for the soul. Additionally, the artistic quality of calligraphy art is used to express and convey ideas for the design process. ; October 2012

Poverty overcoming needs a strategic management because every planning and execution of related activities in a certain long term period have to be evaluated, which its result will be considered in making correction for further planning and program. Concept of empowerment is the most exact method reducing poverty and there should be full concentration of development in grassroots level. This approach focuses on the ability of improving either technical or managerial skills. Another relevant characteristic is development growth performed with a great attention on environmental resources, as well as human resources. Local potential is the basic asset to be a consideration priority of the development activities to be executed. The cause of poverty in Kutai Kartanegara Regency is the combination of structural, cultural, and natural factors altogether, added by factor of entering migration. In reducing poverty, there are some programs, such as: Financial Aid for the Poor, education subvention, healthcare subvention, County Fund Allocation, road hardening in every county, the construction of main road connecting 5 districts in Upstream Kutai, which is still on-going, and National Program of Society Empowerment using joined fund between Central and Local Government. There should be improvement in managing poverty alleviation in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, either in planning, in executing, in monitoring, or in evaluating so that the program may directly have effects on the poor.Keywords: poverty, strategic management, empowerment

One of the most significant features of the more than 20-year long agony of the communist state in Yugoslavia in relation to the Kosovo question is the Serbian-Albanian conflict. The Serbians in general consider Kosovo as an ancient Serbian land and they object to its secession from Serbia. On the other hand, the overwhelming majority of the Albanians in Kosovo (over 90%) want to secede from Serbia, that is, Serbian historical interests oppose Albanian ethnic interests. The aim of our research partnership was to outline the history of the area called Kosovo today, and to analyse its characteristics from the age of the Roman Empire up to now. This study is to introduce the results of the first phase of the research. As it is suggested by the title, the history of Kosovo as a region is outlined in it, from the age of the Roman Empire to the fall of the medieval Serbian State (1458). Our research was also aimed at describing Kosovo's 2000-year-old history from historical, political and geographical points of view. The migration routes between areas of power, the spatial development of various states and the historical spatial structures, which can be built on the formerly mentioned characteristics were our starting points, which were all helpful when interpreting the historical correlations of the 'Kosovo problem'.

CARIM-India: Developing a knowledge base for policymaking on India-EU migration ; European policies on higher education have progressively encouraged inward student mobility and in recent years, a number of European countries have become popular destinations for foreign students. However, with the emergence of new host countries, the competition for international students has intensified. A key variable that determines the competitiveness of a host country is the legislation governing international students. This paper provides a comparison of the current legislation governing the entry and stay conditions of international students in 5 European countries – the UK, Germany, France, Sweden and Netherlands. The paper also provides a comparative analysis across stages of legislation to assess the post-study employment conditions for international students. As the objective is to assess the implications of the legal regimes for student flows from India (to selected European countries), the paper also draws a comparison between the former and the current legislation governing international students in the United States, Australia and other emerging host nations. The paper concludes with a summary of findings and policy recommendations to improve the competitiveness of European countries as destinations for higher education. ; CARIM-India is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union.

The past decade and a half has been an extraordinarily productive time for the generation of scholarship on Soviet history by Anglophone historians. Much of this period has been dominated by the productive interface between so-called post-revisionist historians whose formative experience was as graduate students at Columbia University and what I refer to as the Chicago School situated around Sheila Fitzpatrick and Ronald Suny. The three main themes to emerge from the work of these historians and others influenced by them have been: (1) empire/nationality/borderlands/regions; (2) identity/subjectivity; and (3) dimensions of state terror and the Gulag previously understudied or unknown.

After providing brief summaries of this literature and the claims made therein, I offer six thematic threads of new work less dependent on or derived from these two schools and primarily situated chronologically and thematically in the post-Stalin era. These threads are: (1) the public and the private; (2) consumption and material culture; (3) Soviet space as transnational or transcultural; (4) migration; (5) youth and youth culture; (6) processing the Brezhnev era. This interpretive reflection on recent Anglophone historiography concludes with some remarks on the blurring of national or linguistic-based distinctions among historiographies but also the survival of their distinctiveness.

Objectives: Health in All Policies (HiAP) has been promoted as a means of embedding concern for health impacts in the policy-making process. In South Australia, specific structures and processes to achieve this have been developed and tested. Participants: The HiAP approach is designed to engage policy officers and managers in all sectors of government. Setting: South Australia, one of six Australian states, which operates under a system of cabinet government. There are 15 government departments. Intervention: The primary mechanism of the South Australian HiAP approach is the health lens analysis (HLA)–an intersectoral, partnership process drawing on public health research methods. It has been applied to three separate public policy issues: water security, digital technology and migration. Outcomes: Evaluation findings to date suggest that the HLAs have resulted in the following: increased understanding by policy-makers of the impact of their work on health outcomes; changes in policy direction; development and dissemination of policy-relevant research; greater understanding and stronger partnerships between health and other government departments; and a positive disposition toward employing health lens analyses in future work. Conclusion: There have long been calls for intersectoral action in order to achieve public policy supportive of positive health outcomes. Evaluation to date suggests that the HLA is a promising means of moving the agenda from policy rhetoric to policy action.

This Policy Contribution provides up-to-date evidence of the strong heterogeneity in the relationships between the five biggest EU economies with the Southern Mediterranean Countries (SMCs). Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia are still strongly tied to France, Italy and Spain, in terms of investments, financial flows and migration. This pattern is in line with the pattern of sizable French and Spanish official bilateral development assistance for Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. However, the economic connection of Germany, the UK and the US to the western SMCs is negligible. German and US bilateral development assistance is focused in Egypt, while the four other SMCs appear not to be priorities for non-Mediterranean EU countries. These differences cannot be explained by geographical distance alone. The unbalanced economic relationship of the SMCs with a small number of European countries risks exposing the SMCs to shocks in partner countries. Stronger economic ties also results in a higher degree of mutual political attention, as exemplified by bilateral development assistance that flows more strongly between countries with strong economic links. EU external policy is still largely driven by member states' interests. Hence building economic ties between the SMCs and non-traditional EU partners could both improve the SMCs' external economic relationships, and make the SMCs' political relationship with the EU more resilient.

This article examines trends in emotion socialization in Russian children's homes ( detdoma) between 1996 and 2002, with a focus on attachment socialization. It examines the shift between different emotion socialization practices such as 'toughening attachment' (purposively non-responsive childcare in institutions) and 'trading children for childhood' (the framing of inter-country adoption as the exchange of Russian children to Western adoptive parents for the children's chance at economic success and emotional development). It argues that two central features shaped detdoma workers' attachment socialization of children in the 1990s: the perceived need to 1) socialize children's attachment in an attempt to establish economic and emotional security for children in uncertain times after the fall of the Soviet Union; and 2) shape children's understandings of attachment within transnational contexts as child migration to the West increased over the course of the decade. Investigating attachment socialization within Russian children's homes immediately after the fall of the Soviet Union demonstrates the role of cultural norms, economic transition, and political ideologies in shaping emotion socialization over time. It also highlights how economic and political transition impact taken-for-granted assumptions within child development literature about what constitutes attachment and child love, family or kinship, and domesticity – particularly, parent–child interaction models of emotion socialization.