Labor is one of the production factors in the Economics and in the International Trade Theory. According to the theoreticians Labor was condisdered immobile in the international trade, and therefore labor-rich countries had a comparative advantage in manufacturing and trading the labor-intensive products. After the Versailles Treaty in 1919, ILO has been established and developed the Principles of Rights at Work in 1998, which was the first step to protection of labor rights [3]. In the Declaration of Fundamental middle of the 20th Century, industrialized countries with the Labor deficiency started inviting the workers from less developed countries. This approach opened the migration of the workers from less developed and developing countries to industrialized countries. Although the Migration stem from the economic, political, social and cultural reasons from the archaic centuries, today's migration based on similar reasons creates positive impacts on the economic development and international trade. The immigrants earn higher wages with the new jobs at the host countries, even they develop further investment projects in the host countries and the original countries. With the help of Migration both countries' people reach up to a higher level of welfare, and the Balance of Payment deficits of both countries are being improved. The impact of migration is not only economic, but also world peace and friendship among the peoples are being improved, too.Key words: migration, immigrants, migrants, migrant remmittances, international trade, economic development, balance of payments, production factors.
In developing countries including Iran, migration from village to city is considered among the most important socio-economic and political issues. Migration, both in the origin and destination, creates various problems and difficulties such as changes in population composition, unemployment, level of wages and per capita income, the incidence of multiple disorders caused by pressure on the limited resources of urban communities andevacuation and destruction of villages. Today, one of the government's main concerns is to control the irregular migration, solve the city's problems and reduce the adverse effects of migration in rural areas. If this problem is not fundamentally addressed, irregular migrations will turn into uncontrollable economic, social and political crises of society. Since the phenomenon of migration makes multiple negative effects on the origin (village) and destination (city), the ultimate goal of all rural planning is to preserve population in the environment of villages, and any study helping to maintain population in villages and reduce the migration process is important and its implementation is necessary. The present study seeks to identify the most effective factors in migration incentives of villagers in the region under investigation. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of unemployment on migration. In the present study, field work and document study were used for data collection. To this end, 10 sample villages were selected and questionnaires were distributed and completed among these villages. The reliability and validity and the number of questionnaires were calculated by Cochran formula, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The obtained results demonstrated that unemployment has a great effect (a high impact is relative; we should say the greatest impact) on the migration of villagers in the studied region. Hence, it is essential to make a decisive decision in relation to identifying the factors affecting the migration of villagers and suggest practical solutions to control this migration.
В статье исследуются проблемы взаимодействия и сотрудничества государств в миграционной и других сферах на современном этапе. Проводится научный анализ развития интеграционных процессов на постсоветском пространстве в рамках СНГ, Союзного государства Россия-Беларусь и ЕАЭС, а также программ сотрудничества Евросоюза с республиками Центральной Азии. Делается вывод о необходимости переосмысления механизмов межгосударственного взаимодействия и сотрудничества в рамках международных объединений. Поднимается вопрос о соотношении международного права и активно развивающегося интеграционного (транснационального) права. Сформулированы рекомендации российской дипломатии в отношениях с коллективным Западом.
The author traces the evolution of the conceptual foundations of Russia's migration policy and the features of its implementation at various stages of social, economic and political development of the country. The analysis focuses on the geopolitical specifics of Russia's migration policy: after the collapse of the USSR, tens of millions of the country's citizens ended up abroad. Return to the sources of the conceptualization of the Russian migration policy, capture of the underrated factors has a significant practical importance to mainstream and optimize it nowadays. Contradictory tendencies in the development of migration processes, unrealized opportunities, mistakes and miscalculations made in the first post-Soviet years are revealed; all the positive things that have been brought into the migration sphere over three decades are noted. The author identifies several stages that have their peculiarities that characterize the dynamics of changes and the evolution of the conceptual approaches of the state to this very complex and multi-layered problem. And at each stage there is a difficult search for answers to unresolved old and new questions that life poses to Russia with its contradictions, illogisms, and paradoxes. The author concludes that the coronavirus pandemic, which caused global social and economic upheavals in the world, will become a force majeure test for Russia's migration policy. ; В статье прослеживается эволюция концептуальных основ миграционной политики России и особенности ее реализации на различных этапах социальноэкономического и политического развития страны. В центре анализа — геополитическая специфика миграционной политики России: после распада СССР десятки миллионов граждан страны оказались за рубежом. Обращение к истокам формирования концептуальной базы миграционной политики России, учет недооцененных в тот период факторов имеет важное практическое значение для ее актуализации и оптимизации в наши дни. Выявляются противоречивые тенденции в развитии миграционных процессов, нереализованные возможности, ошибки и просчеты, допущенные в первые постсоветские годы; отмечается все то позитивное, что было привнесено в миграционную сферу на протяжении трех десятилетий. Автор выделяет несколько этапов, имеющих свои особенности, которые характеризуют динамику изменений и эволюцию концептуальных подходов государства к этой очень сложной и многослойной проблеме. И на каждом этапе — трудные поиски ответов на нерешенные старые и новые вопросы, которые ставит перед Россией жизнь с ее противоречиями, алогизмами, парадоксами. Автор заключает, что коронавирусная пандемия, вызвавшая глобальные социально-экономические потрясения в мире, станет форс-мажорным испытанием для миграционной политики России.
This article aims to make an insight into the conditions of immigration policy and actions undertaken by the Swedish authorities and political parties in the face of the migration crisis in Europe after 2015. A hypothesis presented here assumes that a decisive evolution of the attitudes of the Swedish authorities, political parties, and society towards a restrictive approach to immigration arose from the awareness of the negative consequences of migration management for the Swedish socio-economic model and the political scene. The theoretical framework used in this article is the concept of policy responsiveness, including the ability of political authorities to respond effectively and lawfully to the needs and expectations of the citizens. Process tracing was applied as a research method useful for following the transformation process Sweden's immigration policy. Statistical data, documents issued by the government and political parties, as well as the subject literature were the sources utilised in the research. Conclusions drawn from the research point to the tightening of immigration policy as a result of the fear of a prolonged pull effect on foreigners and concern surrounding the appropriate handling of immigration in full accordance with the adopted model of immigration policy.
The paper considers three algorithms of kinematic migration (transformation of time fields of normal rays into reflecting boundaries) based on the variational theory of ray tracing developed by Professor of the Department of Seismometry and Geoacoustics of the Geological Faculty of Moscow State University T.I. Oblogina. The results of numerical experiments on theoretical models of layered media of varying complexity have revealed significant drawbacks of the "classical" variational algorithm for solving the inverse kinematic problem. Two mod- ifications of the "classical" variational algorithm are proposed in terms of calculating the starting angle of the rays' exit from the Earth's surface, leaving unchanged the principle of taking into account the curvature of seismic rays and refraction at intermediate boundaries: a variational algorithm using "image rays" and a kinematic migration algorithm for layered media with variable reservoir velocities, taking into account the slope of each boundary. The results obtained on theoretical models of complex environments demonstrated high efficiency of solving the inverse kinematic problem by a modified kinematic migration algorithm that takes into account the slope of each boundary.
Migration is a huge resource that must be used rationally. Therefore, it is important to implement the state control over migration flows to minimize the negative impact of spontaneous migrations and enhance the positive effects of the migration movement. The negative effects of the migration crisis in Europe testify to the danger of uncontrolled migration processes for the stability in society, the maintenance of international peace and harmony. The implementation of the state migration policy offers great opportunities for the regulation of migratory flows both to fulfill humanitarian obligations and to combat illegal migration associated with uncontrolled migration flows, given that the illegal migration creates the whole system of inter-ethnic, inter-national and inter-religious conflict risks. To study the existing problems of fight against the illegal migration the solution of which could facilitate the adoption of effective measures aimed at improving the legislation in this area, an expert survey was performed by the Institute for Effective State and Civil Society of the Political Science Department of the Financial University as part of the research on this subject. This survey is described in this paper. ; Миграция населения - огромный ресурс, который необходимо рационально использовать. С этой целью важно осуществлять государственный контроль за миграционными потоками, что позволит свести к минимуму негативные последствия стихийных переселений и усилить положительный эффект миграционного движения. Негативные последствия миграционного кризиса в Европе свидетельствуют об опасности неконтролируемых миграционных процессов для обеспечения стабильности в обществе, поддержания межнационального мира и согласия. Реализация государственной миграционной политики открывает широкие возможности для регулирования миграционных потоков, с одной стороны, по выполнению гуманитарных обязательств, а с другой - по противодействию незаконной миграции, связанной с неконтролируемыми потоками, учитывая, что незаконная миграция создает целую систему рисков межэтнических, межнациональных и межрелигиозных конфликтов. В целях изучения существующих проблем противодействия незаконной миграции, решение которых может способствовать принятию действенных мер, направленных на совершенствование законодательства в этой сфере, в рамках проведения научных исследований по данной проблематике Институтом проблем эффективного государства и гражданского общества Департамента политологии Финансового университета проведен экспертный опрос специалистов. Этому опросу и посвящена публикуемая статья.
International migration of population has existed for centuries, as it has activated as a result of globalization. Share the non-economic causes of international migration (causes related to wars, political and religious persecution, the desire to explore new spaces, the desire for family reunification, natural disasters) and economic problems (the search for a new job in the absence of the opportunity to find a job in their own country, the search for more paid or creative work, a higher quality of life). Recently, the main reason for migration is economic reasons, on the basis of which the popular migration corridors and the leading directions of migration of labor personnel are identified. Analyzed the main centers of attraction of migration, namely, the United States of America, Federal Republic of Germany and the Russian Federation. Noted that the means and methods of implementation of the State migration policy vary depending on the specific situation on the labor market. So, given the shortage of labor in some European countries, such as Germany, used methods of stimulating immigration. When there is a need to reduce the level of immigration, as in the case of the United States, government regulation sets barriers to a new influx of foreign workers. Revealed, the dynamics of migration primarily due to social phenomena. Adverse external conditions: the deterioration of the economic, environmental or political situation in the country of residence is becoming an important factor in the readiness of potential migrants for forced migration. However, migrants have different socio-economic characteristics, and so they choose the wrong country for migration that they will be closer to social and psychological features. However, migrants have different socio-economic characteristics, and so they choose the wrong country for migration that they will be closer to social and psychological features.The purpose is to study international experience of State regulation of migration processes and the identification of the main centers of attraction of labor by analyzing the immigration policies of developed countries.Method or methodology of work: article used statistical methods of analysis, economic and mathematical methods, as well as empirical research methods, such as monitoring and comparison.Results: Informative reasons for population migration were received, mechanisms for state regulation of migration were established showing some aspects of the analysis of the migration policy of the main centers of labor attraction.Scope of application of the results: it is advisable to apply the results in public administration bodies when developing migration policies and mechanisms for its implementation, researchers of migration processes for the development of scientific discussion. ; Международная миграция населения существует не одно столетие, активизировал ее процесс глобализации. Разделяют внеэкономические причины международной миграции (причины, связанные с войнами, политическими и религиозными преследованиями, стремлением освоить новые пространства, желанием воссоединения семей, стихийными бедствиями) и экономические проблемы (поиски новой работы при отсутствии возможности трудоустроиться в собственной стране, поиски более оплачиваемой или творческой работы, более высокое качество жизни). В последнее время главным основанием миграции являются именно экономические причины, исходя из которых выделены популярные миграционные коридоры и ведущие направления миграции трудовых кадров. Проанализированы основные центры притяжения миграции, а именно – Соединённые Штаты Америки, Федеративная Республика Германии и Российская Федерация. Отмечено, что средства и методы реализации государственной миграционной политики изменяются в зависимости от конкретной ситуации на рынке труда. Так, в условиях дефицита трудовых ресурсов в некоторых европейских странах, например, Германии, используются методы стимулирования иммиграции. Когда же возникает потребность снижения уровня иммиграции, как в случае США, государственное регулирование устанавливает барьеры новому притоку иностранных рабочих. Выявлено, что динамика миграционных процессов прежде всего обусловлена социальными явлениями. Неблагоприятные внешние условия: ухудшение экономической, экологической или политической ситуации в стране проживания становятся важными факторами, обуславливающими готовность потенциальных переселенцев к вынужденной миграции. Однако мигрантам свойственны различные социально-экономические характеристики, и поэтому они выбирают ту страну для миграции, которая им будет ближе по социально-психологическим особенностям.Цель – изучение зарубежного опыта государственного регулирования миграционных процессов и определение основных центров притяжения рабочей силы путем анализа иммиграционной политики развитых стран мира.Метод или методология проведения работы: в статье использовались статистические методы анализа, экономико-математические методы, а также методы эмпирического исследования, такие как наблюдение и сравнение.Результаты: получены информативные причины миграции населения, установлены механизмы государственной регуляции миграции показывающие некоторые аспекты проведения анализа миграционной политики основных центров притяжения рабочей силы.Область применения результатов: полученные результаты целесообразно применять органам государственного управления при разработке миграционной политики и механизмов ее реализации, исследователям миграционных процессов для развития научной дискуссии.
Migration studies and questions from an importance position for ethnosociological space of studying of migration problems in Russia and the related problems of ethnosociology as identity, ethnicity, conflict, and ethnic structure are considered. The attention is paid to a problem of ethnicity and approaches to its interpretation. Special attention is paid to the aspect of ethnic migration as a phenomenon as well as from the point of view of approaches. A number of problem areas in the study of ethnic migration such as: a generational problem, adaptation strategies in the urban environment (based on the examples of particular research), political measurement of migration, discriminatory social practices, formation of social networks of migrant communities are considered in the article. ; Рассматриваются миграционные исследования и вопросы с позиции значимости для этносоциологического пространства изучения миграционных проблем в России и связанных с ними проблем этносоциологии, таких как идентичность, этничность, конфликт, этническая структура. Обращается внимание на проблему этничности и подходы к ее интерпретации. Особое внимание уделяется этнической миграции как явлению, а также подходам к ее изучению. В статье рассматривается ряд проблемных областей в изучении этнической миграции: поколенческая проблема, стратегии адаптации в городской среде (на примерах конкретных исследований), политическое измерение миграции, дискриминационные социальные практики, формирование социальных сетей мигрантских сообществ.
The article examines the ethnic aspects of population migration in rural Bashkiria. The study area, i. e. Fedorovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan, is distinguished by a high ethno-cultural diversity of the population with six large ethnic groups living there, namely Tatars, Russians, Bashkirs, Chuvashes, Mordvins and Ukrainians. The methods of research are the analysis of municipal statistics and household books of rural settlements, the study of "genealogical trees", the questioning of people and the autobiographical interviews. Different data sources were used to analyze the dynamics of rural migration at the level of rural settlements of the Fedorovsky district in the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet periods. It was found that the migration behavior of population depends on the ethnic structure of rural settlements and their geographical location. The ethnic groups represented in the Fedorovsky district are at different stages of U. Zelinsky migration model, which is reflected in the current migration situation in rural settlements. Collected statistical data allowed selective presentation of the post-Soviet structure of the intraregional geography of rural migration of the population of some settlements in the context of the cities close to the Fedorovsky district, i. e. Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Ishimbai and Meleuz. The final part of the article interprets the results of questioning to describe the mechanism of making a decision on educational migration for residents of three rural settlements with different ethnic structure of population, i. e. Mordovian Kuzminovka, Tatar Deniskino and Chuvash Kiryushino.
The existence interrelationship between migration and criminality is one of the controversial issues, rising in the discussion of migration processes. The authors propose to consider immigration criminality as a mass social, legal, socially dangerous phenomenon, consisting of the totality of crimes, committed by migrants in various spheres of life of the region, ensure personal and public safety of its population, public order. The risks of migration criminality in the modern Russian metropolis, as well as their perception and evaluation of representatives of society are the basis of appearance of social tension and can increase the level of conflict between local people and newcomers. Certain causes and conditions specific criminal activities, laying on the social, economic factors of migration exert a criminogenic influence on migrants. At the risk of the migration criminality the authors in their study propose to distinguish the extent possible danger caused by migration processes, directly affecting the stability and well-being crime, living in a certain area of people.The article also presents the main results of author's sociological research of the risks of migration criminality, which are based on studies of subjective evaluations of residents of the Moscow megapolis and experts, representing 4 groups of experts: heads of departments of the Moscow government, representatives of public organizations, law enforcement agencies and the media. The risks of migration criminality have identified and described in the study. The performed analysis has allowed us to formulate the basic suggestions for minimizing the risks of migration criminality. These proposals require special attention and further scientific reflection with further improvement of the migration policy of Moscow. ; Существование взаимосвязи между миграцией и преступностью – одна из острых тем, поднимающихся при обсуждении миграционных процессов. Авторы предлагают рассматривать миграционную преступность как массовое социально-правовое, общественно опасное явление, состоящее из совокупности преступлений, совершаемых мигрантами в различных сферах жизнедеятельности региона, обеспечения личной и общественной безопасности его населения, общественного порядка. Присутствие рисков миграционной преступности в современном российском мегаполисе, а также их восприятие и оценка представителями общества лежат в основе появления социальной напряженности и могут повышать уровень конфликтности между местным населением и приезжими. Определенные причины и условия конкретной преступной деятельности, закладываясь на социальные, экономические факторы миграции, оказывают криминогенное влияние на мигрантов. Под риском миграционной преступности авторы предлагают различать меру возможной опасности, вызванной миграционными процессами, влияющими непосредственно на стабильность и криминогенное благополучие, проживающих на определенной территории людей.Также в статье представлены основные результаты авторского социологического исследования рисков миграционной преступности, которые базируются на изучении субъективных оценок жителей московского мегаполиса и экспертов, представляющих 4 группы экспертов: руководителей департаментов правительства Москвы, представителей общественных организаций, правоохранительных органов и средств массовой информации. В ходе исследования выявлены и описаны риски миграционной преступности. Проведенный анализ позволил сформулировать основные предложения по минимизации рисков миграционной преступности. Данные предложения требуют особого внимания и дальнейшей научной рефлексии при дальнейшем совершенствовании миграционной политики Москвы.
About 1 million migrants currently reside in Poland, and mainly they are workers from Ukraine. Restrictions on crossing the borders of the Republic of Poland in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic and the prospect of economic recession have become motivating factors for Ukrainian workers to leave the Polish labor market. Restrictions of trade and services in many Polish enterprises forced the reduction of their staff in fear of bankruptcy. Entrepreneurs who dismissed their employees without waiting for government support in the form of the "anti-crisis shield" most often focused on people with the lowest seniority, who are not on employment contracts, and those coming from national minorities. The analysis of the migration of Ukrainian workers in Poland during the COVID- 19 outbreak will allow us to assess the scale of this migration and attempt to answer the question whether Polish entrepreneurs act in the spirit of national patriotism or racism. The study aims to analyze the response of public services and institutions as a result of migration caused by the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Migration and compilations related to crossing the state border have revealed the poor preparation of border services for such a large scale of migration. There has also been an increase in the number of cases of national racism in the society.
The paper studies migration intentions of inhabitants of Omsk oblast under strengthening outflow of the indigenous population including the youth. The authors look at the inhabitants' migration from the perspective of the regional labour market and employment. The article presents the results of the assessment of migration intentions of Omsk oblast's population in terms of the varying degree of their formation, lists the reasons behind the change of residence, reveals chances of employment in the native region, and examines the interrelation between the migration intentions and the situation in the labour market. As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that the region's residents, particularly, its young members, have formed intentions to leave the region, which are related to the subjective negative perception of the state of the labour market, when the region as a place of residence is associated with low wages, limited opportunities to find attractive jobs, build a career, etc.
The article provides an overview of the key stages in the formation and development of the legal policy of the Kyrgyz Republic in the field of external migration, generalizes new materials on the subject under discussion paying special attention to the acuteness of migration problems and urgent need for creation of a reliable system of state and legal regulation of migration processes. Based on the analysis of the demographic situation and statistical data, conclusions were made on the need to forecast and revise the employment policy and labour migration, further development of the organizational and legal regulation of external migration in the Kyrgyz Republic.
The article analyzes the migration situation in Russia and the relevant results in accordance with the Concept of state migration policy of the Russian Federation for the period till 2025. Successful work of the Federal Migration Service is shown. However, Presidential Decree No. 156 of 5 April 2016 "On the improvement of public administration in the sphere of control over the circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors and in the sphere of migration" the Federal Migration Service was abolished, and its functions were fully transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The author notes that for an absolute community of experts and specialists in the field of population migration, this decision was an unexpected. The author analyzes the situation of institution support for the state migration policy and prospects for further development. Particular attention is paid to the process of establishing institutional support for the state migration policy of Russia. ; В статье дан анализ миграционной ситуации в России и результатов выполнения первого этапа Концепции государственной миграционной политики Российской Федерации на период до 2025 г. Отмечается успешная работа за последние годы Федеральной миграционной службы. Однако, Указом Президента Российской Федерации от 5 апреля 2016 г. № 156 «О совершенствовании государственного управления в сфере контроля за оборотом наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров и в сфере миграции» Федеральная миграционная служба была упразднена, а её функции в полном объёме переданы в МВД России. Автор отмечает, что для абсолютного большинства экспертов и специалистов в сфере миграции населения, это решение было неожиданным и анализирует положение дел в части институционного обеспечения государственной миграционной политики и прогнозирует последствия такой реорганизации федеральных органов исполнительной власти в части управления миграционными процессами. Особое внимание уделяется этапам становления институционального обеспечения государственной миграционной политики России.
