The purpose of this paper is to show the relationship between co-development projects with transnational interests and the governance of migration by the Spanish and Ecuadorian governments. On one hand, the emergence of co-development is linked with the political dimension of migration, and therefore, with the challenges that its management poses for both the sending and receiving states. Simultaneously, the state exists in a context of the reconfiguration of its traditional functions, and above all, the manner in which it goes about performing them. For these reasons, co-development projects form part of state governance strategies, based on a special understanding of the nexus between migration and development in European social space, involving international organizations, state governments, and civil society, linked by migratory flows. This is demonstrated in the case of Ecuador and Spain. Since Spain stimulated co-development, the implementation of projects with Ecuador has been emphasized, due to the dimensions achieved by Ecuadorian migration. Co-development politics and projects are analyzed in this paper as areas of intervention integrated by values, guide lines and cultural understandings about migration, including appropriate forms of control and management.
Nuevamente, reaparece la noción de "migraciones circulares" como procedimiento de racionalización de las migraciones con motivación laboral. Es un concepto que produce tanto reacciones adversas como favorables entre los investigadores. Como tantos propuestas, sus virtudes y defectos dependerán más de cómo se concrete su reglamentación y aplicación práctica que de sus contenidos y potencialidades. Una parte sustantiva de las migraciones corresponde con motivaciones socioeconómicas, asociadas a la movilidad laboral. Para este tipo de migración, la ruptura con los elementos culturales, de vida cotidiana, y con las redes sociales de su país de origen son consecuencias no deseadas de la movilidad. La contribución más visible de su esfuerzo, en las sociedades de origen, son las remesas económicas. Las migraciones circulares proponen que la movilidad incorpore la noción de regreso. Es decir, que la migración suponga un momento de su ciclo vital, donde la restitución al entorno social de origen pueda ser una realidad. Incluyendo las ventajas para una nueva migración posterior. Las consecuencias de esta reestructuración en el horizonte vital de los migrados son importantes. Permite reintegrar a las sociedades de origen capital humano formado y cualificado, con las consecuencias positivas para el desarrollo social y económico en estas sociedades. Mantiene la calidad de vida afectiva y emocional en los migrantes y su entorno familiar. Intensifica la relación entre las dos sociedades y simplifica los problemas que supone la convivencia entre sistemas culturales o religiosos contradictorios. Especialmente referidos a la libertad e igualdad. Son múltiples los ejemplos referidos a la violencia de género, sobre niños, etc., inaceptables en los estados sociales de derecho democráticos que predominan en las sociedades occidentales. Ciertamente el ámbito de aplicación óptimo lo define la migración económica. Este enfoque migratorio excluye otro tipo de migración especialmente importante: la no económica, donde la migración viene motivada por buscar nuevos horizontes vitales, explorar estilos de vida alternativos, persecución política, etc. ; Again, the notion of "circular migration" as a process of rationalization of migrations with job motivation is reappearing. It is a concept that produces both favourable and adverse reactions among researchers. Like so many proposals, their strengths and weaknesses depend more on how is realized its regulation and its practical application than on their content and potential. A substantial part of migration corresponds to socio-economic reasons, associated with job mobility. For this type of migration, the break with the cultural elements of everyday life and the social networks from their home country are unintended consequences of mobility. The most visible contribution of their efforts in the countries of origin is the economic remittances. Circular migration suggests that mobility incorporates the notion of return. In other words, that migration involves a moment of their life cycle, where the return to their social environment of origin can become a reality, including benefits for a new migration later. The consequences of this restructuring on the horizon of life of the migrants are important. It allows reintegrate skilled human capital to the societies of origin, with positive consequences for social and economic development in these societies. It maintains the quality of emotional life for the migrants and their families. It intensifies the relationship between the societies and simplifies the problems of coexistence of contradictory religious or cultural systems, with particular reference to freedom and equality. There are numerous examples relating to gender violence, children, etc, that are unacceptable in the democratic Western societies. Certainly the optimal scope is defined by economic migration. This migratory approach excludes other types of migration especially important: the Non-economic migration, with other motivations as for example to look for new horizons of life, exploring alternative lifestyles, political persecution, and so on.
Eduardo Lorier, Uruguayan politician, reflects in this article on Latin-American migration, from his country in particular, to the developed countries. He separates in a unique manner documented migration from the other kind, consisting of people who arrive looking for means of survival which cannot be found in their countries of origin. The topic is relevant in the face of US policy as well as that of the European Union which seeks to expel millions of undocumented immigrants, such as the "Directive of Return", approved by the European Parliament last June. ; Eduardo Lorier, político uruguayo, reflexiona en este artículo sobre la migración latinoamericana, y de su país en particular, a los países desarrollados. Y deslinda la manera tan distinta en que es tratada la inmigración calificada y aquella otra que llega en busca de la supervivencia que no puede encontrar en sus países de origen. El tema cobra relevancia ante las medidas que se han tomado recientemente en Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea para expulsar a millones de inmigrantes sin papeles, como la "Directiva de Retorno", aprobada por el Parlamento europeo en junio pasado.
Numerous pregnant Venezuelan women have fled Venezuela, given the health system crisis that has increased risk to their lives and their children. Thousands of them have arrived in Colombia in search of reproductive health care. Notwithstanding Colombia's government efforts to provide some relief measures to the massive influx of Venezuelan migrants, pregnant women are not receiving the prenatal and postnatal care they need. One of the primary barriers to health care access is their immigration status and the health system structure regarding migrants. Therefore, this paper studies Colombia's international human rights obligations concerning their immigration status and the right to reproductive health to conclude that government measures have been insufficient to meet these obligations.
In this article we suggest to interpret migration as a geopolitical factor, a factor which is not always subject to governmental decisions. We conduct a review of the literature on the geopolitics of migration, focusing on migration control, identifying its limits and possibilities. We then present the Autonomy of Migration approach as a way to complement or challenge certain assumptions of the geopolitics of migration literature, such as the analytical primacy of state actions in the migratory field. Using the work of Yann Moulier Boutang, we propose paying attention to the capacity of migratory movement to intervene in the transformation of economic, political, cultural and legal structures. This focus on migrations as a geopolitical factor can guide future research and enrich our understanding of how borders are transforming and of geopolitics itself. ; En este artículo sugerimos interpretar la migración como factor geopolítico, un factor que no esta siempre sujeto a las decisiones estatales. Realizamos una revisión de la literatura sobre la geopolítica de las migraciones, sobre todo centrado en el control migratorio, identificando sus limites y potencialidades. Después, presentamos la Autonomía de las Migraciones como una manera de complementar o retar conceptos asumidos dentro la literatura de la geopolítica de las migraciones como la primacía analítica de las actuaciones de los estados en materia migratoria. En base al trabajo de Yann Moulier Boutang, proponemos prestar atención a la capacidad propia de los movimientos migratorios para intervenir en transformaciones estructurales de tipo económico, político, cultural y legal. Este enfoque en las migraciones como factor geopolítico puede guiar futuras investigaciones y enriquecer nuestra comprensión de las transformaciones en las fronteras y de la geopolítica misma.
Climate change has become a major concern for theinternational community. Among its consequences, its impact onmigration is the object of increasing attention from both policymakersand researchers. Yet, knowledge in this fi eld remains limitedand fragmented. This paper therefore provides an overview of theclimate change – migration nexus: on the basis of available empiricalfi ndings, it investigates the key issues at stake, including the social andpolitical context in which the topic emerged; states' policy responsesand the views of different institutional actors; critical perspectiveson the actual relationship between the environment and (forced)migration; the concepts and notions most adequate to address thisrelationship; gender and human rights implications; as well asinternational law and policy orientations. Two major interconnectedarguments arise. The fi rst regards the weight of environmental andclimatic factors in migration and their relationship to other pushor pull factors, whether of social, political or economic nature. Thesecond is about the political framework in which such migrationfl ows should take place and the manner in which to treat the peoplewho move in connection with environmental factors. The two issuesare deeply intertwined, as the extent to which the environmentdetermines migration is intimately connected to the status to beassociated with the people concerned. ; El cambio climático se ha convertido en una preocupación fundamental para la comunidad internacional. Entre otras consecuencias, su influencia en la migración es objeto de una creciente atención tanto de los encargados de formular políticas como de los investigadores. Sin embargo, el conocimiento en este campo es aún limitado y fragmentario. Por ello en el siguiente estudio sepresenta un panorama general del nexo entre cambio climático y migración. Sobre la base de las conclusiones empíricas disponibles, en él se estudian los aspectos clave de la cuestión, comprendido el contexto político y social en que surgió el tema; las respuestas de políticas de los Estados y los pareceres de los diferentes actores institucionales;las perspectivas críticas sobre la relación efectiva entre el medio ambiente y la migración (forzada); los conceptos y nociones más adecuados para tratar esta relación; las implicaciones encuanto a los derechos humanos y al género; así como el derecho internacional y las orientaciones de las políticas. Surgen aquí dos debates relacionados entre sí: el primero atañe al peso de los factores ambientales y climáticos en la migración y su relación con otrosfactores que pueden estimular la migración o desalentarla, ya sean de naturaleza social, política o económica. El segundo se refiere al marco normativo en el que debería darse tal fl ujo de migración y elmodo en que se debe tratar a las personas que se trasladan debidoa factores ambientales. Ambos asuntos están íntimamente entrelazados;en efecto, la medida en que el medio ambiente determinala migración está estrechamente vinculada a la manera en que se considera a la población afectada.
The growing role of labor migrationis one of the most notabletrendsininternational migrationflows.Thismigration has become an important factor ineconomic development and a source of the increasing interdependence of countries and regions intoday'sglobalizedworld. It impactsmigrants' country of origin as well as the destination country, chiefly affecting human capital in both groups of nations.This article systematizesthe positive and negative effects of labor migration focusing on humancapitalwhile suggesting asystem of indicators characterizing such effects.Special attention is paid to the analysis of policies related to suchmigration. This study explains how countries of origin and destination must carry outeffective and fair managementof labor migrationto make the most of itsbenefits at an international level.
Immigration and asylum are key political issues in Britain and the European Union. Yet the policies of states and supranational bodies seem to have had little success in preventing unwanted flows and effectively managing immigration and integration. This article examines three types of reasons for policy failure: factors arising from the social dynamics of the migratory process; factors linked to globalization and the North-South divide; and factors arising within political systems. Key issues include the role of migrant agency, the way the North-South divide encourages flows, and hidden agendas in national policies. EU efforts to address the root causes of migration in countries of origin are discussed. The article concludes that migration policies might be more successful if they were explicitly linked to long-term political agendas concerned with trade, development and conflict prevention. Reducing North-South inequality is the real key to effective migration management. ; Tanto en Gran Bretaña como en toda la Unión Europea la inmigración y el asilo son asuntos claves en política. Sin embargo, parece que las políticas de los estados y los órganos supranacionales no han conseguido evitar los flujos no deseados ni gestionar con eficacia la inmigración y su integración. Este artículo analiza tres tipos de razones que justifican el fracaso de estas políticas: factores que derivan de la dinámica social del proceso migratorio; factores relacionados con la globalización y la división Norte-Sur; y factores que surgen dentro de los sistemas políticos. Entre los temas principales se encuentran el papel de la acción del inmigrante, la forma en que la división Norte-Sur favorece estos flujos migratorios y los programas ocultos en las políticas nacionales. También se comentan los esfuerzos de la UE para tratar las causas fundamentales de la migración en los países de origen. El artículo concluye que las políticas migratorias podrían ser más eficaces si estuvieran relacionadas de forma explícita con los programas políticos a largo plazo centrados en el comercio, el desarrollo y la prevención de conflictos. La auténtica clave para conseguir una gestión de la migración eficaz es reducir las diferencias Norte-Sur.
Migration has been always present in Honduran society, whilst having changes in its trends, which can be historically delimited since the age of discovery and conquest, passing through the times of the Republic and into the mining and banana enclave as immigration, and later became emigration starting from the search of opportunities by Garifuna and Mestizo population connected to the enclave economy, headed to the east coast ports of the United States of America. In time, migration even became the highest in the region, while the country started transforming into an attractive place to immigrate in the seventies to the people of El Salvador who searched lands and jobs, and equally during the seventies and eighties due to the armed conflicts between Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, as a refugee. Finally, the current migratory trend in Honduras is emigration, which was generated during the nineties with the introduction of neoliberal politics which depressed several economic sectors, such as agriculture, and generate a large mass of young people without employment or freelancers very inclined to find new opportunities in more developed areas of the country yet mostly overseas, like in the United States of America. Moreover the devastation caused by natural disasters (Hurricane Mitch) further caused that from that moment emigration was entrenched in Honduran population reaching important dimensions, destinations are diversified and a wave of remittance is produced, introducing the country into the global ranking of higher proportions with respect to the Gross National Product. ; La migración siempre ha estado presente en la sociedad hondureña, teniendo cambios en sus tendencias, que pueden delimitarse históricamente. Con el tiempo esta emigración llevó incluso a alcanzar el primer lugar de la región, simultáneamente el país se fue transformando en atractivo para inmigrar en los años sesenta por la población salvadoreña en la búsqueda de tierras y trabajo y en los años setenta y ochenta por los conflictos armados de El Guatemala, El Salvador y Nicaragua, más que todo como refugio. Finalmente la tendencia migratoria actual hondureña es la emigración, misma que se genera en los años noventa con la implementación de las políticas neoliberales que deprimen algunos sectores económicos, entre ellos el agrícola y generan una gran masa de jóvenes sin empleo o cuentapropistas muy proclives a la búsqueda de oportunidades en las regiones más desarrolladas del país y en gran medida en el exterior, principalmente en los Estados Unidos de América, a esto se suma el azote de los desastres naturales (Mitch) que como evento histórico visibiliza la emigración y a partir de ese momento se entroniza en la población hondureña alcanzado dimensiones de importancia, ya diversifica sus destinos y produce un flujo de remesas que introduce al país en el top mundial de proporciones más altas con respecto al Producto Interno Bruto.
Para abordar el tema de las migraciones internacionales en Venezuela se asume como premisa de trabajo, que la crítica situación social y económica de Venezuela, agudizada desde la segunda década del siglo XXI, así como la incertidumbre surgida por la crisis política nacional, han influido en el incremento de la emigración observada desde la última década del siglo XX, lo que está generando algunas variaciones en el patrón demográfico, que tiende a modificar su tradicional condición de país promotor y receptor de inmigrantes. En ese proceso se han identificado dos movimientos migratorios; el primero es un progresivo y continuo éxodo poblacional entre los años 2000-2015 y el segundo se caracteriza por una abrupta movilización entre 2015 y 2016 que incorpora en sus destinos prioritarios a los territorios fronterizos de Brasil y Colombia. En este artículo se reseña y analiza a grandes rasgos, los aspectos significativos que han caracterizado a Venezuela como promotor y receptor de inmigrantes del exterior, para después abordar algunas variables que evidencian su tendencia emigratoria. In order to address the issue of international migration in Venezuela, it is assumed the critical socio-economic situation in Venezuela, intensified since the second decade of the 21st century, as well as the uncertainty arising from the national political crisis. The increase of emigration observed since the last decade of the twentieth century, is generating some variations in the demographic pattern, which tends to modify its traditional status as a promoter and recipient country of immigrants. In this process two migratory movements have been identified; first the progressive and continuous population exodus between the years 2000-2015 and the abrupt mobilization between 2015/2016, that incorporates in its priority destinations the borders of Brazil and Colombia. In this article, is outlined and broadly analyzed the significant aspects that have characterized Venezuela as a promoter and recipient of immigrants from abroad, with the ...
Since the launch of the Barcelona Process in 1995 and later the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, economic relationship between the European Union (EU) and Southern Mediterranean has grown tremendously. Trade volume, in terms of absolute value, between the EU and Southern Mediterranean has grown to an unprecedented height. Although the value has increased, foreign direct investment (FDI) from the EU to Southern Mediterranean remains low. South-to-North migration has also undoubtedly increased given the fact that it has become one of the priority concerns of the EU. Development has taken place through these economic exchanges. However, economic development growth rate remains considerably low compared to that of Latin America and Southeast Asia. This paper discusses about the economic development dynamic of Southern Mediterranean in comparison with that of Latin America and Southeast Asia through economic indicators, economic openness and trade, FDI and migration flows and structures. It also discusses about the challenges faced by Southern Mediterranean and how the economic crisis in the EU may affect their economic relationship
Since the launch of the Barcelona Process in 1995 and later the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, economic relationship between the European Union (EU) and Southern Mediterranean has grown tremendously. Trade volume, in terms of absolute value, between the EU and Southern Mediterranean has grown to an unprecedented height. Although the value has increased, foreign direct investment (FDI) from the EU to Southern Mediterranean remains low. South-to-North migration has also undoubtedly increased given the fact that it has become one of the priority concerns of the EU. Development has taken place through these economic exchanges. However, economic development growth rate remains considerably low compared to that of Latin America and Southeast Asia. This paper discusses about the economic development dynamic of Southern Mediterranean in comparison with that of Latin America and Southeast Asia through economic indicators, economic openness and trade, FDI and migration flows and structures. It also discusses about the challenges faced by Southern Mediterranean and how the economic crisis in the EU may affect their economic relationship. ; Since the launch of the Barcelona Process in 1995 and later the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, economic relationship between the European Union (EU) and Southern Mediterranean has grown tremendously. Trade volume, in terms of absolute value, between the EU and Southern Mediterranean has grown to an unprecedented height. Although the value has increased, foreign direct investment (FDI) from the EU to Southern Mediterranean remains low. South-to-North migration has also undoubtedly increased given the fact that it has become one of the priority concerns of the EU. Development has taken place through these economic exchanges. However, economic development growth rate remains considerably low compared to that of Latin America and Southeast Asia. This paper discusses about the economic development dynamic of Southern Mediterranean in comparison with that of Latin America and Southeast Asia through economic indicators, economic openness and trade, FDI and migration flows and structures. It also discusses about the challenges faced by Southern Mediterranean and how the economic crisis in the EU may affect their economic relationship.
El artículo describe el impacto de la actual crisis económica en el mercado de trabajo, centrándose en el desempleo de trabajadores inmigrantes y autóctonos. Se analiza la distribución del desempleo entre trabajadores nativos e inmigrantes mediante variables sociodemográficas. Se sostiene que la crisis ha producido una nueva segmentación del mercado de trabajo.
