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An examination of the evolution of democracy in Ghana and Tanzania, following long periods of single-party and military rule, and looks at the current and potential obstacles to democratic development. After discussing the nature of democracy, the author goes on to consider the conditions which have made the emergence of multi-party politics possible in Ghana and Tanzania. The book looks at the balance of forces between governments and campaigners for pluralist democracy, and at the outcomes that emerged

Machine generated contents note: -- Contents 1. Introductory Notes; Alf Lüdtke 2. Ordinary People, Self-Energising, and Room for Manoeuvering: Examples from 20th Century European Dictatorships; Alf Lüdtke 3. The Third Reich: Police State or Self-Policing Society?; Peter Lambert 4. Self-Reassurance in Troubled Times: German Diaries During the Upheavals of 1933; Michael Wildt 5. Collaboration, Complicity, and Evasion Under Italian Fascism; Paul Corner 6. Stalinism 'From Below'?: Soviet State, Society, and the Great Terror; Kevin McDermott 7. The Politics of National Language and Wartime Mobilisation of Everyday Life in Late Colonial Korea, 1937-1945; Kyu Hyun Kim 8. Industrial Warriors: Labour Heroes and Everyday Life in Wartime Colonial Korea, 1937-1945; Michael Kim 9. Consumption and Consumerism in the German Democratic Republic; Harald Dehne 10. North Korea and the Education of Desire: Totalitarianism, Everyday Life, and the Making of Post-Colonial Subjectivity; Charles K. Armstrong 11. Comrade Min, Women's Paid Labour, and the Centralising Party-State: Postwar Reconstruction in North Korea; Andre Schmid 12. Between Autonomy and Productivity: the Everyday Lives of Korean Women Workers During the Park Chung-hee Era; Won Kim 13. Conscription, Collaboration, and Self-Cutting in Rural Senegal During and After World War II; Dennis Galvan 14. The Convention People's Party (CPP) in Ghana, late 1950s to the 1970s: Mobilisation for Transformation; Richard Rathbone

"During the 1970s left-wing youth militancy in Greece intensified, especially after the collapse of the military dictatorship in 1974. This book is the first study of the impact of that political activism on the leisure pursuits and sexual behavior of Greek youth, analyzing the cultural politics of left-wing organizations alongside the actual practices of their members. Through an examination of Maoists, socialists, Eurocommunists, and pro-Soviet groups, it demonstrates that left-wing youth in Greece collaborated closely with comrades from both Western and Eastern European countries in developing their political stances. Moreover, young left-wingers in Greece appropriated American cultural products while simultaneously modeling some of their leisure and sexual practices on Soviet society. Still, despite being heavily influenced by cultures outside Greece, left-wing youth played a major role in the re-invention of a Greek 'popular tradition.' Finally, the book critically interrogates the notion of 'sexual revolution' by shedding light on the contradictory sexual transformations in Greece to which young left-wingers contributed"--Provided by publisher

The aim of this study is to discover the role played by regimes of exception (RoEs) in contemporary Bolivian politics. RoEs have been seldom studied by political scientists, despite constituting a key legacy of authoritarian regimes that have survived the transitions to democracy in Latin America. Focusing on the case of Bolivia, the research is based on relevant laws as well as 65 presidential decrees, which are analyzed with the method of content analysis. As a result of the analysis, we show that in Bolivia both the legal framework and political use of RoEs have moved on from a purely repressive mechanism to a more administrative one. The study has important implications for how RoEs are conceptualized from a theoretical point of view as well as for our understanding of the nature of emergency politics in fragile democracies in recent years. -- Bolivia ; democracy ; regimes of exception ; presidents ; decrees ; content analysis

It is widely believed that autocratic regimes cannot limit their power through institutions of their own making. This book presents a surprising challenge to this view. It demonstrates that the Chilean armed forces were constrained by institutions of their own design. Based on extensive documentation of military decision-making, much of it long classified and unavailable, this book reconstructs the politics of institutions within the recent Chilean dictatorship (1973–1990). It examines the structuring of institutions at the apex of the military junta, the relationship of military rule with the prior constitution, the intra-military conflicts that led to the promulgation of the 1980 constitution, the logic of institutions contained in the new constitution, and how the constitution constrained the military junta after it went into force in 1981. This provocative account reveals the standard account of the dictatorship as a personalist regime with power concentrated in Pinochet to be grossly inaccurate

Cover -- Contents -- List of Illustrative Material -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction: Democracy, Non-democracy, and the Varieties of Political Competition -- The Importance of Electoral Competition -- Political Regimes and State Capacity -- The Dimensions of Non-Democratic Politics -- Social Control and Personal Power in Non-Democratic Regimes -- Authoritarian Institutions -- Problems and Outcomes of Non-Democratic Rule -- Regime Change, Revolution, and Democratization -- Conclusion -- 2 The Changing Face of Non-Democratic Rule -- Will the Real Democracies Please Stand Up? -- Democracy, Dictatorship, and the Legitimation of Political Authority -- A Very Short History of Republican Institutions -- Waves of Democracy and Non-Democracy -- Conclusion -- 3 The Struggle over Social Control: Totalitarian and Authoritarian Rule -- Totalitarianism -- Authoritarianism -- Conclusion -- 4 Personal Rule -- Personal Rule vs. Institutionally Constrained Rule -- The Personalization of Power -- Power-Sharing and Leader Exit in Non-democracies -- Personal Power and the Structure of the Ruling Elite -- Personal Dictatorships and Patrimonial Regimes -- The Personnel Management Techniques of the Personal Ruler -- Conclusion -- 5 Parties -- The Diversity of Parties and Party Rule -- Parties as Devices for Elite Cohesion -- Varieties of Electoral Experience -- Conclusion -- 6 Armies -- The Coup -- The Fragility of Military Rule -- Conclusion -- 7 Dynastic Families -- The Decline of Monarchy -- Lynchpin vs. Dynastic Monarchies -- Dynastic Monarchies as Family Firms -- Conclusion -- 8 Problems of Non-Democratic Consolidation and Control -- The People's Lies -- The Regime's Lies -- Fear, Love, and Rituals of Power -- Conclusion -- 9 Benevolent Authoritarianism -- Democracy, Authoritarianism, and Economic Development -- Democracy, Authoritarianism, and Violence.

"In Postcolonial Configurations Josen Masangkay Diaz examines the making of Filipino America through the dynamics of dictatorship, coloniality, and subjectivity. Diaz explores how the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship and US policies during the Cold War that supported the regime defined the relationship between "Filipino" and "America" in ways that influenced the creation of a gendered and racialized Filipino American subject. By analyzing Philippine-US state programs for military operations, labor and immigration reform, and development and modernization plans, she shows how anticommunist liberalism and authoritarianism shaped the visibility and recognition of new forms of Filipino subjectivity. Tracing the rise of various social formations that emerged under the Marcos regime and US programs for liberal reform, from transnational Filipino and US culture and the immigrant returnee to the New Filipina woman and the humanitarian English teacher, Diaz positions literature, film, periodicals, and other cultural texts against official state records in ways that reconceptualize the meanings of Filipino America in the Cold War"--

"In cultural history, the 1950s in Venezuela are commonly celebrated as a golden age of modernity, realized by a booming oil economy, dazzling modernist architecture, and nationwide modernization projects. But this is only half the story. In this path-breaking study, Lisa Blackmore reframes the concept of modernity as a complex cultural formation in which modern aesthetics became deeply entangled with authoritarian politics. Drawing on extensive archival research and presenting a wealth of previously unpublished visual materials, Blackmore revisits the decade-long dictatorship to unearth the spectacles of progress that offset repression and censorship. Analyses of a wide range of case studies--from housing projects to agricultural colonies, urban monuments to official exhibitions, and carnival processions to consumerculture--reveal the manifold apparatuses that mythologized visionary leadership, advocated technocratic development, and presented military rule as the only route to progress. Offering a sharp corrective to depoliticized accounts of the period, Spectacular Modernity instead exposes how Venezuelans were promised a radically transformed landscape in exchange for their democratic freedoms"--

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction: Pakistan's Political Parties in an Era of Transition -- Part I: The Form of Pakistan's Party System -- 1 The Formation, Development, and Decay of the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz -- 2 Pakistan People's Party: From Populism to Patronage -- 3 Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf: From a Movement to a Catch-All Party -- 4 What Remains of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement -- 5 Leftist Parties in Pakistan: Challenges and Limitations -- 6 Religious Parties: The Politics of Denominational Diversity in an Islamic Republic -- Part II: The Functions Served by Pakistan's Party System -- 7 Who Do Politicians Talk To? Political Contact in Urban Punjab -- 8 Candidate-Party Linkages in Pakistan: Why Do Candidates Stick with Losing Parties? -- 9 Women in Electoral Politics: An Account of Exclusion -- 10 Governance Amid Crisis: Delegation, Personal Gain, and Service Delivery in Pakistan -- 11 Opposition Parties and Regime Uncertainty in Pakistan -- Part III: The Survival of Pakistan's Party System -- 12 The Kingmaker: Pakistan's Military and Political Parties -- 13 Judicial Politics in a Hybrid Democracy: Pakistan's Judiciary and Political Parties -- 14 Parties and Foreign Policy in Pakistan -- Conclusion: Political Parties in an "Establishmentarian Democracy" -- Appendix: Pakistan Electoral Results, 1988-2018 -- References -- About the Contributors -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Why the world's most resilient dictatorships are products of violent revolutionRevolution and Dictatorship explores why dictatorships born of social revolution—such as those in China, Cuba, Iran, the Soviet Union, and Vietnam—are extraordinarily durable, even in the face of economic crisis, large-scale policy failure, mass discontent, and intense external pressure. Few other modern autocracies have survived in the face of such extreme challenges. Drawing on comparative historical analysis, Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way argue that radical efforts to transform the social and geopolitical order trigger intense counterrevolutionary conflict, which initially threatens regime survival, but ultimately fosters the unity and state-building that supports authoritarianism.Although most revolutionary governments begin weak, they challenge powerful domestic and foreign actors, often bringing about civil or external wars. These counterrevolutionary wars pose a threat that can destroy new regimes, as in the cases of Afghanistan and Cambodia. Among regimes that survive, however, prolonged conflicts give rise to a cohesive ruling elite and a powerful and loyal coercive apparatus. This leads to the downfall of rival organizations and alternative centers of power, such as armies, churches, monarchies, and landowners, and helps to inoculate revolutionary regimes against elite defection, military coups, and mass protest—three principal sources of authoritarian breakdown.Looking at a range of revolutionary and nonrevolutionary regimes from across the globe, Revolution and Dictatorship shows why governments that emerge from violent conflict endure

Preface : Roberto Burle Marx and the ecological modern -- Constructing culture in Brazil : politics and the public landscape -- Forest narratives ; Brazilian landscapes, April 27, 1967 ; Suggestions for the preservation of national parks, August 1967 ; Forest politics and the destruction of forests, March 25, 1969 ; Forest conservation, February 12, 1971 -- Landscapes of the Baroque interior ; Parks, gardens, and public plazas, May 23, 1968 ; Cultural contribution, November 28, 1968 ; Defense of nature reserves, June 27, 1969 ; Defense of the landscape, August 25, 1969 -- Large parks, statues, and disfigurement ; Statues in gardens, August 29, 1968 ; Sacrificed landscape, January 28, 1969 ; Preservation of landscape conditions, September 17, 1970 ; Landscape complex, July 7, 1973 ; Green spaces, July 11, 1973 -- The scientific park ; Current conditions at the botanical garden, February 7, 1968 ; The botanical garden of Rio de Janeiro, September 27, 1968 ; The botanical garden and woodland nursery, August 26, 1969 ; The botanical garden of Belo Horizonte, May 6, 1970 -- Military gardens ; Garden and ecology : revista brasileira de cultura, July-September 1969 -- Epilogue : the counselor

Intro -- Cover -- Halftitle Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Adjusting the Depth of Field -- The Military's Depth of Field -- The Expanding Field of the Practices of Photography -- The Documentary Matters -- I, the Viewer -- The Matters of This Book -- 1. Persistence of the Portrait -- (De)Constructing the Photographic Portrait -- The Portraits of the Detained-Disappeared: Traces, Icons, and Symbols of the Repression -- The Vicaría and the Composition of the Photographic Corpus of the Desaparecidos -- Touching Photocopies -- 2. Forensic Matter -- On Documents and Forensic Evidence -- The (Photographic) Evidence -- The Lonquén Forum Opens Up -- The Lonquén Photographs Enter the Forum -- Documentary Echoes of Lonquén -- 3. Emergence of a Field -- The Photographic Field: An Emergent Issue -- Punto de Vista (1981-1990) -- Anuarios fotográficos chilenos (1981 and 1982) -- Affordable Photographic Initiatives for Precarious Times -- Ediciones económicas de la fotografia chilena (1983) -- El pan nuestro de cada día (1986) -- There Is (No) History of Chilean Photography -- 4. Photography Off Limits -- The Limits of Photography (in the Artistic Field) -- Protest Photography, Unbound -- Military Censorship and Civil Responses -- 5. Epilogue -- Chile from Within -- Chile desde adentro -- Notes -- Works Cited -- Index -- About the Author -- Reframing Media, Technology, and Culture in Latin/o America.