Suchergebnisse

During the past four years several Middle Eastern countries have experienced governmental changes in which the army took an active part. In Syria and Egypt the army deliberately intervened to overthrow discredited regimes and to depose the heads of state. In Lebanon and Iraq the heads of state, themselves alarmed by an intense struggle among rival political parties, invited the army to intervene in order to maintain order. In Lebanon the army refused to crush the opposition, acting only as a caretaker; in Iraq the army agreed to support authority against disorder and the effect of its intervention cannot yet be foreseen.This control of government by the military is indicative both of serious defects in democratic processes in the Middle East and of the eagerness with which Middle Eastern leaders seek high political office. In Western democratic countries, traditions have developed which tend to keep the army isolated from domestic politics, although military advice has often been sought on foreign policy, and persons whose careers have been in the military service are not infrequently elected, or appointed, to high political positions. This is a quite different matter, however, from the military's choosing to occupy high political office through the weapons of its own profession.

In Latin Amer there are 3 types of country in which the group of professional army officers plays 3 distinct types of pol'al role. Representing the 2 extremes & an approximate mid-point of a spectrum along which the 20 republics of Latin Amer can be placed, these 3 types are: (1) the countries in which the military always plays a pol'al role, often as the agent of despotism; (2) at the other extreme, those democracies which operate so well that the military never, or almost never, plays a pol'al role, & (3) those countries where the military occasionally plays a pol'al role, operating Ply however in silent but effective support of constitutional & democratic principles. The sociol'al & other military & non-military characteristics of the countries comprising each of these 3 types reveal, when analysed, certain definite similarities which offer both clues to the reasons underlying the country's pol'al experience, & suggestions as to possible courses of action to improve that experience. AA-IPSA.