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L'esercito italiano e la conquista della Catalogna (1808-1811) Uno studio di Military Effectiveness nell'Europa napoleonica Settori scientifico-disciplinari SPS/03 – M-STO/02 La ricerca ha lo scopo di ricostruire e valutare l'effettività militare dell'esercito italiano al servizio di Napoleone I. In primo luogo attraverso un'analisi statistica e strategica della costruzione, e del successivo impiego, dell'istituzione militare del Regno d'Italia durante gli anni della sua esistenza (1805-14); successivamente, è stato scelto un caso di studi particolarmente significativo, come la campagna di Catalogna (1808-11, nel contesto della guerra di Indipendenza spagnola), per poter valutare il contributo operazionale e tattico dei corpi inviati dal governo di Milano e la loro integrazione con l'apparato militare complessivo del Primo Impero. La tesi ha voluto rispondere alla mancanza di studi sul comportamento in guerra dell'esercito italiano e, allo stesso tempo, introdurre nella storiografia militare italiana la metodologia di studi, d'origine anglosassone e ormai di tradizione trentennale, di Military Effectiveness. La ricerca si è primariamente basata, oltre che sulla copiosa memorialistica a stampa italiana e francese, sulla documentazione d'archivio della Secrétairerie d'état impériale (Archives Nationales di Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Parigi), del Ministère de la Guerre francese (Service historique de la Défence, di Vincennes, Parigi) e del Ministero della Guerra del Regno d'Italia (Archivio di Stato di Milano). Dal punto di vista dei risultati è stato possibile verificare come l'esercito italiano abbia rappresentato, per Bonaparte, uno strumento duttile e di facile impiego, pur in un contesto di sostanziale marginalità numerica complessiva di fronte alle altre (e cospicue) forze messe in campo da parte dell'Impero e dei suoi altri Stati satellite e alleati. Per quanto riguarda la campagna di conquista della Catalogna è stato invece possibile appurare il fondamentale contributo dato dal contingente italiano, sotto i punti di vista operazionale e tattico, per la buona riuscita dell'invasione; questo primariamente grazie alle elevate caratteristiche generali mostrate dallo stesso, ma anche per peculiarità disciplinari e organizzative che resero i corpi italiani adatti a operazioni particolarmente aggressive. ; The Italian Army and the Conquest of Catalonia (1808-1811) A Study of Military Effectiveness in Napoleonic Europe Academic Fields and Disciplines SPS/03 – M-STO/02 The research has the purpose of reconstruct and evaluate the military effectiveness of the Italian Army existed under the reign of Napoleon I. Firstly through a statistic and strategic analysis of the development, and the following deployment, of the military institution of the Kingdom of Italy in the years of its existence (1805-14). Afterwards, a particularly significant case study was chosen, as the campaign of Catalonia (1808-11, in the context of the Peninsular War), in order to assess the operational and tactical contribution of the regiments sent by the Government of Milan and their integration in the overall military apparatus of the First Empire. The thesis wanted to respond to the lack of studies on the Italian army's behavior in war and, at the same time, to introduce the methodology of the Military Effectiveness Studies (of British and American origin and, by now, enriched by a thirty-year old tradition) in the Italian historiography. The research is primarily based, besides the numerous memoirs of the Italian and French veterans, on the archive documentation of the Secrétairerie d'état impériale (Archives Nationales of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Paris), of the French Ministère de la Guerre (Service historique de la Défence, of Vincennes, Paris) and of the Italian Ministero della Guerra (Archivio di Stato di Milano). About the results, it has been verified how the Italian army has become a flexible and suitable instrument for Bonaparte, albeit in a context of substantial overall numerical marginality in comparison to the heterogeneous forces available to the Empire and its others satellites and allied states. Regarding the campaign of Catalonia, instead, it was possible to ascertain the fundamental contribution of the Italian regiments, in an operational and tactical perspective, for the success of the invasion. This was primarily due to the excellent general characteristics shown by the expeditionary force, but also to disciplinary and organizational peculiarities that have made the Italian corps suitable for particularly aggressive operations.

[EN] The contribution integrates historical readings, conducted through archive documents and iconographic materials, with surveys and graphical analyzes carried out through direct knowledge of Palmariggi's historic center in Salento. The imposing Aragonese castle of which today only the two cylindrical towers remain, joined together by a stretch of perimeter masonry, initially presented a quadrangular plan with four corner towers, of which three are cylindrical and one is square and was surrounded by an existing moat, until the middle of the twentieth century, with a wooden drawbridge on the eastern side. The fortress was part of a strategic defensive system, designed to protect the village and the productive Otranto's land with which it was related. The fortified Palmeriggi's center represented an important defensive bulwark placed within the network of routes and agricultural activities that led from the hinterland to the port of Otranto, where flourishing trade took place. The research examines the changes undergone by the defensive structure that has had several adaptations made initially in relation to changing military requirements, resulting from the use of firearms, the upgrades that were supposed to curb the repeated looting and the military reprisals against the inhabited coastal and inland centers of Salento peninsula, and later social that led to the expansion of fortified village with Palazzo Vernazza's (eighteenth century) adjacent construction and the original parade ground's elimination. Summing up, the contribution in addition to documenting the current situation with integrated surveys, the state of preservation of fortified structure with its village, of which it examines the urban evolution based on the construction, typological and morphological systems, relates to the surrounding territory by comparing the plant of the ancient nucleus with that of neighboring fortified Salento's centers. Finally, digital study models allow fortified structure's three-dimensional analysis, its construction ...

A report summarizing debates on proposals for European integration at the European Council of Laeken, on the eve of the introduction of the euro. Among issues discussed are the following: European defense & security policy; adding more countries to the EU; interventions (humanitarian & military) in Afghanistan; position on the war against terrorism; the general economic outlook; the Lisbon strategy; employment; sustainable development & quality of life; research & development; consolidation of the European social model; a common asylum & immigration policy; more efficient control of foreign borders; international cooperation in legal & law enforcement matters; foreign policy statements on the Middle East, the western Balkan nations, Africa, & Russia; & cooperation on development matters. 2 Appendixes. J. Sadler

This contribution shows some results of a multidisciplinary survey, which includes the integration of architectural surveying methods and geophysical methods. The operative procedure is applied in the portion of the ancient walls between the bastion of Santa Croce and the fourteenth-century Elephant Tower, in the city of Cagliari, Italy. The sector under study consists of 1) the wall curtain of Santa Chiara designed in 1575 by the engineer Giorgio Paleari and 2) the de Cardona wall curtain, a work commissioned by the Viceroy in the 30s of the same century. The archival documents offer precise indications on the extent of the collapses and the reconstructions/expansions that took place in that period, so facilitating a recognition of the events that took place. The work of the sixteenth century -brought to completion by the same Giorgio Paleari in the years 1576-1578- advances the line of defense with respect to the border of medieval matrix by means of a robust embankment, and incorporates two of the fifteenth-century towers described in the drawings of the military technicians of the time. In the eighteenth century the front was completed by the construction of a lowered embankment near the southern side of the bastion of Santa Croce and the curtain of Santa Chiara, and more recently it has been improved by means of several restorations and consolidations that changed the profile of the parapet –in the origin it was inclined - and the static balance of the constructive system, also through the use of reinforced concrete piles. The application of the survey methods and techniques used in this study provides interesting information about the current structure of the bastion system and the presence of vaulted passages functional to the military work. A new study campaign mainly based on seismic geophysical techniques is proposed.

Drones are a growth industry evolving quickly from military tocivilian uses however, they have the potential to pose a serious risk tosecurity, privacy and data protection. After a first stage focused onsafety issues, Europe is facing the challenge to develop a regulatoryframework for drones integration into the airspace system whilesafeguarding the guarantees of fundamental rights and civil liberties.This paper analyses the potential privacy and data protection risksrelated to civil drones' applications and looks at the major doctrinal,institutional and legislative attempts but also proposes technologicaland social solutions to mitigate them.

Il concetto di Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) nasce nel 1980 e rappresenta la rivoluzione che c'è stata nelle relazioni tra mondo militare e mondo scientifico-tecnologico. Negli stessi anni in cui iniziò il dibattito sull'RMA cominciò a crescere sempre più l'interesse a sfruttare le tecnologie commerciali per applicazioni nel campo della difesa, complice il fatto che, già dopo la Guerra Fredda, la tecnologia civile, in particolare elettronica, cominciò a superare le innovazioni del settore militare di R&D. Negli anni '90 si insidiano i primi problemi di budget del settore militare, in concomitanza con l'aumento dei costi dei nuovi sistemi d'arma e inizia a farsi strada una integrazione tra basi industriali militari e civili: questo fenomeno è conosciuto ai più come "Integrazione Civile-Militare" o "Civil-Military Integration" (CMI). La prima parte dell'elaborato analizza gli aspetti relativi alle implicazioni economiche del dual-use. Si fornisce una definizione del concetto stesso proprio come diretta conseguenza evolutiva del fenomeno di CMI. Si espone il background storico e le dinamiche del trasferimento tecnologico da civile a militare e si definiscono i vari tipi di trasferimento stesso. Successivamente, lo studio si sposta sulle politiche dual-use adottate da diversi paesi, prendendo alcuni casi studio come esempio. Si identificano gli obbiettivi di tali politiche e gli strumenti per l'attuazione di queste osservando come, negli ultimi anni, lo sviluppo tecnologico in entrambi i settori militare e commerciale abbia portato ad enormi risultati in relazione alla crescita del settore dual-use. Continuando, la tesi si concentra sul settore militare di Ricerca e Sviluppo in Europa con riferimenti alle tecnologie duali. Vengono studiati i trattati in vigore per l'argomento nell'Unione Europea e come i vari Paesi membri si sono posti nei loro confronti. Si riportano, con carattere storico e descrittivo, tre casi nazionali di paesi membri e il caso degli Stati Uniti come strumento di misura dei progressi negli studi europei. L'ultima sezione del lavoro esula dagli aspetti economici generali delle tecnologie dual-use, trattati ampiamente nelle parti precedenti, dando risalto alle questioni relative alla sicurezza internazionale sollevate dall'esistenza di un duplice utilizzo di diverse tecnologie. Detta analisi prenderà in esame la struttura giuridica internazionale sviluppata, sino ad oggi, con l'intento di affrontare i possibili rischi associati alla produzione, all'esportazione e all'impiego di tecnologie dual-use. Al termine dello studio appare evidente come il settore strategico-militare rappresenti un contesto quanto mai mutevole e dinamico. Sia sul piano politico che su quello tecnico-scientifico, infatti, si assiste ad una continua evoluzione nel campo della difesa. Una politica dual-use, se applicata in maniera efficace può portare al raggiungimento di molteplici obiettivi. Per esempio, essendo il settore dual-use costituito principalmente da segmenti industriali ad alta tecnologia quali l'elettronica, l'informatica e la produzione di materiali avanzati; se, da una parte, le forze armate hanno potuto contare su materiali ad altissime prestazioni, dall'altro si sono avuti benefici complessivi per la base industriale dei paesi che hanno scelto un approccio di questo tipo. Scopo finale della tesi è quello di analizzare un particolare aspetto che può risultare poco esplorato dal punto di vista concettuale. Le tecnologie dual-use, con l'importanza crescente delle loro implicazioni per l'economia e per la sicurezza internazionale, sono destinate ad attirare sempre più l'attenzione degli studiosi di strategia.

The care of people with disability represents a primary objective related to the duties of assistance that the Constitution provides as tasks of the Republic and stated also by rules of international and European nature. Among the measures the system predisposes for the protection of disability, those tools are placed directed to let the civilian invalids' families with a serious handicap to take care of them in case of need. Among these measures are particularly relevant the ones related to the approval for the family of disabled persons to rest from work aimed to protect the mental and physical health but also to the social integration of these subjects. The specificity of the military employment relationship, the so-called military state, is represented by the total availability in the line of duty that characterizes the military profession, based on a disciplined enact and enforce directives and orders governing the hierarchical organization in terms of operativity of the military means. By that emerges a natural tension between military state and enjoyment of the working facilities to assist a disabled familiar. The "caregiver in uniform", by reason of the specific nature of the organization in which is included, undergoes a differentiated undergoes a differentiated application regime of the rules, as it is conditioned by the specific needs of the type of employment of his work activity. In this perspective, the study analyses the limits of application of the legislation with regard to assistance to the disabled for the entities in the field of defence military personnel and control inspection regime that military administration carries out in order to prevent e sanction possible abuse and expected benefits. In the first part I exanimate the general regulations looking both at the international and European principles and rules and at the specific provisions provided for the Italian legal system (l. February 5, 1992 n. 104) related to the benefits accorded to the worker for the care of the disabled familiar. In the second part, I analyse the provisions expressly provided for the military personnel in their applicative aspect in the light of the considerations given by administrative case law and by guidelines given by competent departments of the Armed Force general staff. In the final analysis we stress that, in contrast to what has been register in the private sector, the speciality in the relationship of military condition leads to a general prevalence of the needs of the organization compared to the taking care of the familiar. This emerges in a more extensively way in the regulation of the so-called"welfare transfers", but it seems to find a feedback in case law also in that one of issuing of licences. In the administrative practice, there is a lack of a unified instrument of regulation: each Armed Force, except for some common profiles, regulates in a different way the procedural aspects and the areas of competence. Regarding testing regimes, there is a lack of a punctual regulation, generally leaving this job to the Corps commanders, even though there is the attempt to direct the activity of these ones with guidance documents of the departments of the of the Armed Force general staff.

The island of Spargi is an extraordinary example of integration between nature and human activities, in particular if we consider the military settlements that have been realized on the island in the last 200 years. A territory of such complexity requires the development of analysis and investigation tools that must be strongly focused on the direct experience of places, considered as the most important strategy to understand them thoroughly. This means to learn how to read the landscape, literally 'incorporating' it through the observer's experience: through feets, eyes, hands and senses. So to understand its physical and cultural characters more closely and in depth. This is ours way of seeing, a fundamental process to conjugate landscape protection and instances of renewal useful for sustainable use. The idea is to overcome the limits of mere conservation, whether referred to a landscape shaped by nature or by human actions, to encourage a wider vision based upon participatory and proactive processes. It is only through use, that a landscape can remain in life, being preserved and protected. The proposed projects underline with various variations this fundamental aspect, proposing a correct preservation through various types of uses of the island's natural space and of its remains of military batteries.

Questo articolo riguarda il 'personaggio' di Messalla nella poesia di Tibullo e le trasformazioni di cui esso è oggetto fra primo e secondo libro delle elegie: prima protagonista di azioni belliche, poi trionfatore, infine benefattore della comunità e pater familias che si compiace dei successi dei discendenti. Questo percorso, coerente con la tradizione senatoria, viene interpretato come indizio della progressiva 'integrazione augustea' del nobilis, messo ai margini del testo letterario e della vita politica. ; This paper concerns the 'character' of Messalla in Tibullus' poetry and his transformations in the first and in the second book of Elegies; at first, he is a protagonist of military actions, then a triumphator, finally a benefactor of his community and a pater familias pleased with the success of his descendants. Tibullus' portrait of Messalla is consistent with long-established senatorial paradigms but also neatly encapsulates the gradual 'Augustan integration' of the nobilis, marginalized both in literary text and in political life.

Preliminary Material -- PREFACE /M.C.W. Pinto and J.J.G. Syatauw -- INTRODUCTION /LUKAS DE BLOIS , HARRY W. PLEKET and JOHN RICH -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- ROMANS AND MUGHALS ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN A TRIBUTARY EMPIRE /PETER FIBIGER BANG -- THE ROMAN ECONOMY: FROM CITIES TO EMPIRE /WILLEM M. JONGMAN -- TAX TRANSFERS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE /LUUK DE LIGT -- THE IMPACT AND INTERACTION OF STATE TRANSPORT IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE /ANNE KOLB -- MILITARY SUPPLY DURING WARTIME /JOSÉ REMESAL RODRÍGUEZ -- 'A STARVING MOB HAS NO RESPECt' URBAN MARKETS AND FOOD RIOTS IN THE ROMAN WORLD, 100 B.C. – 400 A.D. /PAUL P.M. ERDKAMP -- CALLISTUS'S CASE SOME LEGAL ASPECTS OF ROMAN BUSINESS ACTIVITIES /WILLEM J. ZWALVE -- PROLOGUE AND EPILOGUE. THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECT OF ROME'S ARRIVAL IN AND DEPARTURE FROM GAUL /JOHN F. DRINKWATER -- INDICATEURS PALEOENVIRONNEMENTAUX ET ECONOMIE RURALE LE CAS DE LA GAULE NARBONNAISE /PHILIPPE LEVEAU -- COIN USE IN AND AROUND MILITARY CAMPS ON THE LOWER-RHINE: NIJMEGEN - KOPS PLATEAU /JOS P.A. VAN DER VIN -- THE ECONOMIC FRINGE: THE REACH OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN ROUGH CILICIA /HUGH W. ELTON -- IMPACTS BEYOND EMPIRE: ROME AND THE GARAMANTES OF THE SAHARA /DAVID J. MATTINGLY -- THE CRISIS OF THE THIRD CENTURY A.D. IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE: A MODERN MYTH? /LUKAS DE BLOIS -- COSTO DEL LAVORO E POTERE D'ACQUISTO NELL'EDITTO DEI PREZZI /ANTONIO POLICHETTI -- UNSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; THE ORIGIN OF RUINED LANDSCAPES IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE /WOLFGANG LIEBESCHUETZ -- ECONOMIC COLLAPSE IN THE COUNTRYSIDE AND THE CONSEQUENT TRANSFORMATION OF CITY INTO FORTRESS IN LATE ANTIQUITY /ANDREW G. POULTER.

This book is a synthesis of the great migrations of the 6th-13th centuries, focused on the median space between the two extremes of the Eurasian continent: Western Europe and Eastern Asia. In the light of the sources, it aims to reassess the complexity of the relationships between the nomads of the steppes and the sedentarized societies that came into contact with them. The choice to focus on the Qïpčaq-Cumans is due to their history, unique because they never constituted an organized and centralized center of collective power (stateless nomads); and paradigmatic, because it encompasses all the constitutive elements of steppe nomadism: social heterogeneity, mobility, military preparation, attraction for trade and willingness to negotiate. The migrations of the nomads of the steppes and their arrival close to the great organized communities of the Islamic and Christian world, from Asia to Europe, contributed to triggering a process of integration between Asia and the Mediterranean basin, a process that the Mongol invasion and conquest completed, giving birth to a new shared global space.

On the leg of one of the colossal statues on the facade of the great funerary temple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel, in Nubia, Archon son of Amoibichos and Peleqos son of Eudamos, two mercenaries of Greek-Carian origin who militated in the ranks of the Egyptian Army, engrave a five lines inscription in which they recall the salient data of the expedition against the Nubian populations launched by the pharaoh of the XXVI dynasty Psammethicus II between 593 and 592 BC. The different origins of the people who left their mark in this and in the other graffiti on the Abu Simbel temple, explained by the palaeographic and dialectal peculiarities of the texts, confirm what we can learn from other sources, above all Herodotus, on the opening of the Saitic Egypt to external presences, also organised in stable settlements. The reasons for such a reception were certainly of an economic nature, but it is undeniable that for the Egyptians a considerable advantage came also from the possibility of exploiting the new military potentials of the Greek hoplite tactics, contributing to the spread of a mercenary service that encouraged different degrees of ethnic and social integration.

The research aims to investigate the epistolary network of Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658-1730), soldier, scientist and founder of the Institute of Sciences in Bologna. Marsili has been studied mainly in relation to his military and diplomatic activity and to his contribution to natural science. Nevertheless his role as an active member of the Republic of Letters between Seventeenth and Eighteenth century has been neglected by historiography. My research aims to fill this gap and to demonstrate the integration of Marsili in the european scientific community through the analysis of his epistolary connections with a large number of scientists and hommes de lettres. The consultation of the private archive of Marquis Bevilacqua Ariosti in Bologna, which conserves more than 6000 (almost forgotten) letters received by Marsili, was essential to achieve a deeper knowledge of these connections and to integrate the existing information, acquired through the materials held by the University Library of Bologna. In particular the letters exchanged with the editors of his scientific works represent an important starting point in order to understand Marsili's position in the international book market in the early modern period. The epistolary documents allow, in conclusion, to design a quite new portrait of his activity as author and patron.

Saturo promontory was the natural theatre where the archaeological literature places the oldest urban settlement of Taranto (Italy). Due to its strategic location on the coastline of Salento, it suffered many invasions, changing his set up and function at each colonization. From the XVI century AD onwards, the promontory has taken the defensive function within the coastal fortification system in order to protect the town against Saracen maritime attacks and the tower of Saturo was built. Same approach was also used during the Second World War when multiple military installations were grafted on the promontory. The main interest about Saturo is born from the juxtaposition of two defense systems dating back several centuries inserted into a preexisting heritage. Now, in the promontory there is an archaeological park focusing on sensitization of the people through historical re-enactments or laboratories of artisan ancient techniques for the new generation. But, the obtained results will soon be lost because this policy is not "in step with the times". The work presented is about a project proposal of an integration between heritage and digital technologies to involve a wide variety of visitors and giving them a complete understanding of the architectural patrimony.