Suchergebnisse

The aim of the article is to study European integration and the expansion of the European union together with the Atlantic alliance during George W. Bush's second term (2004-2008), for which the historical method was used. Despite the tendency that most researchers in the field of modern history and political science tend to focus on current events, and according to this logic it would be more appropriate to analyze Trump's foreign policy, in order to better understand the contemporary tension between the EU and the United States, today it is imperative to take a look at some contemporary historical processes. It is concluded that, to which George W. Bush's rhetoric has much in common with Donald Trump, he also laid the groundwork for change in U.S. foreign policy during Barack Obama's presidential term (2008-2016). The one-sided approach promoted primarily during George W. Bush's first term went from a gradual transformation of coalition building and the full support of the Atlantic alliance allies for the operation in Afghanistan in 2001, to more controversial rhetoric about "rebel states."

This article analyzes the nature of the conflict generated in South America by the adoption of the new military agreement between the U.S. and Colombia. The article will evaluate the political and the geostrategic implications of this agreement, especially its repercussions for the regional integration process of South America. It will also analyze the stances of the local actors in order to consider prospective scenarios, and will assess the U.S. approach to South American integration under the Obama administration.

The aim of this paper is to study an specific detail of the municipal life in Roman Hispania. The access of veterans to the local senates and the performance of political and religious responsibility. Basing our research mainly in epigraphic sources, we try to clarify how the veterans had influence in their colonies after their military service and the reasons of this integration. On basis of the results obtained, new researches will be made in the future to know more about other issues of the military integration in the civic life. ; El presente trabajo pretende reconstruir un aspecto muy concreto de la vida cívica en la Hispania romana. La inclusión de antiguos militares en el ordo decurionum y el ejercicio de cargos políticos o religiosos. Basándonos principalmente en las fuentes epigráficas, trataremos de conocer cómo los veteranos del ejército influyeron en colonias y municipios tras su retiro y a qué razones obedece dicha integración. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos, seguiremos investigando para conocer la integración de los veteranos en otros aspectos de la vida civil.

The objective of the work was to analyze integration theories such as federalism, functionalism, neofunctionalism, the multilevel governance model and the interstate concept. Using the systemic-integral method, we analyze the main interpretations of modern integration models. The study also used special methods typical of international relations theory. The interstate concept is the most effective, because without denying the importance of integration, it focuses on the preservation of cultural and economic diversity. The experience of Poland, the Czech Republic, and the Baltic States, in particular Latvia, is a valuable integrating example for Ukraine. The results summarize that the countries analyzed received several advantages for the economic and military spheres through integration processes. It is concluded that in the experience of integration of the Balkans and the central-eastern countries, the importance of European integration processes is evident. The comparison of Ukraine and Latvia showed the importance of being a member of the North Atlantic Alliance for security guarantees and political consolidation. At the same time, the Czech Republic's accession to NATO has contributed to the reform and modernization of military affairs.

Este autor toma en cuenta para su análisis las tendencias evolutivas del sistema internacional actual, las diferentes situaciones que confrontan los países latinoamericanos y las características y consecuencias del actual proceso de globalización. En el contexto internacional, habla de una semi hegemonía de Estados Unidos, en especial en los terrenos económico, tecnológico y militar, y sus áreas de mayor influencia serían América Latina, Asia y África. En la lectura que hace de los procesos de integración al interior del hemisferio americano, ve muchas dificultades a la hora de constituir un sistema panamericano de libre comercio debido a la gigantesca asimetría entre la economía más competitiva del mundo y las sub-competitivas economías de América Latina, que llevaría a estas últimas al nivel de productos primarios o de commodities de bajo valor agregado. Mientras tanto, los productos de alto valor agregado, producidos en Estados Unidos, tendrían libre acceso a los mercados latinoamericanos, eliminando su sub competitiva competencia. ; The author takes into account for his analysis of evolutionary trends in current international system, the different situations faced by Latin American countries and the characteristics and consequences of the current globalization process. In the international context, speaks about a semi U.S. hegemony, especially in the economic, technological and military aspects, and their areas of greatest influence would be Latin America, Asia and Africa. In the reading that he makes about the integration processes within the american inner hemisphere, he sees many difficulties to establish a pan-American free trade because the huge asymmetry between the world's most competitive economy and subcompetitive Latin American economies, leading the latter to the level of primary products or commodities of low value added. Meanwhile, high value added products produced in the United States, have free access to Latin American markets, competitive sub eliminating its competition. ; 09-28 ; hjaguaribe@uol.com.br

The aim of the article was to carry out a socio-philosophical analysis of the legal mentality in the context of European integration processes. Comparative and observational methods were the main methodological tools. The research revealed that the legal mentality of the EU population is characterized by respect for the law, human rights and freedoms. The rights of the individual are recognized as priority over the rights of the state. The Ukrainian legal mentality is characterized by legal nihilism, legal idealism, statism, anomie, detachment from legal culture and ambivalence. It is concluded that, the consolidation of civil society with public authority during the military aggression of the Russian Federation indicates positive changes in the legal mentality. There are some positive changes in the attitude of the EU population towards the future EU membership of Ukraine. Increased legal awareness is a necessary component for the development of Ukraine's legal mentality. The current achievements embodied in the national and European legal mentality in the EU countries can be guidelines for Ukraine to achieve its goal of European integration.

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo tiene como propósito el estudio de la ocupación militar romana en Egipto a partir de tres casos concretos: Philae, Luxor y Babylon. A partir del análisis de los mismos se tratará de explicar cómo se dio esa ocupación por parte de Roma, y la evolución de dichos casos a lo largo de los siglos, de forma que se pueda entender la importancia de los mismos. Así, y en última instancia, se tratará de comprender la integración de Egipto como provincia en el marco militar romano. ; ABSTRACT: This paper aims to study Roman military occupation in Egypt from three specific cases: Philae, Luxor and Babylon. From the analysis of these, it will be explained how this occupation and the evolution of these cases occurred over the centuries, so that the importance of these spaces can be understood. Thus, and ultimately, the objective will be to understand the integration of Egypt as a province within the Roman military framework. ; Máster Del Mediterráneo al Atlántico: La Construcción de Europa entre el Mundo Antiguo y Medieval

This paper describes the reform introduced in the education and training of officers, the "military career law," integrating it fully into the general educational system by requiring officers to obtain an official degree and non-commissioned officers to have technical training. This entails no loss of their military training, as the qualifications and titles obtained contribute to the training they need to pursue a military career. ; El trabajo describe la reforma que introduce en la enseñanza de formación de los cuadros de mando, la "Ley de la carrera militar", integrando esta plenamente en el sistema educativo general, gracias a requerir que los oficiales obtengan un título oficial de graduado y los suboficiales de técnico superior de formación profesional, sin que suponga merma de su formación castrense, gracias a que los títulos que se cursan contribuyen a la formación necesaria para el ejercicio de la profesión militar.

The events of recent years and the direct aggression of the Russian Federation have forced Ukraine to reformat the transport system on a large scale and intensify the accession to the Single European Transport Area (SETA). The aim of this study was to substantiate the thesis that the integration of Ukraine's transport system under the influence of Russia's military aggression is in line with its national interests. The study involved the methods of systems analysis, epistemological, dialectical and statistical methods, comparative law and the method of legal modeling. Definitely, SETA is based on the principles of unity, environmental friendliness, safety, economy, energy saving, branching and digital modernization. It is concluded that the legal framework for Ukraine's accession to SETA was established with the signing of the Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and its member states, on the other hand, in 2014. However, Russia's military aggression against Ukraine has significantly delayed the implementation of the SETA accession plan due to the destruction of many transport infrastructure facilities and economic recession, among other factors.

El destacado papel representado por España en la historia no se corresponde con la importancia de su pensamiento estratégico. España estaba ya en decadencia cuando los estudios estratégicos experimentaron una gran expansión a partir del siglo XVIII. La crisis interna que se prolongó hasta el siglo XX limitó el pensamiento estratégico español a la difusión e interpretación de ideas importadas del exterior. La América hispana siguió un camino similar. Sumida en un siglo XIX presidido por la inestabilidad tras la independencia, el pensamiento estratégico se centró allí también en la importación de ideas foráneas. En la segunda mitad del siglo XX se produjo un renacimiento del pensamiento estratégico tanto en España como en Hispanoamérica. La incorporación de instituciones civiles al estudio de los asuntos estratégicos y la progresiva integración de esta disciplina en el marco más amplio de los estudios de seguridad permiten vislumbrar un futuro más brillante. ; The outstanding role played by Spain in history does not correspond to the importance of its strategic thought. Spain was already in decline when strategic studies experienced a great expansion in the 18th century. The internal crisis that lasted until the 20th century limited Spanish strategic thinking to the dissemination and interpretation of foreign concepts. Hispanic America followed a similar pattern. Immersed in a 19th century dominated by instability; military thought also focused on the importation of foreign ideas. In the second half of the 20th century there was a revival of strategic thought both in Spain and in Latin America. The incorporation of civil institutions to the study of strategic matters, and the progressive integration of this discipline in the broader framework of security studies allow us to glimpse a brighter future.

This research explores the characteristics of vertical integration strategy (IV) at the José María Córdova Military Academy of Cadets (ESMIC), through a non-probabilistic used for convenience. An depth interview was applied to a sample of decision makers and inquired about the importance of vertical integration strategy, elements and benefits that allow its application to the Academy, and applications of the strategy in Esmic were identified and in other institutions of other forces. The results show that participants generally have a positive view of the use of vi as a strategy, and that concepts such as will and leadership are relevant for its implementation. ; Esta investigación explora las características de la estrategia de integración vertical (IV) en la Escuela Militar de Cadetes José María Córdova (ESMIC), mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se aplicó una entrevista en profundidad a una muestra de decisores y se indagó sobre la importancia de la estrategia de integración vertical, los elementos y beneficios que permiten su aplicación a la Escuela, y se identificaron casos de aplicación de la estrategia en la Esmic y en otras instituciones de las distintas fuerzas. Los resultados muestran que en general los participantes tienen una visión positiva del uso de la iv como estrategia, y que priman conceptos como la voluntad y el liderazgo para su aplicación. ; Cette recherche explore les caractéristiques de la stratégie d'intégration verticale (IV) à l'École militaire des cadets José María Córdova (ESMIC), à travers un échantillonnage non aléatoire pour plus de commodité. Une entrevue approfondie a été appliquée à un échantillon de décideurs et posé des questions sur l'importance de la stratégie d'intégration verticale, les éléments et les avantages qui permettent à leur demande à l'École, et les applications de la stratégie à l'Esmic sont identifiés et d'autres institutions des différentes forces. Les résultats montrent que les participants ont généralement une opinion positive de ...

ABSTRACT: From the nineteenth century, with the formation of the national states in Latin America, have promoted an integrationist projects unfinished. Nowadays, the need of the integration is highlighted between countries in different aspects: economic, political, military man, diplomat. The intention of the present article is to expose the reasons for which the "Pan Americanism" imposed by the United States turned into the principal obstacle for the consolidation of a true Latin-American project of integration during the first half of the twentieth century. Finally, after a tour of various attempts at integration in the second half of the twentieth century (observing the difficulties it has had historically the regional community), is to analyze the experience of the Mercosur as the more consolidated Latin-American integration project force in the beginning of the twenty-first century, in the economic area and, even, political. ; RESUMEN: Desde el siglo XIX, con la formación de los Estados nacionales en Latinoamérica, se han promovido proyectos integracionistas aún no concluidos. Actualmente, se resalta la necesidad de la integración entre países en distintos aspectos: económico, político, militar, diplomático. El propósito de este artículo es exponer las razones por las cuales el "panamericanismo" impuesto por los Estados Unidos se convirtió en el principal obstáculo para la consolidación de un verdadero proyecto de integración latinoamericano durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. Finalmente, después de realizar un recorrido por distintos intentos de integración durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX (observando las dificultades que ha tenido históricamente la comunidad regional), se pretende analizar la experiencia del Mercosur como el más consolidado proyecto de integración latinoamericano vigente en los comienzos del siglo XXI, en el ámbito económico e, incluso, político.

Este artículo describe la composición por sexo de las Fuerzas Armadas españolas a partir del proceso de incorporación de las mujeres a las mismas. Se analiza cuál ha sido la adaptación de las Fuerzas Armadas a una nueva realidad social en la que la cultura democrática de igualdad de oportunidades y el respecto a la diversidad son valores constitucionales de referencia. En este análisis se entrevé como el sistema simbólico sexo-género determina una difícil integración de las militares en la institución de referencia, como consecuencia del desempeño de una actividad alejada del rol femenino tradicional, en un colectivo donde predomina el modelo cultural masculino por tradición. Se constata el gran avance experimentado en cuanto a la igualdad formal y plena incorporación, sin olvidar los obstáculos sociales y culturales que impiden la plena integración. Dicha integración requiere la intervención de medidas de acción positiva que actúen sobre las barreras sociales y culturales que impiden la misma.This article describe the makeup by gender of the Spanish Armed Forces, from the moment women began to be admitted into them. We analyze the adaptation of the Armed Forces to a new social scenario, where a democratic culture of equal opportunities and respect of diversity are constitutionally enshrined values. We show how the symbolic sex-gender system determines a difficult integration of military women in the armed forces. They perform activities far from traditional femenine roles, within a collective in which a traditional masculine cultural model prevails. We confirm the huge advances experienced as pertains to formal equality and full incorporation, while acknowledging social and cultural obstacles to complete integration. For this to happen, affirmative action measures against social and cultural barriers are required.

This essay analyses the role of Brazil in the current process of South American integration. The author argues that Brazil's new role is both cause and con-sequence of the country's recent development of economic power, as reflected in the internationalization of Brazilian companies. The author shows that the convergence, during the nineties, of a series of factors had made possible the transformation of Brazil into the key actor of the formation of an integrated South American space, which manifests itself in the South American economy, infrastructure, and even military issues. ; El propósito del presente artículo es reflexionar sobre el papel de Brasil en el actual proceso de integración sudamericana. Nuestra tesis es que dicho rol es a la vez causa y consecuencia de dos realidades a las que se refieren el exsecretario de Estado Norteamericano y la excandidata del Partido de los Trabajadores y actual presidenta de Brasil en los epígrafes anteriores, es decir, que Brasil se está convirtiendo en una potencia y que una de las claves de eso es el proceso de internacionalización de las empresas que operan en su territorio. Nos interesa plantear la tesis de que la convergencia de una serie de factores a partir de mediados de la década de 1990 es lo que posibilita que Brasil se haya convertido en el pivote del proceso de integración que, buscando la construcción de un espacio sudamericano integrado como objetivo estratégico, se despliega en varios ámbitos: económico, de infraestructura, político e incluso militar.

A raíz del surgimiento del concepto de Seguridad Humana en el año de 1994, el cariz militar que tradicionalmente se ha otorgado al tema de la seguridad fronteriza amerita una revisión a la luz de las iniciativas de integración que han tomado auge en las últimas décadas. El presente estudio tiene por objeto realizar el repaso de las nociones teóricas fundamentales que orientan el debate moderno entre seguridad e integración, utilizando como caso de referencia la nueva visión europea de integración y seguridad común que es actualmente el mejor ejemplo de que la aparente contraposición entre seguridad e integración no tiene porqué ser tal. ; Following the emergence of the concept of Human Security in 1994, the military characterization that has been traditionally given to issue of border security deserves a review in light of the integrationist initiatives that have risen in the past decades. The aim of this study is to conduct a review of the basic theoretical concepts that guide the modern debate about security and integration, using as a reference the new European integration and common security vision, which currently constitutes the best example for affirming that the apparent contradiction between security and integration need not be such. ; 31-58 ; semestral