Suchergebnisse

Examines problems affecting implementation of a common defense policy after the cold war, including legitimacy of multilateral intervention and the role of the European Union, NATO, and the Western European Union.

The vital importance of the Indian Army as the guardian of the imperial order in India was never more evident than during the interwar years. The period from 1919 to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 was a testing time for the Raj; state authority was being challenged by a mounting nationalist movement, and public order was frequently disrupted by civil disobedience campaigns, as well as recurrent outbreaks of communal violence. In maintaining public order the colonial state had always been prepared to rely on that ultimate guarantee of its authority and power–the Indian Army. However, in frequent discussions of the deployment of the military in 'aid of civil power', the continued loyalty of the bulk of the army the Indian soldiers and officers, was never questioned, and seemed to be taken for granted.2 Yet, both the Government of India and the to be taken for granted.2 Yet, both the Government of India and the Army Headquarters were well awar that the 'loyalty' of the Army could never be guaranteed, and that it was conditional upon a stable and pacified recruiting base; if that base were to be 'subverted', then the Indian Army, or portions of it, would not only cease to be of use as an instrument of state power, but could ultimately pose a threat to the Raj itself

A number of sexual harassment scandals in the United States armed forces have come to public attention in recent years. Commentators on these scandals have suggested that the incidents are not anomalous, but reflect an institutional culture that generates hostility toward women. The military culture, it is supposed, fosters aggression that is turned against female service members. This article questions such views of the military. It examines the activity of war and its requisites and shows that the military does not foster individual aggression since this quality is, ironically, ineffectual for organized warfare. The examination of gender integration in the armed forces, which follows, brings the complex and multifaceted character of women's involvement in the military into view. Certain aspects of the military culture, the article shows, are congenial to servicewomen and facilitate their often-overlooked successes in this institution.