Suchergebnisse

International audience ; France has a powerful arms industry, highly competitive on international markets for political reasons, in spite of sometimes archaic management and a policy of systematic protectionism for defence strategy reasons. Outlays are concentrated in a few industries and enterprises. It is difficult to determine the costs and advantages of that national industry, but for the French governments the independence of arms equipment supplies is essential., whatever the economic and industrial costs. It is mainly the case for nuclear weapons. It is interesting to indicate the size and composition of the military budget, the structure of military procurement by sectors and type of firms, The listing of the largest defence contractors, and the development of the "loi de programmation militaire". ; La France dispose d'une industrie de l'armement puissante, très compétitive sur les marchés internationaux pour des raisons politiques, malgré une gestion parfois archaïque et une politique de protectionnisme systématique pour des raisons de stratégie de défense. Les dépenses sont concentrées dans quelques industries et entreprises. Il est difficile de déterminer les coûts et les avantages de cette industrie nationale, mais pour les gouvernements français, l'indépendance des approvisionnements en matériel d'armement est essentielle, quels qu'en soient les coûts économiques et industriels. C'est principalement le cas pour les armes nucléaires. Il est intéressant d'indiquer la taille et la composition du budget militaire, la structure des achats militaires par secteurs et par type d'entreprises, la liste des plus grands contractants de la défense, et le contenu de la "loi de programmation militaire".

International audience ; France has a powerful arms industry, highly competitive on international markets for political reasons, in spite of sometimes archaic management and a policy of systematic protectionism for defence strategy reasons. Outlays are concentrated in a few industries and enterprises. It is difficult to determine the costs and advantages of that national industry, but for the French governments the independence of arms equipment supplies is essential., whatever the economic and industrial costs. It is mainly the case for nuclear weapons. It is interesting to indicate the size and composition of the military budget, the structure of military procurement by sectors and type of firms, The listing of the largest defence contractors, and the development of the "loi de programmation militaire". ; La France dispose d'une industrie de l'armement puissante, très compétitive sur les marchés internationaux pour des raisons politiques, malgré une gestion parfois archaïque et une politique de protectionnisme systématique pour des raisons de stratégie de défense. Les dépenses sont concentrées dans quelques industries et entreprises. Il est difficile de déterminer les coûts et les avantages de cette industrie nationale, mais pour les gouvernements français, l'indépendance des approvisionnements en matériel d'armement est essentielle, quels qu'en soient les coûts économiques et industriels. C'est principalement le cas pour les armes nucléaires. Il est intéressant d'indiquer la taille et la composition du budget militaire, la structure des achats militaires par secteurs et par type d'entreprises, la liste des plus grands contractants de la défense, et le contenu de la "loi de programmation militaire".

International audience ; France has a powerful arms industry, highly competitive on international markets for political reasons, in spite of sometimes archaic management and a policy of systematic protectionism for defence strategy reasons. Outlays are concentrated in a few industries and enterprises. It is difficult to determine the costs and advantages of that national industry, but for the French governments the independence of arms equipment supplies is essential., whatever the economic and industrial costs. It is mainly the case for nuclear weapons. It is interesting to indicate the size and composition of the military budget, the structure of military procurement by sectors and type of firms, The listing of the largest defence contractors, and the development of the "loi de programmation militaire". ; La France dispose d'une industrie de l'armement puissante, très compétitive sur les marchés internationaux pour des raisons politiques, malgré une gestion parfois archaïque et une politique de protectionnisme systématique pour des raisons de stratégie de défense. Les dépenses sont concentrées dans quelques industries et entreprises. Il est difficile de déterminer les coûts et les avantages de cette industrie nationale, mais pour les gouvernements français, l'indépendance des approvisionnements en matériel d'armement est essentielle, quels qu'en soient les coûts économiques et industriels. C'est principalement le cas pour les armes nucléaires. Il est intéressant d'indiquer la taille et la composition du budget militaire, la structure des achats militaires par secteurs et par type d'entreprises, la liste des plus grands contractants de la défense, et le contenu de la "loi de programmation militaire".

The defence of a country is ill-suited to improvisation, but planning also requires the formulation of fundamental strategic assumptions in the long term. The aim of the plan is to reduce uncertainty as to the financial, material, technological and human resources needed to defend the Nation. Previous programming has not always been adhered to, due to incorrect economic assumptions, difficulties in setting up certain programmes and rapid innovation in the sector. The 6th Programming Act focuses on nuclear deterrence, improvement of the safety of the communication and command network. This is a rolling programming. It is subject to different analyses of its appropriateness. ; International audience The defence of a country does not lend itself to improvisation, but planning also involves making fundamental long-term strategic assumptions. The purpose of planning is to reduce uncertainty about the financial, material, technological and human resources needed to defend the nation. Previous programming has not always been respected, with deviations due to inaccurate economic assumptions, the difficulty of setting up certain programmes and rapid innovations in the sector. The 6th programming law insists on nuclear deterrence, improving the safety of the communication and command network. It is a slippery programme. It is the subject of different analyses on its appropriateness. Programmation militaire, dissuasion nucléaire, dépenses militaires Military programming, nuclear deterrence, military spending ; The defence of a country is ill-suited to improvisation, but planning also requires the formulation of fundamental strategic assumptions in the long term. The aim of the plan is to reduce uncertainty as to the financial, material, technological and human resources needed to defend the Nation. Previous programming has not always been adhered to, due to incorrect economic assumptions, difficulties in setting up certain programmes and rapid innovation in the sector. The 6th Programming Act focuses on nuclear deterrence, ...

International audience ; Cutaneous leishmaniasis transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies is endemic in the rain forests of French Guyana. The 3rd Régiment Etranger d'Infanterie, based in Kourou carries out numerous operations in the Amazonian areas. In 1998 two outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred: one during an exercise at the training center in the equatorial forest of Regina (10 patients) and the other during a mission in Saint Elie (21 patients). Clinical findings were variable and diagnosis was confirmed by skin smear tests. Patients were treated by two intramuscular injections of pentmidine isethionate (Pentacarinate). Recurrence was observed in two patients who were retreated using the same agent. Persistent lesions were treated by intralesional injection of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime). Both outbreaks were characterized by high attack rates (91 p. 100 and 84 p. 100) and were facilitated by non-observance of standard procedures because of training or operational requirements at the beginning of the leishmaniasis season. Strict planning of activities, wearing protective clothing, deployment of insecticide treated bed nets, and of candles rather than electrical lamps for lighting are key preventive measures. Greater emphasis is needed on the use of insect repellents.

International audience ; Cutaneous leishmaniasis transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies is endemic in the rain forests of French Guyana. The 3rd Régiment Etranger d'Infanterie, based in Kourou carries out numerous operations in the Amazonian areas. In 1998 two outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred: one during an exercise at the training center in the equatorial forest of Regina (10 patients) and the other during a mission in Saint Elie (21 patients). Clinical findings were variable and diagnosis was confirmed by skin smear tests. Patients were treated by two intramuscular injections of pentmidine isethionate (Pentacarinate). Recurrence was observed in two patients who were retreated using the same agent. Persistent lesions were treated by intralesional injection of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime). Both outbreaks were characterized by high attack rates (91 p. 100 and 84 p. 100) and were facilitated by non-observance of standard procedures because of training or operational requirements at the beginning of the leishmaniasis season. Strict planning of activities, wearing protective clothing, deployment of insecticide treated bed nets, and of candles rather than electrical lamps for lighting are key preventive measures. Greater emphasis is needed on the use of insect repellents.